Amh 2042 Midterm Flashcards

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- In June 1866, Congress passed this.
- Two years later, it gained the necessary ratification of three-fourths of the states.
- Made all native-born or naturalized persons American citizens and prohibited states from abridging the “privileges or immunities” of citizens, depriving them of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law,” and denying them “equal protection of the laws.”
- Dealt with voting rights, giving Congress the authority to reduce the congressional representation of any state that withheld suffrage from some of its adult male population.
- Republicans benefited either by gaining black votes or by lessening representation for southern Democrats who rejected black suffrage.
- The suffrage provisions completely ignored the small band of politicized and energized women who had emerged from the war demanding access to the ballot.

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The 14th Amendment

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- In March 1865, Congress passed a bill establishing this.
- Distributed food and clothing to destitute Southerners and eased the transition of blacks from slaves to free persons.
- Congress also authorized the agency to allot 40-acre plots of confiscated land to freedmen who eagerly anticipated farms of their own .

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Freedman's Bureau

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A contemporary racial slur or ethnic nickname for people of Asian descent, including people from India, Central Asia, etc.

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Coolies

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- Johnson’s veto galvanized nearly unanimous Republican support for the moderates’ second measure, which nullified the black codes.

- Johnson again vetoed the bill; this time Congress had enough votes to override the president’s veto.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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Known as the "Pacific Railroad" when it opened, this served as a vital link for trade, commerce, and travel and opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement.

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Transcontinental Railroad

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- Summer of 1865.

- State governments across the South adopted a series of laws which sought to keep blacks subordinate to whites by subjecting blacks to every sort of discrimination and attempting to limit them to farmwork or domestic service.

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Black Codes

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- Was the first publicly announced photographic process.

- It was developed by Louis Daguerre together with Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.

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Daguerreotype

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- Johnson’s plan differed from Lincoln’s in response to restoring the governments of the rebel states; he only required the states’ citizens to renounce the right of secession, refuse to disown their Confederate war debts, and ratify this.

- Officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

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Thirteenth Amendment

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- A hybrid system of labor did not satisfy land owners or African Americans.

- The system was made to restore plantation agriculture with wage labor.

- Allowed planters to let African Americans work with a wage and outlawed whipping.

- Blacks could not still own land.

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Free Labor Ideology

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In January 1865, this person set aside part of the coastal land south of Charleston for black settlement; by June, 40,000 freedmen occupied roughly 400,000 acres of that land.

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General William T. Sherman

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- A compromise that offered both ex-masters and ex-slaves something, but satisfied neither.

- Introduced a new figure, the country merchant, into the agricultural equation.

- Soon dominated the cotton South, creating excessive cotton production and falling cotton prices.

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Sharecropping

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Promised 160 acres free to any citizen who settled in the land for more than five years.

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Homestead Act of 1862

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- A law passed by the United States Congress concerning immigration and immigrants.

- It was created to deal with two immigration issues:

1. A system of controls for the naturalization process and penalties for fraudulent practices.
2. Naturalization laws for aliens and for persons of African descent]

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Naturalization Act of 1870

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Also known as debt servitude, is a method of debt repayment in which an individual makes his payments to a creditor by physical labor.

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Debt Peonage

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- Freeman and cultivated his own land.

- By the end of the nineteenth century, agriculture had been transformed: The typical farmer was no longer this but was tied to global industrial markets as either a businessman or a wage laborer.

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Yeoman

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- Partly in response to critics of the reservation policy, Congress passed this in 1887 to abolish reservations and allot lands to individual Indians as private property.

- Indian rights groups viewed this act as a positive initiative, but the act effectively reduced Indian lands from 138 million acres to a scant 48 million.

- Completed the dispossession of the western Indians and dealt a cripping blow to to traditional tribal cultures.

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Dawes Act

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In 1876, the Workingman’s Party formed to fight for Chinese exclusion and in 1882, Congress passed this, which effectively barred further Chinese immigration; the predominantly male Chinese population declined, eventually replaced by Japanese immigrants.

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Chinese Exclusion Act

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In 1859, refugees from California’s gold mines flocked to the Washoe basin in Nevada, where they found the richest silver ore on the continent.

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Comstock Lode

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- Many tribes turned to a nonviolent form of resistance.

- Were generally nonviolent, but among the Sioux they took on a militant flavor, prompting President Benjamin Harrison to dispatch several thousand federal troops to Sioux country to handle any outbreak.

When Sitting Bull joined this in South Dakota in December 1890, he was shot and killed by Indian police as they tried to arrest him at his cabin on the Standing Rock Reservation.

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Ghost Dance

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The belief that the United States had a “God-given” right to aggressively spread the values of white civilizations and expand the nation from ocean to ocean – dictated US policy.

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Manifest Destiny

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A nation's practice or policy of territorial or economic expansion.

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Expansionism

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Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century.

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Gilded Age

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- In 1882, Rockefeller pioneered this new form of corporate structure.

- This allowed Standard Oil to hold stock in various refinery companies “in trust” and to coordinate policy between the refineries, which gave Rockefeller a monopoly of the oil-refining business and eventually paved the way for the establishment of trusts in other industries.

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Trusts and Monopolies

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- Occurred on May 31, 1889.

- It was the result of the catastrophic failure of the South Fork Dam.

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Johnstown Flood

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- John Pierpont Morgan, the preeminent finance capitalist, dominated American banking and exerted an influence so powerful that his critics charged he controlled a vast “money trust.”

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Industrial Capitalist

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- In the 1880s, this became a potent political issue; generated a huge surplus that sat in the U.S. Treasury’s vaults, depriving the nation of money that might otherwise have been invested to create jobs and roads.

