American History - Unit

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Plains Indians=west of ___________________

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The Mississippi river

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The largest killer of American Indians

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Disease (no immunity to European disease) such as cholera and measles

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Major goal of gov. at time

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Transcontinental railroad system

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Homestead act

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Any U.S. citizen could get 160 acres of gov. land free in west; must live there 5 years

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U.S. policy towards Plains Indians after war

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Forced to stay on reservations which grew increasingly smaller

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Size of reservations=

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incapable of supporting Plain's Indians way of life (traveled - followed buffalo)

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Tactics used against American Indians

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Scorched earth

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Scotched earth

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Ran by Sherman and Sheraton; in late fall, destroyed villages, warehouses, etc. during "battle" - "starve or go to reservations"

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Important animal to American Indians

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Buffalo: meat, thread, needles, fuel, fur, clothing. Slaughtered by hired people to free railroads (became also extinct)

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Thing introduced by Spanish that helped American Indians

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Horses, helped hunting - buffalo cliffs

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Location of Sioux tribe

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Dakotas

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Occurrence that causes American gov. to break treat with Sioux tribe

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Gold discovered in Black Hills

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Sioux tribe leaders that led fight back

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Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse

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Battle of Big Horn

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Indian resistance, horribly defeated - many fled

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Conditions for American Indians

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Very poor, U.S. was not supporting properly - period of much depression

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"Revival" from depression period

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"Ghost dance" movement=dance back old life through visions

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Battle that marked the end of American Indian resistance

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Battle of Wounded Knee - Sitting Bull killed

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Tribe that fled to Canada and was caught by U.S. troops when only one day from border and forced to return

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Nez-perce

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"Fierce" tribe in NM, TX area known for gureilla warfare - fled to Mexico (relatives) whose leader, Deranamo surrendered in 1886

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Apache tribe

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Helen Hunt Jackson

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Author - "white guilt" wrote A Century of Dishonor

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Daws Act

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Attempt ate aiding natives; an individual Plain Indian can obtain land - incredibly destructive

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Boarding schools

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"White assimilation" - v. destructive, destroyed culture, outcast students from white and own cultures

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Free range cattle farming system

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V. popular after civil war; large profits, little expense; hired cowboys

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1880s in Plains area

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Worst weather in history - 90% of cattle died

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Importance of Nevada

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Columstack load - mix of gold and silver

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Last gold rush

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Alaska - klondike

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Farming in Great Plains

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V. little water, shallow tilling, little weeding, houses of sought

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Life of Plains farmers

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V. difficult; much responsibility; 160 acres not enough; globalization of crops

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Stonecreek massacre

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In Colorado, Natives attacked after Civil War by U.S. troops - provoked resistance

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Three parts of progressive movement

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Secret ballot, direct primary, voter registration

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Direct primary

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More honest elections, made people's voices more heard

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White primaries

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Prevalent in South, used until WWII, only democratic party

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Voter registration

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Goal was for more honest elections. However, discouraged more from voting, including illiterate (immigrants)

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Progressive presidents

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Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson

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Progressive goal for big businesses

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Break corruption between big businesses and gov. - Sherman anti-trust act

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Sherman anti- trust act

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Roosevelt - cannot combine businesses in order to restrict interstate trade (competition)

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Clayton act

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Wilson - strengthened Sherman act, both in use today

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17th amendment

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Senate to be directly elected, not appointed by state legislation

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President associated with major banking reform

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Wilson

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Federal Reserve Act

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Set up federal reserve banks, board to control money supply

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Federal Reserve banks=

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"bankers' banks"

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Reserve requirement

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Percent of bank's total money goes to reserve bank to be used in times of recession

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In times of recession, the requirement is (raised/lowered)

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Lowered

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Discount rate=

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Interest rate, also controlled by reserve

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In times of recession, the discount rate is (raised/lowered)

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Raised

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In times of inflation the requirement is (raised/lowered)

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Raised

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In times of inflation the discount rate is (raised/lowered)

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Raised

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Progressive worked aim for

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Shorted work days, child labor laws, juvenile detentions

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19th amendment

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Women get right to vote; Wilson

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Child labor laws

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Deemed unconstitutional - violation of 5th Amendment

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Progressive and African Americans

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Progressives had little interest in African American rights and did little to help

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Wilson and African Americans

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Very racists; put screen up between black and white workers in civil service jobs

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NAACP

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Dwindled after WWI (replaced by New Deal); Founded by white progressives and Dubois; mainly to stop lynching

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Johnson

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Most successful movement: head of senate for v. long time (powerful), "in memory of JFK", v. democratic House and Senate, "Johnson treatment"

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"War on poverty"

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Johnson: medicaide/medicare, money for public education for poor

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Major labor unions

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AFL and Knights of Labor

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Knight of Labor

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Utopian; let all in; change society - workers buy businesses they work for; declined after 1885 popularity due to Haymarket Riot

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AFL

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American Federation of Labor - today still; "bread and butter", skilled workers only, more successful strikes

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Wagner act

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Legalized unions - New Deal

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Brown vs. board

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Segregated schools=illegal - led to great tension in south

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Emmett Till

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Montgomery bus boycott

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Incited w/ Rosa Parks, led by Martin Luther King, before boycott blacks=2/3 of passengers; Supreme Court finally declared segregation on busses illegal

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Little Rock Nine

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Group of students first to integrate in Alabama high school; backed by Eisenhower, Daisy Bates; students assigned soliders to accompany them to class

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Driving force of Civil Rights Movement

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Youth and music

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Relations between SNCC and SCLC

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Rivals (who should control what), esp. in Albany, GA.

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Bull Connor

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Largely against Civil Rights movement; firehouses and dogs against children's marches

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Martin Luther

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Minister; wrote Letter From A Birmingham Jail; preached nonviolence, SCLC

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Children's marches

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School busses called in to arrest; faced dogs and firehouses led my Bull Connor, v. common in media=America, bad image to rest of world (during cold war)

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Birmingham negotiated right when

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All prisons were full

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1963 March on Washington

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"I Have A Dream", 2,000+ people

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Black houses and churches bombed

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In Birmingham, 4 children killed=turning point

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Black Muslim group

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Nation of Islam; Malcolm X - impatient and hostile

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Medgar Evers

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First murder of movement=turning point; huge activist

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Mississippi freedom democratic party

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Democratic party for blacks

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Bloody Sunday

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State troopers ordered by Wallace waiting on bridge for voting rights march organized by SCLC - 40 miles

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Civil Rights Amendments during Reconstruction 1865-1877

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Amendment 13, 14, 15

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Race relation reform during Reconstruction 1865-1877

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10% of union troops black, slavery ended, ex-slaved could marry, become literate, and own property

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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Latter replaced by 17th amendment; those born or naturalized cannot be denied certain rights

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

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Cannot discriminate in public places on basis of race - deemed unconstitutional by Supreme Court

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K.K.K.

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White Southern resistance - extremely violent, known for lynching, etc.

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Scalawags

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White southerners who supported civil rights movement

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Force Acts

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K.K.K. Acts; President called out army whenever Klan rides - destroyed Klan but not similar hate groups

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Black Codes

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Right after Civil War; kept blacks in condition close to slavery - couldn't own farmland, must work for a year or no pay, children could be "apprenticed" without parental support until 21

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Race riots - New Orleans - Outcome

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Police arrested blacks and unionists, Johnson blamed radical republicans

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Andrew Johnson and Civil Rights

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V. uninterested; opposed 14th and 15th amendments; pardoned most former confederate leaders

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Who ran the radical Reconstruction?

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Congress, not president

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Military Reconstruction Act

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North to occupy South until satisfied that they changed

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South under radical reconstruction

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Black men could vote, some black delegates

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Other provisions of radical reconstruction

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Coalition of blacks, carpetbaggers, and scalawags; set up schools and rebuilt south

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Response to radical reconstruction

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Much resistance, lasted only a few years - taken over by "redeemers"

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Economic conditions

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Sharecropping, tenant farmers=debt slavery

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Why did the Reconstruction fail?

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Intense Southern resistance, black did not have economic independence, sabatoged by Johnson, northerners tired of defending it

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What are some techniques that were used to stop blacks from voting?

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Poll tax, literacy test, violence, grandfather clause, white primary

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Social relations to 1900

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Segregation in transportation, drinking fountains, stores, restaurants (Jim Crow Laws - 1800s)

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Significance of Plessy v. Ferguson

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Legalized segregation: "separate but equal is equality"

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Booker T. Washington

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Born a slave, educated after freedom

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What did Booker T. Washington found?

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Tuskegee Institute in Alabama - teacher's college, industrial education, practical sciences

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What important theory did Booker T. Washing develop?

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Atlanta Compromise - blacks and whites can be segregated, but work together; blacks should be obedient and diligent to gain equality

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Accomplishments of George Washington Carver

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Professor who found multiple uses of peanuts (soil)

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W.E.B. Dubois

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Born free in North, PhD from Harvard , historian and sociologist

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What did Dubois found?

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Niagara Movement and partially NAACP

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Dubois' major "theories"

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Challenged BTW - Blacks must fight now equality now - accepting segregation makes it worse

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What triggered the formation of the NAACP?

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Lynching and black riots in Springfield, Ill

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Ray Standard Baker

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Journalist who wrote "Following the Color Line" - exposed lynching and mistreatment of blacks

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Black migration - when

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Mainly after WWI

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Black migration

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From South to North mainly for jobs

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Black migration response

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Huge uproar - race riots- in E. St. Louis - 40 blacks, 8 whites killed

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Revival of K.K.K.

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In 1915, in mainly Midwest (Indiana), declined in 1920s due to huge corruption - Hiram Evans, dentist, who revived it

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Where did race riots begin?

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Watts, mainly in North.

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Where did race riots mainly occur?

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Slums and ghettos (where large amount of blacks were forced to live)

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Who mainly led these riots?

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Youth

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When and why did these mainly occur?

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During summer, discontent, esp. economic and rights

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Other reasons for race riots?

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Protesting at blacks moved into North - In Chicago and D.C., in over 26 towns after WWI

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Marcus Garvey

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Jamaican who led "back to Africa" movement (Liberia)

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Response to back to Africa movement

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Most uninterested, but gained support of 500,000 "disillusioned", Garvey went bankrupt and movement was imprisoned for fraud - movement ended

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Harlem renaissance

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Black power movement/literacy movement in 1920s - revival of vibrant culture

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Claude Mackay

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"If we must die, like men we'll face the cowardly, murderous pack…"

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Laughston Hughes

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"The Negro Speaks of Rivers"

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Zora Neale Hurtson

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Collected southern black folk tales, song and prayers