American Indian Experience Ii

Front 1

Why did Indians originally welcome Europeans?

Back 1

They could be allies against enemies, able to sail for replacement people and fashion with metal (weapons, axes, etc.)
Some viewed them as deities because of prophesies.

Front 2

What were the major causes of conflict between Indians and Europeans (when did Indians stop welcoming and begin resisting)

Back 2

1. Europeans tampered with Indian government (control of land and trade relationships)
2. Attempted to force assimilation

Front 3

What were the two concepts that came from early interactions between Europeans and natives
(is that a good description?)

Back 3

1. Notion of Indian Country
2. Centralization of administration of Indian Affairs

expand

Front 4

Nations of Iroquois confederacy

Made Great Law of ___
Why/how?

Back 4

Mohawk
Oneida
Onanda
Cayuga
Seneca
Tuscarora

Great Law of Peace - as populations increased they were at war over hunting/fishing resources, to convert people to his idea of peace Deganeweda used the symbol of 5 arrows bound together being stronger

Front 5

1st official treaty by the United States in 1778
How many treaties have been negotiated since?
Ratified?

Back 5

W/ Delawares in Pittsburgh
approx. 800
367 (but didn't always go through executive)

Front 6

Motivations for treaties:
during 1783-1818

Back 6

Make peace, keep Mississippi river open

Front 7

Motivations for treaties:
1818-1835

Back 7

Remove to Indian Territory
1835 - Treaty of Echota, Cherokee trail of tears

Front 8

Motivations for treaties:
mid 19th Century

Back 8

To solidify land claims after war w/ Mexico and to settle Oregon boundary
To establish Indian homelands and keep peace between them (in US interest for negotiations)
Often guaranteed hunting, fishing, and gathering (not GIVING indians rights... David Wilkins - reserved rights)

Front 9

What is the irony of the period after the civil war when numerous treaties were made to make and keep peace as Indians fought to defend lands against western expansion

Back 9

It was under Grant's Peace Policy (1867-1868) but it was the most violent period

Front 10

When and why was the end of treaty making?

Back 10

1871
Treaties got violated (Sand Creek Massacre, Battle of Watchataw, Minnesotta uprising after mass execution...). Congress saw the conflicts and that land was going to RR companies instead of public domain (corruption). Constituents don't like their taxes going to that.

No more treaties, just agreements

Front 11

In 1871-1911, after end of treaty making, U.S. continued to

Back 11

send out treaty commisions and negotiated treaties which Congress incorporated into legislation

Front 12

(Post treaty-making) 1911-1950: (treaty) method rarely used and recently (1971) US negotiates settlements in lieu of

Back 12

treaties or unilateral legislation

Front 13

What was the 1872 lithograph by John Gast meant to represent?

Back 13

"American Progress"
City/civilization associated with light and railways while the wild things and "lurking savage" fled from the "wonderous" vision of progress

Front 14

By the 2nd half of the 19th century, buffalo were split into 2 smaller herds by what?

Back 14

the Railroad (people shot from trains, without buffalo indians more easy to control) 1880 - very few bison

Front 15

Major Federal Indian Policy Periods:
Early National Period - 1776-1800

Back 15

Confederation Government,
ratified constitution 1789- centralized power
1790 Trade and intercourse acts (US licensed Indian traders and negotiate for land)

Front 16

Major Federal Indian Policy Periods:
Removal and Reservation Period 1800-1885

Back 16

Voluntary removal through 1830 removal act.
Supreme court declared Indians domestic dependent nations in 1832 Worcester v. Georgia
Grant's Peace Policy '67
1871 - end of treaty making

Front 17

Major Federal Indian Policy Periods:
Allotment Period - 1885-1934

Back 17

Reformers & Lake Mohonk Conferences 1880s and 90s
Suffragists and abolishionists during that time turned their attention to indian affairs. Good intentions but thought they needed to end tribalism and the old ways.
5 assaults on tribalism

Front 18

Major Federal Indian Policy Periods:
Allotment Period - 1885-1934
5 Assaults on tribalism

Back 18

1879 Boarding schools movement
1885 major crimes act
1887 General Allotment Act
1903 Plenary Power of Congress - Lone Wolf, chief who didn't want to be allotted, supreme court said allotment trumps treaty, but since then courts have adjudicated more fairly
1924 Indian Citizenship Act - many Indians served in WWI (1914-1918) and should have right to citizenship, but that's an assault because it makes them members of other nations

