American Politics

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Asituation in which two or more people are all better off if every playerchooses the same course of action, but there may be disagreement about whichcourse of action is best.

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Coordination Problem

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Organizationsas large as a branch of the government and systems as specific as rules forconducting debates in Congress.

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Institution

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Theprocess of making collective decisions to allocate public resources and tocreate and enforce rules for the operation of society.

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Politics

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Ideas that drive individual decision making.

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Preferences

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An interaction between two individuals in which neither actor has an incentive to cooperate, even though both would be better off if they cooperated. The collective-action problem can be thought of as this.

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Prisoner's Dilemma

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A public good is going to be destroyed if we don't coordinate the unaged of it.3C

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Tragedy of the Commons

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Free Rider Problem

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Thefree rider problem is a market failure that occurs when people take advantageof being able to use a common resource, or collective good, without paying forit, as is the case when citizens of a country utilize public goods withoutpaying their fair share in taxes.

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A commodity or service that is provided without profit to all members of a society, either by the government or a private individual or organization.

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Public Good

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The costs other than the money price that are incurred in trading goods or services

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Transaction Cost

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The difference between what a person ideallywould prefer and what the group with which that person makes collectivedecisions actually does. As transaction cost increase, conformity costsdecrease, and vice versa.X{,-

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Conformity Costs

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A person sent or authorized to represent others.

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Delegation/Agents

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What do Constitutions accomplish?

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1. In societies governed by the rule of law, legal codes are applied to everyone in an unbiased manner.
2. Most societies governed by the rule of law base their government on a written constitution, which establishes the basic institutions of government.

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Thefirst constitution of the United States; which provided only limited power to thecentral government.

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Articles of Confederation

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Significanceof the constitutional convention

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1. At the Constitutional Convention in 1787, delegates adopted the Virginia Plan as a working draft for a new constitution, which called for a bicameral legislature with representation in each chamber, to be allocated based on state population.

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What is the 3/5th Compromise

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The Three-Fifths Compromise was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention.

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Differences between NJ, VA, CT plans

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The New Jersey Plan was an alternative at the Constitutional Convention that focused on amending, rather than replacing, the Articles of Confederation. It called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation from each state. The Connecticut Compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia Plans created a bicameral legislature with the upper chamber retaining equal representation for each state and the lower chamber allocating representation by population.

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The practice of exchanging favors, especially in politics by reciprocal voting for each other's proposed legislation.

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Logroll

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What is Individual Rights?

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Individual rights refer to the liberties of each individual to pursue life and goals without interference from other individuals or the government. Examples of individual rights include the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness as stated in the United States Declaration of Independence.

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The concentration of control of an activity or organization under a single authority.

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Centralization

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The principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

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Popular Sovereignty

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A political system with multiple levels of government, in which each level has independent authority over some important policy areas.

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Federalism

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A political system in which each level of government-national and state-is sovereign in its own sphere of policy authority.

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Dual Federalism

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A unitary state is a state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government.

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Unitary Government

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The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respetively, or to the people.

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10th Ammendment

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Theconformity of the Plan to Republican Principles

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Federalist 39

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Theprovision found in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that states thatCongress can make whatever laws are "necessary and proper" in orderto provide the means to carry out its enumerated powers.

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Necessary & Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

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The section of Article VI of the Constitution that states that the Constitution and the subsequent laws of the United States are to be the "supreme law of the land", meaning that they supersede any state or local law.

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Supremacy Clause

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An enumerated power listed in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that grants, Congress the power to "regulate Commerce with Foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes."

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Commerce Clause

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The Supreme Court ruled that Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States and that the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the Bank.

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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

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The Supreme Court ruled that the Commerce Clause of the Constitution granted the Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, including navigation of interstate seaways.

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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

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The Supreme Court decision that dramatically increased the regulatory power of the federal government. It was a test case that was heard shortly after the United States had entered World War II.

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Wickard v. Filburn (1942)

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A political system in which both levels of government-national and state-are active in nearly all areas of policy and share sovereign authority.

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Cooperative Federalism

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The transfer of a major branch of industry or commerce from private to state ownership or control.

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Cooperative Federalism

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Thetransfer of a major branch of industry or commerce from private to stateownership or control.

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Nationalization

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An idiom that refers to a policy of offering a combination of rewards and punishment to induce behavior.

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Carrot & Stick

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SupremeCourt case involving a state law intended to increase the powers of local lawenforcement who wished to enforce federal immigration laws.

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Arizona v. US (2012)

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Freedoms protectedfrom interference by the government or by others, such as freedom of speech andfreedom of religion.

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Civil Liberties

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The Supreme Court ofthe United States held in a 5-4 decision that the Second Amendment to theUnited States Constitution applies to federal enclaves and protects anindividual's right to possess a firearm for traditionally lawful purposes, suchas self-defense within the home.

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DC v Heller (2008)

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All persons born ornaturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, arecitizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No Stateshall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities ofcitizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person withinits jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.N

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14th Amendment (SEC1)

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The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

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14th Amendment (SEC5)

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A constitutionaldoctrine that ensures states cannot enact laws that take away theconstitutional rights of American citizens that are enshrined in the Bill ofRights.

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SelectiveIncorporation

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The Supreme Courtruled that a policy permitting student-led, student-initiated prayer at highschool football games violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

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Santa Fe v. Doe(2000)

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The Supreme Court ruled it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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Engel v. Vitale(1963)

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A decision by theUnited States Supreme Court that defined the constitutional rights of studentsin U.S. public schools. The Tinker test is still used by courts today todetermine whether a school's disciplinary actions violate students' FirstAmendment rights.

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Tinker v. Des Moines(1969)

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The highest levelstandard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatiblewith the constitution. A law subject to this standard is consideredunconstitutional unless it advances a "compelling state interest" andrepresents the least intrusive means.

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Strict Scrutiny

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a decision by theSupreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecratingthe American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states.

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Texas v. Johnson(1989)

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Some rights are notexplicitly stated in the Constitution. The Ninth Amendment reads, "Theenumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed todeny or disparage others retained by the people."

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Implied rights

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A group of rightsderived, by implication, from other rights explicitly protected in the Bill ofRights.

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Penumbras

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The Supreme Courtruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right tomarital privacy. The case concerned a Connecticut law that criminalized theencouragement or use of birth control.

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Griswold v.Connecticut (1965)

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The Supreme Courtruled 7–2 that a right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14thAmendment extended to a woman's decision to have an abortion, but that thisright must be balanced against the state's interests in regulating abortions:protecting women's health and protecting the potentiality of human life.

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Roe v. Wade (1973)