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American Literature CLEP Part 1

American Literature Clep Part 1

by richlemont, Jul. 2015

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113 Cards in this Set

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David Cusick	Tuscarora; educated in Christian mission in NY; Iroquois Creation Story
David Cusick	A Tale of the Foundation of the Great Island (now North America), the Two Infants Born and the Creation of the Universe
Iroquois Creation Story	A Tale of the Foundation of the Great Island (now North America), the Two Infants Born and the Creation of the Universe
David Cusick	Sketches of History of the Six Nations
Christopher Columbus	Journal of the First Voyage to America (compiled by Bartolome de les Casas and probably summarized so not original)
Bartolome de les Casas	Probably summarized Journal of the First Voyage to America -- Christopher Columbus journal
Christopher Columbus	Sailed to the Americas several times between 1492 and 1504; wrote lots of letters and journals of his trip; early writings show conflict between him and the native americans
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca	ca. 1490 - 1558; wrote an "address" to Charles V about an expedition to the Americas (visit was 1527 time frame; address was published in Spain in 1542 and again in 1555)
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca	Visited Hispaniola; Cuba; and Florida where he lost many men; eventually landed in Texas and was enslaved by local tribes; spent many years in Mexico and parts of the now US but was eventually able to return to Spain; was exiled to Algeria in 1551
The Relation [or Narrative] of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca	history of his tumultous early trip to hispaniola, cuba and florida where many men where lost
Native American Literature	David Cusick
European Exploration: Beginnings	Christopher Columbus, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1450 - 1620)
Colonial Period	Literature from 1620 - 1750
Colonial Period	John Smith, Pilgrims, William Bradford, Puritans, John Winthrop, Anne Bradstreet, Mary Rowlandson, Edward Taylor, Cotton Mather, Johnathon Edwards; pre-novel: epics, romances, drama, poems, narratives, diaries, spiritual autobiographies, captivity narratives
John Smith	Jamestown Governor; usually talked about with Pocahontas, supposedly captured by Powhatan (chief of Chesp bay indians) and rescued by pocahontas; wrote of his adventures in america hoping to entice others to come settle there; commercial venture
John Smith	A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath happened in Virginia
John Smith	A Map of Virginia and a Description of the County
John Smith	A Description of New England
John Smith	New England's Trials
John Smith	General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles
William Bradford	Pilgrim; first governor of plymouth colony; wrote Of Plimouth Plantation
Pilgrims	Landed in Plymouth Massachusettes; wanted freedom from religious persecution; King James I (person who had bible translated and rewritten into English to become King James bible) considered them treasonous
Of Plimouth Plantation	Written at the beginning of the "Great Migration" (1630) to the new world through history of Massachusettes over about 20 years; published in 1865 by Massachusetts Historical Society; was returned to Massachusettes state house in 1897 after legal battles; was the basis for several other historical works prior to its full publication; written in plain Style
Nathaniel Morton	New England's Memoriall (1669)
William Hubbard	History of New England (1683)
Cotton Mather	Magnalia Christi Americana (1702)
New England's Memoriall	Used Of Plimouth Plantation as basis for its work
History of New England	Used Of Plimouth Plantation as basis for its work
Magnalia Christi Americana	Used Of Plimouth Plantation as basis for its work
Plain Style	Writing style that is simple, direct, unambigous: examples: William Bradford and Anne Bradstreet; unadorned or showy
Puritans	Biggest difference between them and pilgrms is the idea of separatism -- Puritans did not want to separate from the Church of England; Puritans migrated on the flagship Arabella led by John Winthrop
John Winthrop	Raised prosperous, economic advantage; educated at Cambridge to become a lawyer; joined the Massachusettes Bay Company and obtained charter to establish colony in America based in Puritan ideals; elected governor
John Winthrop	A Modell of Christian Charity
A Modell of Christian Charity	Popular belief has it that it was a speech made to the passengers of the Arabella on the voyage to the new world though new scholars argue that it was made right before the ship left the shore in England; proposed religious ideals that would frame the new colony; puritans believed that their migration was divinely inspired and as such required devotion to living out God's will
Catechisms	a summary of the principles of Christian religion in the form of questions and answers, used for the instruction of Christians. a series of fixed questions, answers, or precepts used for instruction in other situations.