Policies always included goal of assimilation

Front 19

5 Assaults on tribalism
1885 major crimes act

Back 19

major crimes act - after 1883 murder of Chief Spotted Tail by Crow Dog was upheld as not being the government's business, whites freaked out even though Indian reparations were made, Supreme court made act saying that Indian Country is under jurisdiction so congress can punish for major crimes of murder, manslaughter, rape, arson, and burglary.
However, Indian crimes are the least often prosecuted (most ignored)

Front 20

5 Assaults on tribalism
1887 General Allotment Act

Back 20

General Allotment Act - president could allot land to individuals, breaking up tribal estate. Intent was to protect land, but 90 mill acres were lost to white settlement

Front 21

5 assaults on tribalism
1903 Plenary Power of Congress

Back 21

1903 Plenary Power of Congress - Lone Wolf, chief who didn't want to be allotted, supreme court said allotment trumps treaty, but since then courts have adjudicated more fairly

Front 22

5 assaults on tribalism
1924 Indian Citizenship Act -

Back 22

1924 Indian Citizenship Act - many Indians served in WWI (1914-1918) and should have right to citizenship, but that's an assault because it makes them members of other nations

Policies always included assimilation

Front 23

When was the nadir for American Indians?
what was the first year births exceeded deaths?
Pop now?

Back 23

around 1900 - population fewer than 250,000.
1917 pop started growing
2 million now!

Front 24

John Collier

Back 24

visionary, activist, ally, poet
saw poor health and poverty in 1900s in Europe
worked in settlement house (immigrants americanized)
Believed in multiculturalism and cultural relativity
Can be American w/o giving up culture
Formed American Indian Defense Association
Appointed commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933

Front 25

1928 Institute for gov research report on The Problem of Indian Administration a.k.a.

critical of...

Back 25

Meriam report

Allotment
Reservation conditions
Boarding schools

Front 26

The Psychology of Earth and Sky

Back 26

Joy Harjo (Mvskoke)

Hint 26

What's it about? Identity, in system of massive colonization, night and dawn, survive and thrive against myth of Indian defeat and disappearance

Front 27

Ethnoastronomy as the key to Human Intellectual Development and Social Organization,

Back 27

Clara Sue Kidwell (Choctaw, Ojibwe)
Attended University of Oklahoma, teaches at Berkley, assistant director of cultural resources, National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution

Hint 27

Observing is natural for humans. Natives kept track of cycles, lived WITH environment.
Sources of knowledge – esoteric or individual (from dreams/vision/initiation) and common knowledge.
Differing world views lead to differing perceptions (settlers and Indians)

Front 28

The Power of Seneca Women and the Legacy of Handsome Lake

Back 28

John Mohawk (Seneca)
leading scholar and spokesman for the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy, leading advocate for the rights of the Iroquois Confederacy and of indigenous people worldwide

Hint 28

There are claims that Handsome Lake (1730-1815) involved in decline of Seneca women's power, establishment of nuclear family instead of communal longhouses
There was acculturation and ceding of land after the American Revolution - depression.
Changes in living situations and physical abuse had already occurred when Handsome Lake came into power
Handsome Lake helped preserve Seneca culture

Front 29

The Power of Native Languages and the Performance of Indigenous Autonomy: The Case of Mexico,

Back 29

Inés Hernándes-Ávilla (Nez Percé/Chicana)
Degrees in english from University of Houston. helped establish programs in Native American studies at UC Davis

Hint 29

Escritores en Lenguas Indigenas, A.C. (Writers in Indigenous Languages Civil Association, ELIAC) – National association of writers in Mexico
Combatting forced integration, preserving indigenous culture and autonomy

Front 30

Intro to part II: The Metaphysics of Federal Indian Law and U.S. Colonialism of American Indians

Back 30

M.A. Jaimes-Guerrero (Juaneño/Yaqui)

Hint 30

Vine Deloria works in indigenous nationalism; political, legal, and institutional analysis of Western Law and its impact on tribal cultures, identities and nationhood; and the need for native scholars to construct critical responses to legal domination. Spiritual-strategic framework of understanding

Front 31

From Time Immemorial: The Origin and Import of the Reserved Rights Doctrine

Back 31

David E. Wilkins (Lumbee)
Professor of AIS in Minnesota

Hint 31

Reserved rights - some protection for natural resources, treaty rights, and remaining properties. Americans concede right to land on reservations, but have trouble with other rights. Question of whether they have rights they never surrendered even if congress didn't expressly give them. Has been interpreted differently.

Front 32

Vine Deloria, Jr., and the Development of a Decolonizing Critique of Indigenous Peoples and International Relations,

Back 32

Glenn T. Morris (Shawnee)
Professor at UC Denver
Activist - anti-Columbus

Hint 32

Deloria - “Dismantling the Master's House” - discovery doctrine (justification), domestic dependent nation status (wards of state, not international issue), and plenary power doctrine (absolute power given to congress and president.) Work continued by current authors

Front 33

International Law and U.S. Trust Responsibility toward Native Americans

Back 33

S. James Anaya (Purepecha/Apache)
Professor of Human Rights Law and Policy at the University of Arizona's James E. Rogers College of Law. On Board at Harvard during school

Hint 33

Describes changes in concept of "trust responsibility" in relation to international law. "trusteeship, ward" -duty. Before mid 20th century - consent/protectorate strain, white man's burden, and liberal assimilation strain. Now, more focus on acknowledging rights. Draft Declaration by UN. Norms of self-determination, cultural integrity, lands and resources, social welfare & development, self-government, and special duty of care. Need international law rather than old ideas.

Front 34

Goals of Grant's Peace Policy

Back 34

1. Get people on Reservations
2. Treat humanely (but punished for misdeeds? which should demonstrate the efficacy of following the government's advice rather than continuing their traditional ways)
3.? high-quality supplies would be furnished to reservations;
4. Employ agents from missionary groups, i.e. "good Christian gentlement". high-quality agents would be recruited, who would fairly distribute goods and aid in uplifting the Indians;
5. Provide churches and schools to prepare them for citizenship. (5) through Christian organizations, churches and schools would be provided, which would lead the Indians to appreciate Christianity and civilization and educate them to assume the duties and responsibilities of citizenship.

However, most violent, church involvement failed

Front 35

1934-1945 Indian New Deal
1934: Indian Reorganization Act

Back 35

1. Ended allotment
2. Opportunity to re-organize governments. Borough encouraged (some think Collier pushed, gov. counted no vote a "yes" sometimes)

Front 36

1934-1945 Indian New Deal

CCC for indians. Describe participants and how it ended

Back 36

Participants usually older, families would go camp and learn to run equipment.
Many men went to war in WWII and that's when it ended, I believe.

Front 37

1934-1945 Indian New Deal

Johnson O'Malley Act

Back 37

Indians should have similar education system

Front 38

1934-1945 Indian New Deal

WWII

Back 38

Indians involved in effort

Japanese Concentration Camps: Collier said let Burogh run the camps, not trusted to run one. Dillon Myer in charge

Front 39

1934-1945 Indian New Deal

Attacks on New Deal

Back 39

Pendulum swung back the other way. "dictator (socialist)" congressional delegations outspoken against the Indian New Deal
John Collier forced to resign in 1945

Front 40

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

Goals:

Back 40

Withdraw Federal services
Public school education
States (not Fed) should provide health care and assume jurisdiction
Relocation (off reservations)

Front 41

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

Motivations:

Back 41

Nationalism (Superpower)

Indian country seems like communism (which was condemned)

Civil Rights Agitation - full US citizenship

Acquire Indian land and Resources - taxation by local governments
Terminated responsibilities and sold Indian land. Not all reservations terminated, but the ones with the best resources were deemed "most ready"

Front 42

What was the irony in giving the Indians the most "undesirable" land for reservations?

Back 42

That land had coal and other natural resources, so then the government wanted it back.

Front 43

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

Supporters:

Back 43

Western Congressional Delegations

Rep. Berry, Sen. Arthur Watkins, etc.

Front 44

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

1946: Indian __ ___ Act

Back 44

Claims Commission

Front 45

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

1947: B.I.A. instructed to make list of

Back 45

of reservations to be terminated

Front 46

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

1950-53 Dillon Meyers, who was involved in concentration camps, appointed to what position

Back 46

Commissioner of Indian Affairs

Front 47

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

1953 actions - HCR 108 (not law), and PL 280

Back 47

HCR - sentiment of Congress, rapid absorption of indians, 9 tribes for termination
PL - legal jurisdiction given to states (effort to get out of Indian business)

Front 48

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

by 1962, 14 termination bills for 109 tribes/bands. What percentage of population and land was that?

