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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nullification
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Nullification is a legal theory that a State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.
-South Carolina nullified the protective tariff Jackson had created. In response, Jackson agrees to lower the tariff to 20%. However, he also passed the force bill, allowing armed forces to gather the tariffs when needed, particularly aimed toward South Carolina. ←example |
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Tecumseh
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-Tecumseh wanted to defend the territories from white settlers. He created an Indian confederation, and he was the first to attempt this. He was killed in the Battle of Thames in the west.
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Shay's Rebellion
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-Shays’ Rebellion was organized by farmers during the Articles of Confederation. The rebels were captured and sentenced, but general amnesty was granted in 1788. After the rebellion, people began to realize the Articles were not as strong as they needed to be.
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Impressments
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-After the American Revolution, British ships began to stop American ships and kidnap the sailors. These sailors were forced into the British navy. Britain claimed the men were British citizens and were qualified to be a part of the British navy.
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Embargo Act
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-The embargo Act restricted American trade with foreign entities. It was mainly to prevent trade with Great Britain. The US as a whole was impacted. No one could sell on the international market.
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John Marshall
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-John Marshall was nominated chief Justice of the Supreme Court. In this role, he expanded the judicial branch to be a third, equal branch with the other two branches of the federal government. Marbury v Madison, judicial review
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Sequoyah
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-Sequoyah was the nephew of a Cherokee chief. Around 1820, he invented a system of written symbols for the Cherokee language. By 1828, the first newspaper printed by Indians was published in English and Cherokee.
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Protective Tariff
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-Adams implemented at 37% protective tariff. Jackson left this in place. However, South Carolina nullified it and Calhoun said it was unconstitutional. Eventually, Jackson reduced the tariff to 20%. Protects American industry
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XYZ Affair
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-France said it was preparing for war with the US. Adams sent three ministers to France. They were told that they must pay $12 million to see Talleyrand, the French ambassador. The Frenchmen the ministers spoke with were from then on referred to as X, Y, and Z in Senate.-factor of the quasi war
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Robert Fulton
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-Fulton created the first entirely successful steamboat(Claremont). Steamboats became the main mode of transportation, particularly in the south in the 19th century. Claremont: new York city to Albany to prove that it worked. Used to defend the New York harbor during the war. Never used until it gave the president a joyride around the harbor.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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-Citizens thought the Sedition Act impeded their freedom of speech by restricting what could be printed.
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Republican Mother
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The republican mother was an idea described in periodical articles. Republican wives and mothers were able to reform the “morals and manners of men,” and were expected to be virtuous, while teaching their sons to be virtuous as well. This kind of woman put emphasis on women’s virtue affecting her husband and sons’political actions which was a step towards equalizing male and female power, possibly encouraging women up until the suffrage movement.
-keep the women busy and give them a feeling of membership |
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San Jacinto
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Houston and Texas were running away, when Santa Ana got there with only 1500 men, where Houston and his men attacked
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John Ross
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leader of the Cherokee
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Hamilton placed a high excise tax on whiskey; western farmers had to pay a lot because they had a lot of wheat and rye (used to make whiskey), and they were not happy. Many farmers found ways to avoid the tax, but eventually, a group of farmers assembled to protest in Pennsylvania. Washington and the military stopped the rebellion with no battles. This was the first domestic uprising, it showed that the government was able to “ensure domestic tranquility” under the Constitution.
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Trail of Tears
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The Trail of Tears was the route that took Southern Indian tribes from their homelands to an Indian territory, in present-day Oklahoma. Jackson and the government forced Indians to walk the Trail of Tears They wished to turn them into “virtuous yeomen farmers” and absorb them into the population, effectively eradicating the Indian race
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Mormons
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The Mormons were a religious group led by Joseph Smith, whose early members came mostly from New England. The Mormons moved to a number of different states in order to avoid religious persecution, and eventually ended up in Utah. The Mormons were important because they were a big group of people who moved westward.
-open up another territory for eventual settlement of other Americans |
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Northwest Passage
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The Northwest Passage was a fantasized water route that could bring one across the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. May explorers believed it existed. This imagined path kept Europeans coming to America.
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coverture
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A coverture was a legal document that gave all of a woman’s rights to her husband. This was basically a legal form of the “republican mother” idea. Without this practice in place, women would not have needed to fight for their rights
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Major Ridge
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opposition to Ross, agreed to move the tribe.
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Virginia Plan
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The Virginia Plan, presented before the Continental Congress, was written mostly by Madison. It was a plan for a three-part government - executive, judicial, and judicial. This was important because it is the method of government used in America today.
-model of the constitution |
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Panic of 1837
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second depression, bank war, deposit bill, etc
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Fiat Money
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paper money: inflation; farmers benefit
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Barbary Pirates
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Pirates under a kleptocracy (sp?) government who captured American ships after we left the protection of the British government. America, who had virtually no navy at the time, paid 20% of government expenditure a year to bribe them into stop capturing ships. We built a brilliant navy to fire back. We eventually entered a treaty that became the world’s longest standing treaty.
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Corps of Discovery
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The official name given to the Lewis and Clark expedition sent out by Thomas Jefferson (Led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark). They were given 5 duties: establish trade, discover a northwest passage, study the ethnography, find where the Missouri River drained to, and conduct scientific studies. This exploration opened up the Louisiana Territory, and led to the migration west.
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New Jersey Plan
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A counterproposal to the Virginia Plan put forth by William Patterson. It offered the idea of a unicameral legislature in which all states would have an equal number of votes.
