American Revolution

Front 1

olive Branch Petition

Back 1

*adopted by the Continental Congress: July 1775 in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain
*petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict
*petition was rejected, and in August 1775 the colonies were formally declared in rebellion by the Proclamation of Rebellion

Front 2

Prohibitory Act

Back 2

*passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in American colonies known as the American Revolution
*declared and provided fora naval blockade against the American ports

Front 3

Common Sense

Back 3

*written by Thomas Paine
* published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolution
*powerful argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided
*wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood; forgoing the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment era writers

Front 4

Declaration of Independence

Back 4

*adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire
*Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson
*formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain
*listing colonial grievances against King George III, and by asserting certain natural rights, including a right of revolution

Front 5

Thomas Jefferson

Back 5

*April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)
* third President of the United States (1801–1809)
*one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States
*would promote republicanism and counter the imperialism of the British Empire
*man of the Enlightenment

Front 6

George Mason

Back 6

*(December 11, 1725 – October 7, 1792)
* called the "Father of the Bill of Rights."
*considered one of the "Founding Fathers"
*found slavery repugnant for a variety of reasons
*succeeded in convincing the Federalists to add the first ten amendments of the Constitution

Front 7

Continental Congress

Back 7

* convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution
*he Congress met from 1774 to 1789 in three meetings

Front 8

Articles of Confederation

Back 8

*first constitution of the United States of America and specified how the national government was to operate
*Articles were in use beginning in 1777
*the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government
*capable of making war, negotiating diplomatic agreements, and resolving issues regarding the western territories

Front 9

George Washington

Back 9

* (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)
*dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775–1797
* leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783
* first President of the United States (1789–1797)
*built a strong, well-financed national government that avoided war, suppressed rebellion and won acceptance among Americans of all types

Front 10

Bunker Hill

Back 10

*June 17, 1775
*during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War
*victory for the British, they suffered a large amount of losses

Front 11

General Thomas Gage

Back 11

* British general, best known for his role in the early days of the American War of Independence
* served alongside a future opponent, George Washington
*1763 to 1775 he served as commander in chief of the British forces in North America
* actions played a role in sparking of the American War of Independence in April 1775
*replaced by General Howe in October 1775, and returned to Britain

Front 12

Hessians

Back 12

*soldiers were eighteenth-century German regiments hired through their rulers by the British Empire
*most widely associated with combat operations in the American Revolutionary War

Front 13

Lord Cornwallis

Back 13

*(31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805)
*was a British Army officer and colonial administrator
*one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence
*1781 surrender to a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America
*

Front 14

Nathanael Greene

Back 14

* (August 7, 1742 – June 19, 1786)
*major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War
* George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer

Front 15

John Adams

Back 15

*(October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat and political theorist
* he was deeply read and represented Enlightenment values promoting republicanism
*A conservative Federalist, he was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

Front 16

John Jay

Back 16

* (December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829)
* helping to fashion United States foreign policy, and to secure favorable peace terms from the United Kingdom
* an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789 - 95)

Front 17

Treaty of Paris 1783

Back 17

*signed on September 3, 1783, ratified by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, and by the King of Great Britain on April 9, 1784
* formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America, which had rebelled against British rule

Front 18

Women during War Time

Back 18

* had to take over some of men positions when they were away frm home

Front 19

Abigail Adams

Back 19

*was the wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States
*was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States
*dams is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses
* letters are invaluable eyewitness accounts of the Revolutionary War home front as well as excellent sources of political commentary

Front 20

Civic Virtue

Back 20

*ultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community
* term civility refers to behaviour between persons and groups that conforms to a social mode
* being a foundational principle of society and law

Front 21

Ordinance of 1784

Back 21

*called for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states
*It was adopted by the United States Congress under the Articles of Confederation

Front 22

North West Ordinance

Back 22

*primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.
*August 7, 1789, the U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution

Front 23

Shay's Rebellion

Back 23

*armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787
*Most of Shays' compatriots were poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes
*they attempted to prevent the courts from seizing property from indebted farmers by forcing the closure of courts in western Massachusetts
*using "liberty poles" and "liberty trees" to symbolize their cause

Front 24

1. Alexander Hamilton

Back 24

*first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher
*wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation
*He created and dominated the Federalist Party

Front 25

2. The Founding Fathers

Back 25

* two key groups : the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States)
*seven figures as the key founding fathers: Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton
*pple see Washington as as the most important figure of the father of the Nation

Front 26

3. The Virginia Plan

Back 26

*proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787
*notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature

Front 27

4. The Great Compromise

Back 27

*Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman's Compromise)
*an agreement between large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787
*it defined the legislature strcture and the representation thateach state would have under the United States Constitution
*proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives

Front 28

5. James Madison

Back 28

*(March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) , American politician, political philosopher who served as the 4th President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of Founding Fathers of the United States
*principal author of the US Constitution
* responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights"
*co-authoredthe Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts
supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and *sponsored the ill-fated Embargo Act of 1807

Front 29

6. Sovereignty

Back 29

* is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory
*found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided

Front 30

7. Separation of Powers

Back 30

*s a model for the governance of both democratic & federative states
* the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches
*an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary

Front 31

8. Federalists

Back 31

* Federalist Party was one of the first political parties; its members or supporters called themselves Federalists
*Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789

Front 32

9. Anti Federalist

Back 32

* political philosophy which opposes the concept of Federalism
* Anti-Federalists dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states
*opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the Constitution of 1787

Front 33

10. The Federalist Papers

Back 33

*series of 85 articles or essays advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution
* the Federalist remains a primary source for interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, as the essays outline a lucid and compelling version of the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government

Front 34

11. The Bill of Rights

Back 34

* first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
*by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of legislative articles, and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments on December 15, 1791, through the process of ratification by three-fourths of the States
*series of limitations on the power of the United States Federal government, protecting the natural rights of liberty and property including freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association

Front 35

12. The Cabinet

Back 35

* composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States
* George Washington, who appointed a Cabinet of four people (Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War Henry Knox; and Attorney General Edmund Randolph) to advise and assist him in his duties
* Cabinet officers are nominated by the President and then presented to the United States Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority
*If approved, they are sworn in and begin their duties

Front 36

13. Bank of the United States 1790’s

Back 36

fghj

Front 37

14. Whiskey Rebellion

Back 37

* rooted in western dissatisfaction with a 1791 excise tax on whiskey
* tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to centralize and fund the national debt

Front 38

15. Citizen Genet

Back 38

* French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution
*defy the wishes of the United States government, capturing British ships and rearming them as privateers

Front 39

16. Jay’s Treaty

Back 39

*treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war, solving many issues left over from the American Revolution + Treaty of Paris of 1783, and opening ten or more years of mostly peaceful trade between the United States and Britain
*Jay's Treaty were designed primarily by the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, with strong support from President George Washington, and the chief negotiator, John Jay

Front 40

17. Pinckney’s Treaty

Back 40

ghj

Front 41

18. The quasi War

Back 41

fghj

Front 42

19. The XYZ Affair

Back 42

ghj

Front 43

20. Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 43

ghj

Front 44

21. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Back 44

kl;

Front 45

22. Aaron Burr

Back 45

* served as the third Vice President of the United States (1801–1805)
*formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party
*

Front 46

23. The Judiciary Act of 1801

Back 46

*Midnight Judges Act
*represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century
*Supreme Court justices often took advantage of opportunities to voice concern and to suggest that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided.