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Abraham Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan for Reconstruction
d. offered general amnesty to all but high-ranking Confederates willing to pledge loyalty to the Union; when 10 percent of a state's voters took this oath, the state would be restored to the Union.
Under President Andrew Johnson's version of Reconstruction, in order to be readmitted to the Union, Southern states had to do all of the following except
d. support African American suffrage.
In the postwar struggle for land in the South between ex-Confederates and former slaves,
a. some black families in South Carolina acquired land, but ex-Confederates had most of the confiscated lands restored to them.
Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to
d. provide constitutional protection for African American civil rights.
Johnson's opposition to the Fourteenth Amendment succeeded in
a. helping the Republicans to win an overwhelming majority in Congress.
Andrew Johnson was impeached as president on the charge that he
d. had violated the Tenure of Office Act.
Moderate Republicans, who voted to acquit President Johnson of criminal misconduct, did so because
b. removal of a president over a policy dispute would be a dangerous precedent.
Republicans in the South were composed of a coalition of
b. northern army officers, nonslaveholding southern whites, and southern blacks.
Republican policies in the South emphasized
c. modernizing and democratizing southern institutions.
The odds were stacked against freedmen sharecroppers primarily because
b. they had to borrow money to survive until their first crop came in, but the returns on cotton production were too low to pay off their debts.
One of the most notorious leaders of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction was
d. Nathan Bedford Forrest.
Republican governments across the South fell one by one to Democrats in the mid-1870s primarily because
b. ex-Confederate politicians, using demagoguery and terrorism, silenced the black and Republican vote.
The so-called enforcement laws were not effective in suppressing the Ku Klux Klan because
b. the Justice Department lacked the resources to prosecute effectively.
As president, Ulysses S. Grant
b. seemed unable to keep the cronies he appointed to his administration from corruption.
The ultimate legacy of Reconstruction was
c. the passage of three constitutional amendments that would enable African Americans in later generations to fight for their rights.
The Wade-Davis Bill required all of the following for a former Confederate state to rejoin the Union except
b. voting rights for freedmen.
Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policy resulted in all of the following except
c. the dissolution of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866.
Southern whites' relations with freedmen were
b. intended to maintain a situation as close to slavery as possible.
Freedmen resisted wage labor because
b. wage labor implied dependency rather than freedom.
Freedmen asserted their independence by doing all of the following except
d. insisting on becoming part of white churches.
The Reconstruction Act of 1867 included all of the following provisions except
c. the distribution of land to former slaves.
The freedmen and scalawags shared which of the following characteristics?
a. They were both southern born and opposed ex-slaveholders' power.
The majority of African Americans who emerged as political leaders during the period of Republican rule in the South were
a. members of the free black southern elite.
The Southern Homestead Act
c. had limited success due to the marginal land it offered.
Sharecropping developed as an agricultural system
b. by way of strained, need-based negotiations between landlords (ex-Confederates) and freedmen.
The Ku Klux Klan was most effective in
d. returning the Democratic Party to power.
The Democratic Party's most effective means of overthrowing Republican governments was
c. terrorism and voter intimidation.
Republican governments in the South were
a. dependent on the federal government for protection.
Support for Reconstruction waned across the North because
d. both corruption in the presidential administration and the depression of 1873 to 1877 drew people's political concerns in other directions.
In the case of a disputed count in the electoral college, the Constitution d
d. provides no provisions for resolution.
Sioux culture--especially hunting, war, and the work of men and women--was transformed after Europeans introduced the
b. horse.
All of the following were characteristic of the Sioux in the mid-eighteenth century except
c. their spirituality was based on one supreme being.
During the 1870s, buffalo were decimated primarily because
b. eastern tanneries learned how to cure the hides and sparked increased demand.
Which of the following ethnic groups was not represented in large numbers in the agricultural settlement of the Great Plains?
d. Chinese
The Sioux, in order to prepare for the return of Indians from past generations to make life on the Great Plains as it was before the white man, participated in the
a. Ghost Dance.
The first prospectors who populated the western mining frontier
a. skimmed gold from the earth's surface and from streams.
During the mid-nineteenth century, Asians migrated from countries such as China, India, and Java because of
b. poverty.
After the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882, the first group of immigrants to take the place of the Chinese in the California workforce were
b. Japanese.
All of the following were embraced by white Californians during the Spanish revival except
d. Mexican people.
Southern California began to develop rapidly in the 1880s owing to
b. extensive publicity about its sunny, healthful climate.
Major Stephen H. Long gave the Great Plains its characterization as
a. the Great American Desert.
Which of the following was true of homesteader women in late nineteenth-century America?
d. Many women became liberated through an expansion of gender roles.
The Exodusters were
a. African American migrants to Kansas in the late 1870s.
Farmers on the Great Plains responded to drought with dry-farming techniques that included all of the following except
a. irrigation.
As a result of the Dawes Act, the Sioux
a. received 160 acres of former tribal land per family head, with smaller parcels allocated to other individuals.
The topography of the far western United States
d. consists of a variety of environments--deserts, semiarid plateaus, mountains, and cool, rainy coastal areas.
The basis for the Far West's development was
c. the extraction of mineral wealth.
As the Anglo economy developed in the American Southwest and California, Hispanics were driven into the ranks of a Mexican American working class and into all of the following areas except
d. ranching.
When Chinese immigrants first arrived in America, they worked primarily in
a. the California gold fields.
Although naturalists in California were able to protect some of California's wilderness areas, San Francisco's water needs caused the flooding of
a. Hetch Hetchy gorge.
In the last third of the nineteenth century, the growth of American industry was driven primarily by
a. the production of capital goods such as machinery.
The railroads were constructed in nineteenth-century America
c. as a private enterprise heavily subsidized by federal, state, and local governments.
All of the following were capitalists who helped to create America's national network of railroad lines except
a. Gustavus F. Swift.
The best example of the vertically integrated company in the United States after the Civil War was
c. Gustavus Swift's meatpacking company in Chicago.
What role did national advertising play in developing American industry in the 1890s?
a. It molded demand for new standardized products.
Working "like a family" in the textile mills of the New South meant that
b. employers often hired whole families to work together.
Most of the immigrants without industrial skills who flooded into American factories in the early twentieth century came from
c. southern and eastern Europe.
All of the following statements accurately describe working women in the American labor force in the late nineteenth century except
c. women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until after they married.
Women and children of working-class families worked outside the home in the 1890s to
b. help the family survive.
The emergence of modern labor management was characterized by
c. the elimination of brain work from manual labor.
Trade unions were different from industrial unions in that
c. trade unions organized skilled workers on the basis of craft, such as carpentry, while industrial unions organized workers in a single industry, such as railroads, regardless of skill.
Participants in which of the following movements were arrested in the aftermath of the Haymarket Square bombing?
d. Anarchists
Henry Clay Frick was responsible for
a. crushing strikers at Homestead, Pennsylvania.
Eugene V. Debs was the leader of the
b. Socialist Party of America.
The Socialist Labor Party based its political philosophy on Karl Marx's idea that
a. a class struggle between capitalists and workers would result in a revolution that abolished private ownership of the means of production.
Capital goods are defined as
c. goods that add to the productive capacity of the economy.
Andrew Carnegie's adoption of the Bessemer process spurred what changes in American industry?
d. All of the above
Once railroad corporations were given the opportunity to sell interest-bearing bonds, limited liability was important because investors
c. were not responsible for the debts incurred by the corporations.
The most important and profitable transportation industry in the United States in the late nineteenth century was the
c. railroad industry.
Mass marketing in late nineteenth-century America had all of the following effects except
a. encouraging regional loyalties.
Which one of the following statements most accurately characterizes the recruitment of factory labor by American industry in the late nineteenth century?
d. Closed to blacks and unappealing to native-born whites, American industry came to rely increasingly on the labor of European immigrants in the late nineteenth century.
In the 1890s, few women in the United States worked as
d. skilled tradespeople.
Terms such as "bagged," "shopped," and "under teach" were part of the nineteenth-century skilled worker's culture, which
a. was a source of social meaning and craft identity for workers.
The loss of autonomy for individual workers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the result of all of the following except
b. powerful unions.
Responses to Frederick W. Taylor's system of scientific management included
b. its opposition by workers, who felt it stripped them of mastery and skill.
All of the following were characteristic of the trade unions except
a. they participated in widespread political activity.
The Knights of Labor believed that reform could best be achieved by creating
a. a cooperative commonwealth where workers owned and ran the factories.
Samuel Gompers became president of which of the following labor organizations?
a. American Federation of Labor
Before allowing the use of strikebreakers and armed guards to end the strike at Homestead, Andrew Carnegie
b. had written an article asserting the right of unions to organize.
The political philosophy of the Industrial Workers of the World can be described as
b. syndicalism.
Before the Civil War, factories were most often established
a. in the countryside.
The first use of electricity in urban areas was
d. to improve outdoor lighting.
In the late nineteenth century, American cities were primarily developed by
d. private enterprise.
Frederick Law Olmsted's vision of an urban landscape was known for its
a. basis in a rural ideal.
Chicago surpassed Berlin, Germany, in all of the following except
a. its grand public buildings.
All of the following contributed to the suburbanization of the middle class except
a. the need for community.
The social geography of the suburbs was in large part determined by
a. class structures.
The American middle class tended to concentrate on
a. domesticity and family life.
For the middle class, the family was a
d. refuge from the public world.
Charles Dana Gibson's image of "the new woman" reflected
b. a new public persona for women.
As African Americans migrated to northern cities in increasing numbers around the turn of the century, all of the following occurred except
b. the percentage of skilled African American workers in northern urban centers increased.
City politics tended to
c. integrate immigrants into urban society.
The religious practices of eastern European Jewish immigrants were referred to as being
d. Orthodox.
Of all forms of largely male diversion, none was more specific to the city, or so spectacularly successful, as professional
a. baseball.
This is stored in drug reservoirs so toxicity is possible.
Iron
On average, the proportion of the population that lived in American cities at the turn of the century was
b. one of every five Americans.
The response of Americans to dispersed populations in the cities was to
b. develop innovative transportation systems.
The building of skyscrapers was made possible by the development of all of the following except
c. durable brick building materials.
The dominance of private development in U.S. cities tended to make them
b. ugly and utilitarian.
In New York City, as in other American urban areas, city planning
b. was usually a matter of too little and too late.
New York City high society differed from that in many American cities because
c. it was relatively open to the newly rich.
A continuing rural ideal pushed middle-class Americans to
c. move to the suburbs.
The middle-class emphasis on female virtue
c. still emphasized women's subservience to men.
The popularity of westerns and adventure novels, a passion for keeping fit, and the expansion of professional athletic teams were all evidence of the new idea of
b. masculinity.
The new stage of life known as adolescence came from
c. longer periods of children's dependency on family.
Later immigrants to the United States from southern and eastern Europe tended to
d. settle alongside their fellow countrymen close to where they could find work.
The ultimate basis for the cohesion of urban political machines was
a. party loyalty.
New Catholic immigrants in the late nineteenth century conflicted with older Irish Catholics over
c. local control over church hierarchy.
An attempt to link evangelism with social uplift came from the
b. Salvation Army.
Higher culture in the late nineteenth century tended to
b. become feminized.
Civil service reform became an important issue when President Garfield
b. was assassinated.
President Garfield's assassination was blamed on
b. the negative impact of the spoils system.
By the 1890s, the position of the Republican Party on racial issues was to
d. build white support and leave blacks to their fate.
"Survival of the fittest" was a key element in the philosophy of
a. Social Darwinism.
A major factor in reducing the police powers of the states in the late nineteenth century was
b. the Supreme Court.
All of the following issues were fiercely contested in late-nineteenth-century politics except
d. poor relief.
In the North, Democrats tended to be
d. foreign-born and Catholic.
At the local level in the North, Democrats and Republicans were deeply divided over
c. social issues.
Reform-minded Republicans, mostly from New York and Massachusetts, became known as
b. Mugwumps.
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union argued that women needed the vote
b. to fulfill their domestic responsibilities in the public sphere.
Southern Democrats adopted the name "Redeemers" in the 1870s because
c. they claimed to have "redeemed" the South from northern Republican domination.
The literacy test in the South was motivated by
a. the Populists' threat to one-party rule.
Poor whites went along with disfranchisement efforts such as poll taxes and literacy tests because
d. they were given a voice in the Democratic Party.
The pressure for racial segregation in the South came primarily from
a. poor whites.
The South became a fully segregated society
c. after the defeat of Populism.
Populists saw farmers and laborers as being
b. part of a single producer class.
All of the following were aspects of the Populist reform agenda except
c. the abandonment of a silver-based currency.
The U.S. Banking Act of 1863 called for
a. taking control of the money supply away from state banks.
Free coinage of silver was intended to
b. increase the money supply.
In the 1896 election, Republicans
a. attacked free silver as being dangerous to the social order.
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the U.S. president's most important job was
a. dispensing political patronage.
The largest percentage of federal employees (56%) in 1880 was
b. the post office.
From the 1870s to the 1890s, political parties avoided dealing with real issues because
a. the two major parties were too closely balanced in electoral strength.
Social Darwinists argued that
a. government had no role in social reform.
The Supreme Court based its rejection of states' attempts to regulate private business on
c. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
In the decades after the Civil War, political party loyalty was determined chiefly by
a. sectional loyalties left over from the war.