Back 48

3% pop
3.2% of land

Front 49

Termination and Relocation
1946-1962

Termination policy opposed by...

Back 49

National Congress of American Indians 1945
Future Red Power leaders - gave speeches, had meetings, wrote articles ~ 1962

Nixon formally ended the policy by 1970, but most of the hell-raising was done by 1962

Front 50

Indians were empowered before, and during, ___. Resisted termination policy with ___ _____ movement and became players in their own history

Back 50

WWII
Red Power

Front 51

Why were state governments resistant to Indians buying-back land?

Back 51

When land is put in trust, as many did, it's only subject to Federal taxes

Front 52

Where did Indians rank in the "Stages of Civilization" presented at the 1904 Louisiana Exposition?

Back 52

Above "Bushman, Aina, Negro", but below "Arab, Chinese, Turk, Hindoo, Japanese, Russian, and European-American"

That shows the notion of hierarchy and a linear progression towards the height of civilization

Front 53

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

beginning of National Indian Youth Council
1961 - American Indian Chicago Conference. What happened?

Back 53

Native students took over conference, portrayed leaders as "Uncle Tom-ahawks", "Sellouts" for going along with the "white man"
Drafted a manifesto - "A Declaration of Indian Purpose" (check it out!)

Front 54

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

National Indian Youth Council founded by students who...
Grew to ___ members by 1963

Back 54

took over the American Indian Chicago Conference
5,000 members

Front 55

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

National Indian Youth Council
1964 - began "__-ins" in WA because...

Back 55

fish-ins, treaty fishing rights were consistently denied by WA, locals replaced NIYC members as they were arrested

Front 56

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

1968 Mohawk Occupation of Cornwall Bridge

Back 56

Block traffic between Canada and the USA because Canada restricted travel. Indians cited the 1974 Jay Treaty which said that the British would vacate forts and stop trading/arming natives and gave natives the right to travel freely through lands on each side.

Indians cited 1794 Jay Treaty
It is agreed, that it shall at all times be free to His Majesty's subjects, and to the citizens of the United States, and also to the Indians dwelling on either side of the said boundary line, freely to pass and repass, by land or inland navigation into the respective territories and countries of the two parties on the continent of Americaßto prevent armed natives to fight against either side.

Front 57

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Indians of All Tribes (IAT)
1964 - (future) IAT members occupied what, why?
What happened?

Back 57

Alcatraz Island, because the 1868 Ft. Laramie Treaty said if the US wasn't using the land it would go back to the natives. Courts denied their claim and removed IAT, but they made a statement

Front 58

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Indians of All Tribes (IAT)
1969 - IAT, led by Richard Oakes (Mohawk) landed on Alcatraz and occupied it for how long, impact?

Back 58

18 months 'till June 1971.
Had support and publicity, but poor living conditions.
Effort "failed", but succeeded in that it mobilized Indians

Front 59

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Indians of All Tribes (IAT)
1971 - IAT occupied what place in Seattle?
and Pitt River land, claimed by what company

Back 59

Ft. Lawton Military Res., now Discovery park?
Pacific Gas & Electric

Front 60

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

American Indian Movement (AIMster Gangsters)
1968 founded in Minneapolis, MN Indian ghetto to...
Effects after one year...

Back 60

"police the police" and decrease brutality. Modeled on 1966 Black Panther party effort in Oakland
Led by Dennis Banks (from Alcatraz) and Indians from many backgrounds. Significance: pan-Indian group of people coming together
After a year, un-prosecuted arrests dropped 50%

Front 61

Red Power Movement 1962-1975


American India Movement (AIMster Gangsters)

significant demonstrations and protests

Back 61

1971 July 4th counter demonstration at Mt. Rushmore and Thanksgiving Day - took over Mayflower
1972 - Trail of Broken Treaties to WA DC, became increasingly radical until...
1973 - Occupation of Wounded Knee for 71 days, made statement. Federal agents brought in, 562 charges lodged, 15 convictions, the organization was shattered

Front 62

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

American Indian Movement (AIMster Gangsters)

AIM dissolved as a national movement after

Back 62

John Trudell's family was burned to death

Front 63

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

American Indian Movement (AIMster Gangsters)
Current actions (although dissolved as a national movement)

Back 63

Operates on state basis:

CO AIM holds yearly anti-Columbus Day protests, disrupting the parade

Support for Miskito (Indians in Mexico)

AZ - support for Diné

Front 64

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

how did the scale of Indian organizations/council grow?

