Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pluralism |
that all groups have equal access to the political process and that achieving an outcome favorable to a particular group depends only upon that groups strengths and resources. |
|
|
Interest group |
group of individuals who organize to influence the government programs and polices |
|
|
Political Action Committee (PAC) |
private groups that raise and distribute funds for use in elections campaigns. the purpose of PACs is to influence elections rather than trying to influence the elected. |
|
|
Components of Groups |
1. leadership and decision making 2. financial structure 3. all groups must attract and keep members |
|
|
Free Rider Problem |
an inactive owner, as the number of involved persons increases, or as the size of the group increases, the free rider problem increases.
|
|
|
New politics forces |
New politics forces were able to influence the media, congress, and the courts, and enjoyed a remarkable degree of success, playing a major role in gaining the passage of environmental, consumer, and occupational legislation
|
|
|
Lobbying
|
a strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation or other public policy by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature
|
|
|
Institutional advertising |
which is advertising designed to create a positive image of an organization |
|
|
Grassroot mobilization |
a lobby group mobilizes its members throughout the country to contact government officials in support of the groups position
|
|
|
Political Action Committee
|
most common electoral strategy employed by interest groups is that the of giving financial support or candidates running for office
|
|
|
Sociological representation |
a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic,religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. |
|
|
apportionment |
when one state gains a seat in congress another must lose, this process is called apportionment. this happens when a mass amount of people move to a new state
|
|
|
Gerrymandering
|
the manipulation of electoral districts to serve the interest of a particular group
|
|
|
private bill |
a proposal in congress to provide a specific person with some ind of relief, such as a special exemption from immigration quotas.
|
|
|
what type of representation is described when constituents have the power to hire and fire their representative?
|
agency representation
|
|
|
what type of committees includes members of both the house and the senate on the same committee? |
conference committee |
|
|
when congress conducts an investigation to explore the relationship between what a law intended and what an executive agency had done, it is engaged in |
oversight |
|
|
expressed powers |
presidential powers that are specifically established by the language of the constitution
|
|
|
Delegated powers
|
powers given to the president by congress |
|
|
judicial power by the president |
the presidential power to grant reprieves, pardons and amnesty involves the power of life and death over all individuals who amy be a threat to the security of the united states.
|
|
|
executive agreement
|
like a treaty but it doe snot require the senates approval |
|
|
pocket veto
|
a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session
|
|
|
legislative initiative
|
the presidents implied power to bring a legislative agenda before congress.
|
|
|
inherent power
|
powers not in the constitution but are used in a time of national emergency of war
|
|
|
white house staff |
mainly analyst and advisors who are closest to, and most responsive to, the presidents needs |
|
|
kitchen cabinet |
advisors to whom the president turn to for counsel and guidance |
|
|
the founders choose to select the president through an indirect election in order to |
force the president to be responsive to the will of the people
|
|
|
when the president issues a rue or regulation that reorganizes or otherwise directs the affairs of the executive branch, it is called
|
an executive order
|
|
|
what are two ways that presidents can expand their power
|
using popular appeals and bolstering their control of executive agencies |
|
|
Ballot Initiative |
a proposed law orpolicy change that Is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote |
|
|
Electoral College |
the presidential electors for each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots forpresident and vice president |
|
|
Iron Triangle |
the stable, cooperative relationships that often develop among a congressional committee, an administrative agency, and one or more supportive interest groups, not all of those relationships are triangular |
|
|
Logrolling |
a legislative practice whereby agreements are made between legislators in voting for or against a bill; vote trading |
|
|
Seniority |
the ranking given to an individual on the basis of length of continuous service on a committee incongress |
|
|
Standing Committee |
are permanent legislative panels established by the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate rules. |
|
|
to overcome the free-rider problem groups? |
provide selective benefits
|
|
|
what is an example of the "going public" strategy?
|
institutional advertising, grassroots advertising, and protests and demonstrations
|
|
|
Incumbency |
holding a political office for which one is running plays a very important role in the american electoral system and in the kind of representation citizens get in Washington. |
|
|
pork barrel legislation (or pork) |
appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created to help local representatives win re-election in their home districts |
|
|
majority leader
|
elected leader of the majority party in the house of reps or in the senate
|
|
|
Joint Committees
|
are formed of member son both the senate and house. there are four committees; economic, taxation, library and printing.
|
|
|
conference committees
|
play an extremely important role in determining what laws are actually passed |
|
|
party unity vote
|
a vote in which half or more of the member of one party take one position while at least half of the other members of the other party take the opposing position
|
|
|
oversight
|
the effort by congress, through hearings, investigations and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies.
|
|
|
what technique can be used to block action on legislation in the senate? |
filibuster |
|
|
an agreement between members of congress to trade support for each others bill is known as? |
logrolling |
|
|
war power resolution |
this law states that the president can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of congress, or if american troops are already under attack or serious threat. |
|
|
merit system
|
its purpose was to put an end to the "spoils system".
|
|
|
government corporations
|
like government agency but are more like private businesses in performing and charging for a market service, sucks as transportation, (AMTRAK)
|
|
|
regulatory agencies
|
independent agencies whose primary mission is to impose limits, restrictions or other obligations on the conduct of individuals or companies in the private sector.
|
|
|
revenue agencies |
responsible for collecting taxes
|
|
|
fiscal policy |
the governments use of taxing, and spending powers to manipulate the economy
|
|
|
the civil service act of 1883 mandated that appointees to public office
|
be qualified for the job to which they are appointed
|
|
|
writ of habeas corpus |
is a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for his or her detention
|
|
|
judicial review |
refers to the power of the judiciary to review and, if necessary, declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional |
|
|
supremacy clause |
states that laws passed by the national government and all treaties "shall be supreme law of the land" and superior to all laws adopted by any state or any subdivision.
|
|
|
writ of certiorari
|
this is the way most cases reach the supreme court. this is granted whenever four of the nine justices agree to review a decision of a lower court
|
|
|
· Federalist 10 |
Economics groups, concerned that people with money will join together Shays rebellions – if there was a strong national government that would have helped two ways to stop factions Small number of citizens is one The larger of the country the more difficult it is for factions to be in power |
|
|
federalist 51 |
Primary focus of federalist 51 is for checks and balances Ambition must be made to counter act ambition Everyone wants to have power and not give it away and that’s why there are checks. Federal check, states are going to check on the federal and vice versa. |
|
|
Anti-federalist |
Led to the bill of rights Concerned that there was too much power in the national government and not enough power in the states National government has the power to tax and they were scared that there would not be enough money to go around Concerned that people will be too far removed from the national government. |
|
|
Article 1 section 8 |
elastic clause - the government has the power to do what is necessary in order to use their enumerated powers |
|
|
article 2 section 2 |
defines powers of the president
he can make treaties he is commander in chief etc |
|
|
article 2 section 3 |
president gives state of the union to know where then country stands
|
|
|
article 2 section 4 |
how to remove the president and what crimes allow him to be removed |
|
|
article 3 section 1 |
judiciary power, supreme court is created in this article |