Blue laws were
a. attempts by native-born Protestants to control the behavior of foreign-born Catholics.
By the 1870s, political parties were
d. controlled by party insiders.
The Mugwumps were primarily concerned with
a. reforming corrupt politics.
All of the following causes were supported by women's organizations in the late nineteenth century except
a. equal pay for equal work.
In the beginning, Populism in the South was
c. an interracial movement.
Poor southern whites joined with black Populists because
b. their economic plight was ignored by the white elites who dominated the Democrats.
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that
a. segregation was not discriminatory if blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.
Ida Wells-Barnett was a black journalist best known for her crusade against
b. lynching.
In the 1890s, resistance to white rule and segregation in southern states
d. all of the above.
The Populists differed dramatically from the major parties in their support for
a. an activist government.
The Populists lost their independence by
d. making free silver their defining issue.
President Cleveland became isolated within his own party because of his handling of all of the following except
d. the Homestead strike.
The money issue dominated the 1896 election because
a. of the economic depression.
In the 1896 election, William J. Bryan did best in
a. the South and West.
The settlement-house movement provided all of the following services except
d. voter registration.
All of the following were sources of progressivism except
a. Social Darwinism.
The starting point for progressive thought was the belief that
a. change was possible.
All of the following writers were muckrakers except
b. John Bunyan.
Booker T. Washington's program for African Americans in the South
b. was an accommodationist approach.
As a conservationist, Theodore Roosevelt pursued all of the following policies except
d. prohibiting commercial development in all wilderness areas.
Vigorous prosecution of antitrust cases without regard to good or bad trusts was a characteristic of
c. Taft's administration.
President Taft broke with Roosevelt over the issue of
b. antitrust activity.
The results of the election of 1912 indicated that
c. the voters were in the mood for economic reform.
Pro-labor legislation passed during the Wilson administration covered all of the following areas except
a. a minimum working wage.
The feminists of the Progressive era believed that they
c. were fully equal to men.
The key political reform advocated by Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette was
b. the direct primary.
Progressive reforms such as direct primaries, initiatives, and recalls
b. broke the control of party machines.
W. E. B. Du Bois objected to Booker T. Washington's approach to segregation because it
a. held back talented blacks.
All of the following civil rights organizations were founded during the Progressive era except
c. the Congress of Racial Equality.
In his attempt to control the excesses of big business, President Roosevelt sought to
d. negotiate settlements with the trusts.
Roosevelt's New Nationalism program called for
d. an increase in direct federal intervention in the corporate sector.
Roosevelt and Wilson shared a common belief in
d. a strong federal government.
The Democrats were victorious in 1912 because
c. Roosevelt's defection split the Republican Party.
The Underwood Tariff Act
b. generally lowered tariff rates.
In the 1880s the United States was considered a
b. nation of little international importance.
In the 1880s, all of the following could be seen as signs of America's potential rise to a world power except
a. a strong navy.
Americans were concerned about trade with so-called backward countries because
a. with European powers colonizing many preindustrial nations, U.S. trade interests were threatened.
All of the following were elements of Mahan's foreign-policy suggestions except
b. expansion into the Atlantic.
All of the following ideas helped to form the ideology of expansionism except
b. the Gospel of Wealth.
In response to American criticism of Spain's actions in Cuba, the Spanish government initially
b. agreed to grant a measure of self-rule to the Cubans.
The Spanish-American War
a. gave the United States the opportunity to pursue overseas expansion.
Anti-imperialists in the United States were organized in opposition to the Treaty of Paris, which annexed
d. the Philippines.
The American war that began in 1899 in the Philippines was marked by
c. atrocities on both sides and thousands of deaths.
In 1901, the Supreme Court ruled that in the case of newly acquired possessions,
b. citizenship was not automatically extended to the inhabitants of the acquired territories.
In order to construct a canal in Panama, President Roosevelt had to
a. support Panama in its rebellion against Colombia.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
c. translated into an unrestricted American right to regulate Caribbean affairs.
The open-door policy was intended to
a. prevent Japan and the European powers from shutting the United States out of China.
The country that posed the greatest threat to American power in the Pacific was
c. Japan.
All of the following were threats to the stability of Europe in the early twentieth century except
d. the rulings of the Hague Court.
American foreign policy in the Gilded Age
c. lacked direction and was mostly stumbling from incident to incident.
In 1900, industrial products made up what share of total American exports?
d. more than 30 percent
Alfred Thayer Mahan's imperial visions differed from the Europeans' in that he
c. did not want to rule over colonies but only wanted strategic overseas bases.