Jeremiad	a long, mournful complaint or lamentation; a list of woes.
Jeremiad	Eponym named after the prophet jeremiah and is lament against the sins of the Hebrews
John Winthrop	City upon a hill quote; believed in a caste system that was divinely inspired and operated: "some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity and others low in subjection"
A Modell of Christian Charity	"for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake; wee shall shame the faces of many of gods worthy servants, and cause theire prayers to be turned into Cursses upon us till wee be consumed out of the good land whether wee are going"
Anne Bradstreet	Passenger on Arabella, father was Thomas Dudley - estate manager for Puritan earl; husband Simon Bradstreet - Cambridge graduate; wrote poetry; had her first volume of poems stolen by her brother-in-law Pastor John Woodbridge to be published without her consent
Anne Bradstreet	The Tenth Muse - book
Anne Bradstreet	Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning - book
Anne Bradstreet	The Prologue
Anne Bradstreet	The Author to Her Book
Anne Bradstreet	Before the Birth of One of Her Children
Anne Bradstreet	To My Dear and Loving Husband
Anne Bradstreet	To My Dear Children
Anne Bradstreet	Here Follows Some Verses upon the Burning of Our House
Anne Bradstreet	The Flesh and the Spirit
Mary Rowlandson	Captured by group of Wampanoag Indians during King Phillip's War; held captive for 11 weeks
Mary Rowlandson	The Sovereignity and Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed; Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of XXX
Captivity Narrative	Mary Rowlandson's account was one of the first known of the genre generally associated with 16th to 19th century. Archetype: a devoutly religious person (usually a woman) is forced to stay true to her religious faith in the face of great temptation and pagan indencency; relies on God's power to deliver from torment
The Sovereignity and Goodness of God…	organized into episodes; captivity narrative
Edward Taylor	major colonial poet; puritan preacher; would not sign oath of loyalty to Church of England; studied at Harvard
Edward Taylor	Preparatory Meditations
Prepatory Meditations	poems written by author before he served monthly communion, collected by Thomas H. Johnson and published
Cotton Mather	Wrote seven books that all together roughly translates to "a history of the wonderful works of Christ in America", well-known for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials. He was not actually at the trials but was accused of not using his authority to help the innocently accused.
Cotton Mather	The Wonders of the Invisible World
Magnalia Christi Americana	roughly translates to "a history of the wonderful works of Christ in America"; has the retelling of the captivity of Hannah Dustan -- considered a popular captivity narrative at the time
The Wonders of the Invisible World	In it, it is made clear that the author was not always convinced of the evidence brought forth: "I was not present at any of them; nor ever had I any personal prejudice at the person thus brought upon the stage."
Cotton Mather	The Trial of Martha Carrier
The Trial of Marth Carrier	In it the author defends the trials
Jonathon Edwards	widely anthologized preacher of colonial america; was influenced by the premise of Enlightenment and became inextricably tied to the Great Awakening; great conflict over practice of communion; temporary president of College of New Jersey (Princeton) until he died soon after taking office; often pigeon-holed as fire and brimstone preacher though he published and preached many sermons on Christ's hope and love
Jonathon Edwards	A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Works of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northhampton and Neighboring Towns
Jonathon Edwards	Discourses on Various Important Subjects
Jonathon Edwards	Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
Jonathon Edwards	Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New England and the Way in Which it out to be Acknowledged and Prompted
Jonathon Edwards	Freedom of Will
Jonathon Edwards	Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
Sermon	First American genre; religious writing from a personal perspective
Spiritual Autobiography	Relatively formulaic: author depicts his/her life as it progresses from a state of sin to a state of grace, detailing cycles of sin and repentance on the journey to salvation; writer explores his/her relationship with God's natural world, the Bible, other believers and non-believers, and theological conflicts such as election or original sin; St. Augustine's Confessions, John Bunyan's Pilgrims Progress, and Jonathan Edwards' Personal Narrative are examples.
St. Augustine	Confessions
John Bunyan	Pilgrim's Progress
Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God	"The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect, over the fire, abhors you, and dreadfully provoked; his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his sight; you are ten thousand times so abominable in his eyes as the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours."
conceit	develops a comparison which is exceedingly unlikely but is, nonetheless, intellectually imaginative. A comparison turns into a conceit when the writer tries to make us admit a similarity between two things of whose unlikeness we are strongly conscious and for this reason. An extended metaphor with complex logic.
Huswifery	Edward Taylor; conceit about clothes and god's love, living godly
Early National Period	Literature from 1750-1820
Political Writings	Age of Enlightenment, as Purantism started to lose hold, diests and political thinkers prevailed
Deists	knowledge of God based on the application of our reason on the designs/laws found throughout Nature. The designs presuppose a Designer. Natural religion not a "revealed" religion. belief that God has created the universe but remains apart from it and permits his creation to administer itself through natural laws. rejects the supernatural aspects of religion, such as belief in revelation in the Bible, and stresses the importance of ethical conduct.
Age of Enlightenment	cultural and intellectual forces in Western Europe emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority
Silence Dogood	Pseudonym of Benjamin Franklin. His first essays were published under this name while apprenticing under his brother, a printer.
Errata	Normally known as Short and minor revisions to a printed or published document to correct spelling and/or typing mistakes, Ben Franklin used the word to sum up what he considered his youthful transgressions.
Benjamin Franklin	The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin	published in 4 parts; part 1 is about his days as a printer/publisher and youthful errata; part 2 has a notable section regarding author's desire to reach moral perfection (commits to perfect one virtue per week - temperance, silence, order, etc. ) part 3 continues his life story including poor richard's almanac and experiments with electricity; part 4 continues until his death
Poor Richard's Almanac	Written by Benjamin Franklin under the name Poor Richard Saunders; annual almanac with weather, anecdotes, puzzles, etc.
Thomas Paine	immigrated from England in his 30's; anonymously penned Common Sense
Common Sense	Written in a plain style in order to reach the common american: "The cause of America is in a great measure the cause of all mankind"
The Crisis	Series of pamphlets written by Thomas Paine during the Revolutionary war set to inspire the common man: "These are the times that try men's souls."
The Federalist	Collection of essays written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison under the name Publius whose sole function was to convince New Yorkers to vote for the proposed Constitution, advocating a strong central government and the freedom of individual rights were not mutually exclusive: "after an unequivocal experience of the inefficacy of the subsisting federal government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America"
Thomas Jefferson	Primary author of the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence	"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with inherent and inalienable rights; that among those are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."
The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson	Includes the original draft of the Declaration of Independence including the sections "struck out by Congress": "He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating & carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither. This piratical warfare, the opprobrium of infidel powers, is the warfare of the Christian King of Great Britain. "
Philip Freneau	Known as the "poet of the American Revolution"
The American Village	Book of poems written by Philip Freneau
Poems (1809)	Book of poems written by Philip Freneau
The Wild Honey Suckle	"Poem by Philip Freneau: FAIR flower, that dost so comely grow, Hid in this silent, dull retreat, Untouched thy honied blossoms blow, Unseen thy little branches greet:	No roving foot shall crush thee here,
The Indian Burying Ground	"Poem by Philip Freneau: IN spite of all the learned have said, I still my old opinion keep; The posture that we give the dead Points out the soul’s eternal sleep. Not so the ancients of these lands; The Indian, when from life released, Again is seated with his friends, And shares again the joyous feast."
To Sir Toby	"Poem by Philip Freneau:	If there exists a hell .- the case is clear .-Sir Toby's slaves enjoy that portion here: Here are no blazing brimstone lakes .- 'tis true; But kindled Rum too often burns as blue;In which some fiend, whom nature must detest, Steeps Toby's brand, and marks poor Cudjoe's breast."
Samson Occom	A Mohegan Indian and Christian convert that ministered to tribes. Wrote an autobiography.
A Short Narrative of My Life	Samson Occom
John Woolman	A Quaker that wrote The Journal of John Woolman. Different than Puritan in that he denounced slavery and was a leader in women suffrage. Shows commitment to marry his spirtual convictions with his earthly activities.
J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur	Wrote Letters From an American Farmer for European readership during American fascination in Europe. A section of his autobiography is called "What is an American?" but is ironic because he spent so little time in America.
Elizabeth Ashbridge	Born to Anglican parents, rejected her religious upbringing because of her desire for theology more accepting of women in leadership roles. Became a Quaker minister and published Some Account of the Fore Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge
Sarah Kemble Knight	Wrote differently than her counterparts in that it was not spiritual but was instead filled with the mundane and ordinary observations of her time. She also had interaction with prominent Americans including the possibility of Benjamin Franklin.
Olaudah Equiano	African American author of the eighteenth century who was raised to be a chief leader of his people when he was captured and made a slave though that story is now being disputed as fiction to highlight the African's plight as cargo. Wrote The Interesting Life of XXX or Gustavus Vassa, the African. As Christian convert and freed slave, he tried to use Christian sentiment to persuade society to give up slavery as a sin: O, ye nominal Christians! might not an African ask you — Learned you this from your God, who says unto you, Do unto all men as you would men should do unto you? Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends, to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other, and thus prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery, with the small comfort of being together, and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely, this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery.
Phyllis Wheatley	Black female slave under the age of 20 when her book of poems was published. Her master's son took her to england to meet important people and help her make it happen -- she met Benjamin Franklin. A preface had to be attached to the manuscript with a letter of authentication from a high court including John Hancock to show that she had indeed written it.
Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral	Book of poems by Phyllis Wheatley
On Being Brought from Africa to America	"Poem by Phyllis Wheatley: 'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,Taught my benighted soul to understand That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew. Some view our sable race with scornful eye, ""Their colour is a diabolic die."" Remember, Christians, Negros, black as Cain,May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train."
To the University of Cambridge in New England	"Poem by Phyllis Wheatley: WHILE an intrinsic ardor prompts to write, The muses promise to assist my pen; ’Twas not long since I left my native shore The land of errors, and Egyptian gloom: Father of mercy, ’twas thy gracious hand Brought me in safety from those dark abodes. Students, to you ’tis giv’n to scan the heights Above, to traverse the ethereal space, And mark the systems of revolving worlds. Still more, ye sons of science ye receive"
On the Death of Rev. Mr. George Whitefield	"Poem by Phyllis Wheatley: HAIL, happy saint, on thine immortal throne, Possest of glory, life, and bliss unknown; We hear no more the music of thy tongue,
To S.M. a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works	"Poem by Phyllis Wheatley: To show the lab’ring bosom’s deep intent, And thought in living characters to paint, When first thy pencil did those beauties give, And breathing figures learnt from thee to live, How did those prospects give my soul delight,
To His Excellency General Washington	"Poem by Phyllis Wheatley: Celestial choir! enthron’d in realms of light, Columbia’s scenes of glorious toils I write. While freedom’s cause her anxious breast alarms, She flashes dreadful in refulgent arms. See mother earth her offspring’s fate bemoan, And nations gaze at scenes before unknown! See the bright beams of heaven’s revolving light
To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth	"Poem by Phyllis Wheatley: HAIL, happy day, when, smiling like the morn, Fair Freedom rose New-England to adorn: The northern clime beneath her genial ray, Dartmouth, congratulates thy blissful sway: Elate with hope her race no longer mourns, Each soul expands, each grateful bosom burns,"