American History Final

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Missouri Compromise

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an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free.

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peculiar institution

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the system of black slavery in the southern states of the US.

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McCullough v. Maryland

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This case involved Maryland’s trying to destroy the Bank of the U.S. by taxing its currency notes. Marshall invoked the Hamiltonian principle of implied powers and denied Maryland’s right to tax the bank, and also gave the doctrine of loose construction

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Monroe Doctrine

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Two features non-colonization and non-intervention. Colonization's era had ended and foreign powers needed to keep their monarchial systems out of the U.S. The Old World powers could not gain any more settlements in the Americas.

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spoils system

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It gave the public offices to the political supporters of the campaign, to those loyal to Jackson.

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nullification crisis

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Idea that each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void.

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compromise tariff of 1833

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Showed that Jackson was willing to Compromise after the South threatened to not participate with tariff and potentially secede. Lowered rates by 10% per year for 8 years.

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Indian Removal Act

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Controversial legislation passed in 1830 that required Native civilizations to move west of the Mississippi River.

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Trail of Tears

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Long march of several native civilizations as they were forced to March from lands in the East across the Mississippi into the West

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Bank War

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Struggle by Jackson against the Second Bank of the U.S, a federal institution Jackson wanted to destroy.

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Alamo

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Famous battle site in San Antonio, Texas that led to death of American defenders but rallied support for War against Mexico.

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Know-Nothing Party

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3rd party that developed in response to influx of immigrants, wanted to restrict immigration

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cotton gin

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Cotton gin became profitable and the south flourished and expanded the cotton kingdom westward.

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Turnpike

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62 mile road that connected Philadelphia and Lancaster PA. Encouraged the growth of highways in US

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Erie Canal

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Increased trade and decreased shipping costs in NY

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transportation revolution

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Highways and steamboats had improvements done in order to transport raw materials

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deism

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reason rather revelation, reject original sin, denied christ’s

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2nd Great Awakening

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Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement.

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Unitarians

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a person, especially a Christian, who asserts the unity of God and rejects the doctrine of the Trinity.

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Mormons

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a religion, newly established by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have had a revelation from an angel.

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Lyceum

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organizations that sponsored public programs and entertainments, flourished in the mid-19th century,

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Seneca Falls

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women’s rights convention New York, 1848; First meeting for women's rights, helped in long struggle for women to be equal to men. Wrote Declaration of Sentiments saying “all men, and women, are created equal”

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Am. Temperance Society

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An organization in which reformers tried to help the ever present drinking problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well-being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol.

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Shakers

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a communistic community; they couldn’t marry so they becameextinct

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minstrel shows

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a popular stage entertainment featuring songs, dances, and comic dialogue in highly conventionalized patterns, usually performed by white actors in blackface

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transcendentalism

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consisted of mainly modernizing the old Puritan beliefs. This system of beliefs owed a lot to foreign influences, and usually resembled the philosophies of John Locke. Transcendentalists believed that truth transcends the body through the senses

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Am. Colonization Society

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dedicated to transporting freeborn blacks andemancipated slaves to Africa.

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Am. Anti-Slavery Society

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a society, founded in 1833 and led by William Lloyd Garrison, toabolish slavery.

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Liberia

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The American colonization society wanted to transport blacks back to Africa and the republic of libera was founded so that blacks were allowed to live.

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Mason-Dixon line

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he boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania, taken as the northern limit of the slave-owning states before the abolition of slavery.

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Gag Resolution

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All anti-slavery appeals were forbidden to be discussed in Congress. Later repealed with help of John Quincy Adams

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Manifest Destiny

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Belief that the US was chosen by God to expand from coast to coast

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popular sovereignty

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idea that people in a territory should decide for themselves whether they should be slave or free

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underground railroad

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The railroad was a secret chain of anti-slavery homes at which slaves were hidden and taken to the north.

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Compromise of 1850

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Added CA as a free state, tougher fugitive slave law, popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession

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Fugitive Slave Law

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Part of Compromise of 1850, harsher treatment for runaway slaves, North held accountable for helping out runaway slaves

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Gadsden Purchase

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Area of land in southern AZ and NM, important to the transcontinental RR, under Franklin Pierce's administration

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Overturned the MO (1820) Compromise, popular sovereignty established for KS and NB

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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very popular in the North, focused on slave families being torn apart

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The Impending Crisis of the South

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Banned and burned in the South, this book stated that non-slaveholding Whites were the ones that were hurt by slavery

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Dred Scot v. Stanford

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Supreme Court decision that stated Blacks were not citizens, Congress could not prohibit slavery

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Lincoln-Douglas debates

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Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to a series of 7 debates. Though Douglas won the IL Senate seat, these debates gave Lincoln fame and helped him to later win the presidency

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Harper’s Ferry

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Desire to start a massive slave rebellion, 7 people killed, led to execution of John Brown, South afraid of future attacks

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Confederate States of Am.

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7 secession states located in the south

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Crittenden amendments

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Last ditch effort for peace before war, slavery protected where it is, could not expand beyond 36°30' line, rejected by Lincoln

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Fort Sumter

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among two forts that did not surrender, supplies were running out against a besieging South Carolinian army.

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Alabama

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The Alabama was a ship built by the British for the South. It was not originally built to be a warship, but in1862, the Confederates gave it a crew and armed it with weapons. It captured over sixty union vessels before it accepted a challenge from a union cruiser in 1864 off the coast of France.

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writ of habeas corpus

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iterally to "produce the body") is a court order to a person (prison warden) or agency (institution) holding someone in custody to deliver the imprisoned individual to the court issuing the order.

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Bull Run (1st and 2nd)

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showed the North that this would not be a short, easy war and swelled theSouth’s already too-large ego; ensured that the South, if it lost, would lose slavery as well, and itwas after this battle that Lincoln began to draft an emancipation proclamation.

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Antietam

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McClellan’s men found a copy of Lee’s plans (as wrapping paper for cigars) and were able to stop the Southerners at Antietam Creek on September 17, 1862 in one of the bloodiest days of the Civil War.

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Gettysburg

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The greatest battle of the Civil War, fought in south-central Pennsylvania in 1863. It ended in a major victory for the North and is usually considered the turning point of the war.

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13th, 14th, 15th amendment

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known collectively as the Civil War Amendments, were designed to ensure equality for recently emancipated slaves. banned slavery and all involuntary servitude, except in the case of punishment for a crime. defined a citizen as any person born in or naturalized in the U.S prohibited governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or past servitude.

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Sherman’s March

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A movement of the Union army troops of General William Tecumseh Sherman from Atlanta, Georgia, to the Georgia seacoast, with the object of destroying Confederate supplies.

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Freedmen’s Bureau

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a primitive welfare agency for freed blacks

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Reconstruction Act

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divided the South into five military zones, temporarily disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates, and laid down new guidelines for the readmission of states (Johnson had announced the Union restored, but Congress had not yet formally agreed on this)

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redeemers

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a white political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era that followed the Civil War.