Back 64

Were tribal based, became inter-tribal after WWII, in the 1970s became global activism.

1974 - International Indian Treaty Council

Front 65

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

What was it's legacy?
Acts that were influenced by previous Red Power Movement

Back 65

The struggle was important and created changes, as shown by...
1973 Comprehensive Employment & Training Act (CETA)
1975 - Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
1978 - Indian Child Welfare Act
1978 - American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA)
1982 - Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)
1988- Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act
1990 - Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

Front 66

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1973 Comprehensive Employment & Training Act (CETA)

Back 66

1973 Comprehensive Employment & Training Act (CETA)
Job Training and Employment extended to Natives - New Initiatives for Indians directed at the chronic economic and employment related problems of Indians and other Native Americans

Front 67

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1975 - Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act

Back 67

1975 - Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Set up tribal colleges
Protested not being consulted about education and development
Tribes allowed to provide services themselves (contract, clinics, etc.)
Government still funded programs, but they were more effective with Indians in charge

Front 68

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1978 - Indian Child Welfare Act

Back 68

1978 - Indian Child Welfare Act
Indian kids had been adopted out by Mormon church and other non-natives, lost culture
Act said - removed kids must be placed with a family in the tribe if possible, or another Indian
But, the presence of the law didn't mean it was followed in reality

Front 69

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1978 - American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA)

Back 69

1978 - American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA)
Indians can practice all aspects of religion and use sacred places
But, act was advisory only, not required

Front 70

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1982 - Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)

Back 70

1982 - Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)
Not just trade schools
Gov. pay
Wikipedia - "Set forth provisions for Native American employment and training programs.
Directs the Secretary to take appropriate action to establish administrative procedures and machinery (including personnel having particular competence in this field) for the selection, administration, monitoring, and evaluation of Native American employment and training programs, and of migrant and seasonal employment and training programs, under this Act."

Front 71

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1988- Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act

Back 71

1988- Indian Gaming and Regulatory Act
After funding was cut by Reagan, some tribes fund-raised with high stakes bingo.
The act provided regulations, and while it may sound pro-Indian, it was actually ant-sovereignty
Tribes must negotiate with states, gaming compact. Proceeds must benefit Indians (per capita or through programs)

Front 72

Red Power Movement 1962-1975

Legacy of Acts
1990 - Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

Back 72

1990 - Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)
In 1868, US general instructed people to measure/collect Indian skulls
Ancestors deserve to be on journey, not in drawers/displays
"We walk on the dust of the bones of our ancestors"
Act not made out of the goodness of people's hearts, but because they looked bad and Indians got in their faces.
It required institutions receiving federal funds to repatriate remains, funerary objects, and other items of cultural patrimony. Inventory all the materials and publish them so Native groups can claim them (up to the Indians to prove it)

Front 73

(matching)
Popyn (Popé)

Back 73

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Front 74

(matching)
Encomienda

Back 74

Indian food tax to spanish

Front 75

(matching)
Hodenosaunee

Back 75

Iroquois People (not the confederacy, language family)

Front 76

(matching)
John Mohawk

Back 76

Iriquois women's role

Front 77

(matching)
Metacom

Back 77

King Phillip's War, led revolt

Front 78

(matching)
Hierarchical society

Back 78

Natchez and pacific NW tribes

Front 79

(matching)
Monte Verde

Back 79

Chile, broke clovis barrier of age, 13,000 years old

Front 80

(matching)
Cahokia

Back 80

Mounds

Front 81

(matching)
Sacajawea

Back 81

Shoshoni

Front 82

(matching)
Chief Sealth

Back 82

Duwamish - Seattle took over Duwamish territory

Front 83

(matching)
Coastal migration

Back 83

Paisley Cave Oregon - evidence of migration

Front 84

(matching)
Opechancanough

Back 84

Revolt against Virginia Colony - 1622, 44

Front 85

(matching)
Ines Hernandez-Avila

Back 85

Indigenous language revitalization

Front 86

Fill in the blanks:
The US adopted two concepts from the British in its dealings with Indians __ and __

Back 86

The centralized administration of Indian Affairs (Fed. Gov)
and
Indian Country (Fed. gov deals with citizens, don't mess)

Front 87

Powerful weapons contemporary Indians use to resist colonialism

Back 87

Legal system
Language renewal and literature
Religion and sovereignty
Humor

Front 88

Earth Mother and Prayerful Children: Sacred Sites and Religious Freedom

Back 88

Henrietta Mann (Cheyenne)

Hint 88

American Indian people are Earth-centered, rather than focused on heaven.
They have many sacred cites.
Though the United States claims to protect individual liberties, the American Indian right to religious freedom has been, and continues to be repressed.
Policies used to be blatantly aimed toward extinguishing Native spiritual practices, but even after the change in policy in 1934, the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA), and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), natives have had their rights violated and not upheld in court.