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Northwest Ordinance
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an ordinance that said land north of the Ohio River and west of the Mississippi River could be settled in. It is important because it accelerated western expansion in the US
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Alamo
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The Alamo was a small, old mission where around 200 Texans fought Santa Ana’s army during the fight for Texas’s independence. Santa Ana’s army placed the Alamo under siege for 13 days, before overrunning it and killing almost everyone.
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Articles of Confederation
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Predecessor to the Constitution. It provided a legal framework for the Union that would be enforceable. The head of the committee who wrote the Articles was John Dickinson, who also wrote the first draft. It made Congress weaker.
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Erie Canal
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A canal built connecting Lake Ontario to New York. It allowed for bulk transportation of people and goods cheaply and quickly. It is the only canal that profits. Results of this are: New York develops, contributes to sectionalism because the South isn’t involved in it.
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Treaty of Ghent
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The treaty that ended the War of 1812. Britain gave up its claims to the Northwest Territory, and mostly everything went back to the way it was before the war
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Bank of the U.S.
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Created by Alexander Hamilton to handle the debt created by the Revolutionary war. It became the supreme bank of the land handling all of the money that the government needed. It solved the problem of each state having its own currency, and rising inflation by issuing paper money in some places inflation was up 200%. It received a charter for 20 years, and flourished in this time, but was not renewed for a second time.
-information on the first |
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Henry Clay
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Senator and Representative from Kentucky. In the Election of 1824, John Quincy Adams selected Clay as his secretary of state. He was the leader of the National Republican party (later the Whigs). Compromise of 1833 (corrupt bargain)
-compromise, Quincy made him secretary of state when he tried to help Quincy win. |
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Anthony Wayne
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A general in the American Revolution. He led an expedition in the war with the Northwest Indians. His army beats the Native Americans in the Battle of Fallen Timbers He negotiated the Treaty of Greenville between the Native Americans and the United States.
-got rid of Indians in Ohio after the first two failed -Ohio |
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Necessary and Proper Clause
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A clause that gives Congress the power it needs to carry out its powers.
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Quasi War
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An undeclared war that took place between France and America. It happened when Britain and France were fighting and the United States declared neutrality, in order to continue trade with both countries. So, in turn France would size ships from Americans, we built up a navy to cleverly protect our ships. This was the first “war” that America fought as America.
-first war America ever fought; first undeclared |
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Sam Houston
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He is a General in Texas that created a small army during the Alamo. He and his men attacked Santa Anna’s army when they were relaxing in San Jacinto, and Houston’s men wound up winning. He is important because when he won the battle in San Jacinto, he gave Texas independence from Mexico, and it was then called Lone Star Republic.
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Jay's Treaty
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John Jay went to Britain to solve the problem of the British taking American ships. The treaty said that the US would get no stolen property of ships back from the British and gives Britain 18 months to get out of their western forts but got the right for fur trade. This treaty was a bad treaty and not many supported it.
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Sacagawea
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She is a 16 year old wife of a French trapper that aided Lewis and Clark on their expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and Oregon Country areas. She helped Lewis and Clark throughout their expedition with the Indian tribes that they encountered. She kept the Indian tribes from thinking that the American explorers were hostile because no woman ever accompanies war parties.
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War Hawks
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This was a group of men in the United States that were led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. This group called themselves Republicans but, they had more expansive ideas about challenging enemies. This group was important because they helped the Americans to start the War of 1812.
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Monroe Doctrine
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This doctrine was written by John Quincy Adams, secretary of state, but James Madison, the President, felt that way, so it was named after him. The Doctrine was written for Europe to stay out of colonies for non-colonization, free trade from Latin America, America would not get into politics of new nation, and there would be no transfer of the colonies. This was important because once the colony is independent, it cannot go back to being a colony.
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Lowell System
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Francis Cabot Lowell started this system where female labor force where factories employ young ladies that all work in one spot, and they all live in dorms, live by bells, and have matrons for protection. This system starts in Waltham, Massachusetts but expands in Lowell, Massachusetts. This ensured that the employers were able to control every aspect of the worker’s life.
-important because it used women as a workforce |
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American System
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Henry Clay’s ideas. ??
-Clay was a big proponent, James Madison created it in 1815. Charter the second bank, infrastructure improvements, and protective tariffs |
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Tippecanoe
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William Henry Harrison wanted to march on Tenskwatawa in Prophetstown in the Indiana Territory. Harrison marched to Prophetstown with 1000 armed men But in the morning Tenskwatawa attacked them first near the Tippecanoe River. Although the Indians had the upper hand and better fighters, they ultimately lost because they ran out of ammunition. Harrison and his men proceeded to burn the town and crops down. After this battle, the Indians were never able to regain their strength.
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Specie
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Hard money made out of silver, gold, and copper. Coins, actual value of what the coins are, only legally minted by the federal government
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Federalists
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First American political party. Wanted the constitution then strong central government, Madison, Hamilton, and ??
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Seneca Falls
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Many women activists came to Seneca Falls, New York. They met for the first women’s rights convention. They made a Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments that was written there talking about all women discrimination.
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Oneida Community
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John Humphrey Noise: societies cannot function like this
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Westward Expansion
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: Louisiana and 2nd expansion
-French wanted to take American ships because they were angry at us |
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Market Revolution
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-local economy to national then international economy
*barter to cash/money-based system →book |
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Western Expansion to the Mexican American War
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Oregon Trail
Texas Mormon Trail |
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First and Second Political Party Systems
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1st: federalists and anti-federalists
2nd: Whigs and republicans |