- Many Americans—including southern and midwestern farmers, advocates of free trade, and political moderates—agitated for reform; other Americans, including industrialists and workers, opposed lowering the tariff.

- Republicans passed the McKinley Tariff—the highest tariff in the nation’s history—but the strategy backfired.

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Tariffs

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This debate refers to the controversy (primarily in the United States) over the question of what subset of rights afforded under the law to natural persons should also be afforded to corporations as legal persons.

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Corporate Personhood

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Glorified the acquisition of great wealth, held that any efforts by the rich to aid the poor would interfere with the laws of nature and slow evolution; in an age when the average worker earned $500 a year, this theory justified economic inequality.

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Social Darwinism

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- State legislature drew up a new constitution that denied railroads "the right to deduct the amount of their debts [i.e., mortgages] from the taxable value of their property, a right which was given to individuals."

- Southern Pacific Railroad Company refused to pay taxes under these new changes.

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Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad

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- New York Harbor in 1900.

- Became the gateway to the U.S. for millions of immigrants.

- To many Americans, the "new" immigrants seemed uneducated, backwards, and uncouth- impossible to assimilate.

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Ellis Island

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- Immigrant that took photos of the slums and compared it to the way of living of other classes.

- Had a best selling book "How the Other Half Lives" (1890)

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Jacob Riis

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- Nationwide uprising that spread rapidly to Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Fransisco.

- Within a few days, nearly 100,000 railroad workers walked off the job.

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Great Railroad Strike of 1877

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- First mass organization of America's working class.

- Founded in 1869, left secrecy, launched a campaign to organize workers regardless of skill, sex, race, or nationality.

- They opposed strikes, preferred to use boycotts.

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Knights of Labor

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Organized skilled workers such as machinist and locomotives engineers and used strikes to gain immediate objectives such as higher pay and better working conditions.

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American Federation of Labor

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- An industrial lockout and strike began June 30, 1892.

- A battle between strikers and private security agents, one of the most serious disputes in US labor history occurred at Homestead Steel Works between the AA and the Carnegie Steel Company.

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Homestead Strike of 1892

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- 1886 demonstration and unrest in Chicago began as a strike, but someone threw a stick of dynamite at the police and gunfire rang out.

- Caused the death of 8 police officers and an unknown number of civilians, eight anarchist were tried for murder.

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Haymarket Bombing

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Refers to a situation where a person is dependent for a livelihood on the wages earned, especially if the dependency is total and immediate.

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Wage Slavery

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- Late 19th century increasing commercialization of entertainment.

- 2 mile stretch of sand nine miles from Manhattan by trolley or steamship.

- Attracted many visitors to its beaches, dance pavilions, and penny arcades.

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Coney Island

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Requires US government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the act.

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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

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- Nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads in 1894.

- During May 11, 3000 employees went on strike due to decrease in wages.

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Pullman Strike (1894)

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- Urges social and political system changes.

- Political ideas and activities hat are intended to represent ordinary peoples needs and wishes.

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Populism

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African American leader that raised funds for education and looked for jobs for African Americans.

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Booker T. Washington

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- A famous speech by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896 at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.

- Called for free silver.

- "Do not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

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Cross of Gold

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- President James Monroe's 1823 declaration that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further colonization or interference by European powers.

- In exchange, Monroe pledged that the U.S. would not become involved in European struggles.

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Monroe Doctrine

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Managed to secure access to Chinese Markets, expanding its economic power while avoiding the problems of maintaining a far-flung colonial empire on the Asian mainland.

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Open Door Policy

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- 1st US volunteer cavalry for the Spanish American War.

- Composed of Ivy League polo players and cowboys that Roosevelt knew from his stint in cattle rancher in the Dakotas.

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Rough Riders

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- Creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship.

- Usually between states and often in the form of an empire.

- Based on domination and subordination.

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Imperialism

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White power

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Anglo-Saxonism

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The laws of segregation in the South during 1876-1965.

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Jim Crow Laws

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The revocation of the right of suffrage of a person or group of people, or rendering a persons vote less effective or ineffective.

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Disenfranchisement

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- Fought for women's rights in 20th century US.

- Particularly for the right to vote on some terms as men and aliens.

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National Women's Party

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-Formed the back-stone of the settlement house movement and stood in the vanguard of the progressive movement.

- Settlement houses gave college-educated women eager to use their knowledge as a place to put their talents to work in the service of society to champion progressive reform.

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Jane Addams

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A wide-ranging 20th century reform movement that advocated government activism to mitigate the problems created by urban industrialism.

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Progressivism

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-Supported by Roosevelt, a canal linking the Caribbean and the Pacific.

- Enabled ships to move quickly from Atlantic to Pacific.

- It could effectively double the US navy power.

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Panama Canal

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- Idea that slavery was a set of reciprocal obligations between masters and slaves providing labor and obedience and masters providing basic care and direction.

- Denied that the slave system was brutal and exploitative, did provide some protection against the worst brutatlity.

- It didn't guarantee decent living conditions, reasonable work, or freedom from physical punishment.

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Paternalism

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- The constitutionality of the doctrine of "separate but equal".

- Blacks could be segregated in separate schools, restrooms, and other facilities as long as the facilities were equal.

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Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)

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- An animated short released November 18, 1928.

- It was the 3rd Mickey Mouse cartoon to be produced.

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Steamboat Willie (1928)

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Provided mutual guarantees of "political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike".

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League of Nations

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- An American legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach evolution.

- First trial to be covered live on radio, it attracted nationwide audiences.

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Scopes Trial