Front 89

Religious Studies on the Margins: Decolonizing Our Minds

Back 89

Michelene E. Pesantubbee (Choctaw)
The University of Iowa Department of Religious Studies
Associate Professor, Religious Studies and American Indian Native Studies


Michelene Pesantubbee received her Ph.D. from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 1994. She joined the University of Iowa faculty in 2003.

Hint 89

American Indian religious traditions should not be studied from a purely Western approach
Scholars should immerse themselves in culture and see what conclusions can be made rather than just looking for evidence to back up preexisting theories.
Insider-outsider debate over who should study Native cultures – are American Indian scholars too biased? Others worry that American Indian scholars have been trained in Western thought and are basically non-Indians.
Vine Deloria, Jr., Inés Talamantez, and George Tinker have let the way toward 'decolonizing our minds'.

Front 90

American Indian Religious Traditions, Colonialism, Resistance, and Liberation,

Back 90

George E. Tinker (Osage/Cherokee)

Hint 90

non-Indians want to be part of Indian religious traditions, out of curiosity, desire for spirituality, etc.
However, that leads to ceremonies being described with Amer-Euro notion of individualism rather than community-based
Indians may have trouble saying no, too generous with invitations
“White participation in Indian community ceremonial actions contributes to the ongoing destruction of Indian culture, ceremonies, and communities”

Front 91

Part III
Intro: When God Became Red,

Back 91

Cecil Corbett (Nez Percé)

Hint 91

Deloria continues to put his energies into exposing the political underbelly of "objective" scholarship, whither it be legal, historical, social, or scientific

Front 92

Intro to Part IV: Indian Intellectual Culture and Resistance
There is No Such Thing as a One-Way Land Bridge

Back 92

Joy Harjo (Mvskoke)

Hint 92

Colonizers say that people “disappeared”, makes right to ownership more valid
Bering Strait land bridge – recent immigrants
Just dance

Front 93

Contours of Enlightenment: Reflections on Science, Theology, Law, and the Alternative Vision of Vine Deloria, Jr.

Back 93

Ward Churchill (Keetowah Band of Cherokee)

Hint 93

Deloria has had huge impacts - emic and etic perspective, inspire
He is a veritable frontal assault on the entire conceptual structure by which the system of Eurocentric global dominance has come to be rationalized, justified, and made to seem inevitable
Science is not always scientifically conducted - just used to enforce already held beliefs. Bering Land bridge, inaccurate dating

Front 94

Transforming American Conceptions about Native America: Vine Deloria, Jr., Critic and Coyote

Back 94

Inés Talamantez (Apache/Chicana)

Hint 94

Beliefs, created through observation and passed on orally, shape Native behavior and survival.
Mistakes in studying indians:
part of the past only
disregard influence on American history
presume to understand
Misunderstandings: religion, land ownership
Reflect
Studied Mesclarero adolescent girls and ceremony
Our most essential being consists in language and understanding how the world fits together.

Front 95

Yuchi Travels: Up and Down the Academic “Road to Disappearance”

Back 95

Richard A. Grounds (Yuchi/Seminole)

Hint 95

idea of extinction used as justification
Mummification of living people - assimilation
Affects self-conception
But being recognized may be worse, he is concerned that "through the more recent encroachments by concerned academics, our community will begin to mistake participation in the dialectics of colonization for our authentic traditions, the traditional meanings displaced by performance activities for outsiders.

Front 96

The Passage of Generations

Back 96

Vine Deloria, Jr. (Standing Rock Sioux)

Hint 96

There have been many generational changes – his grandfather wasn't a US citizen until he was 23, he can barely understand the point of view and motivations of his grandchildren (though they can contribute significantly)
Originally 2 organizations – National Congress of American Indians and National Indian Youth Council
Now many, in many areas – education, gaming, government – complex litigation and legislation
Only have a fragment of prior knowledge – must work to preserve
His work cleared silliness to provide a better landscape for future development.