President Cleveland supported the expansion of the navy for the purpose of
a. increasing foreign trade.
In his essay "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," Frederick Jackson Turner advocated
c. turning American attention to external expansion.
The strategic needs of American naval vessels near the end of the nineteenth century encouraged American interest in the annexation of all of the following except
b. the Virgin Islands.
America's treatment of Cuba differed from its handling of the Philippines in that
c. Cuba was granted independence.
American justification for making the Philippines a U.S. territory included all of the following except
d. the United States sought to annex all overseas portions of the defeated Spanish empire.
The anti-imperialists believed that the Filipinos
b. were not fit to be American citizens.
The anti-imperialist cause was hurt by
d. William Jennings Bryan's support for the Treaty of Paris.
The waterway completed by the United States in 1914 as a key strategy in projecting American military and economic power across the globe is known as the
a. Panama Canal.
In the early twentieth century, the United States intervened in all of the following Caribbean states except
a. Jamaica.
The Gentlemen's Agreement between the United States and Japan
a. limited the immigration of Japanese to the United States.
After he became president in 1913, President Wilson announced that U.S. policy toward Latin America would include all of the following except
b. military intervention when necessary.
As the struggle in Europe threatened to break out into war, the United States
a. stood on the sidelines.
The war in Europe began over a(n)
c. Austro-Hungarian conflict with Serbia.
In World War I, fighting took place in all of the following areas except
d. Indonesia.
Warfare on the Western Front in Europe was characterized by
b. defensive stalemate and trench warfare.
One result of the British blockade of Germany was
b. a decrease in American trade with Germany but a much greater increase in American trade with Britain and France.
In the Zimmermann telegram, Germany sought an alliance with
d. Mexico.
Herbert Hoover's Food Administration did all of the following except
d. create a food-rationing program.
Wartime controls on the economy were
d. ended by the beginning of 1919.
The National War Labor Board supported all of the following reforms during the war except
d. the right of wartime workers to strike.
The Committee on Public Information originally professed all of the following goals except
c. curbing dissent.
The government response to opposition to the war was to
b. pass laws limiting free speech.
All of the following were included in Wilson's Fourteen Points except
a. an increase in defensive armaments.
The most important part of Wilson's plan for preventing future wars was
a. the organization of a league of nations.
Wilson differed from the Allies in his peace plans in that he wanted
d. freedom of the seas and free trade.
In order to persuade the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, President Wilson
b. went on a national speaking tour to influence public opinion.
During and after the war, race relations
c. became more violent in both the North and South.
When the war in Europe began, Americans believed that
b. their values and institutions made the United States immune from the problems facing Europe.
All of the following American groups and individuals refused to support either side in the war except
a. Theodore Roosevelt.
When U.S. newspapers published the Zimmermann telegram in 1917,
a. anti-German feelings grew stronger throughout the country.
The United States' first real contribution to the war was
d. securing the sea-lane to Britain by protecting convoys from German U-boats.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, Russia
a. agreed to a cease-fire with Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Which of the following was not used by the American government to raise money to support the war effort?
c. Loans from the Allies
The War Industries Board engaged in all of the following activities except
c. raising taxes.
All of the following developments helped achieve passage of a woman suffrage amendment to the Constitution except
d. the decision of militant feminists to give up direct action.
Which of the following was not influential in the adoption of the Prohibition amendment to the Constitution?
a. An increase in wine imports from Europe
Eugene Debs was sentenced to ten years in prison for
d. publicly claiming that the master classes declared wars that the subject classes had to fight.
The peace conference after the war was a negotiation among the
c. Big Four and over twenty other nations.
Which of the following nations was not created by the Treaty of Versailles?
d. Ukraine
The greatest opposition to the League of Nations came from
b. factions in the U.S. Senate.
After a series of domestic bombings following World War I, thousands of suspected radicals were
c. arrested and held, and in many cases deported, without due process of law.
The Palmer raids eventually
a. failed to uncover any conspiracy.
In the 1920s, the term "New Era" as used by Republicans meant that
c. an era of close business-government cooperation would begin with Harding's election.
The Progressive Party platform of 1924 included all of the following planks except
c. direct election of senators.
In the 1920s, Americans' general attitude toward reform saw them
d. become unenthusiastic about government bureaucracy or progressive causes.
In the 1920s, all of the following were increasingly common in American industry except
a. government antitrust actions.
America's role in the international economy
c. made the United States the largest creditor nation.
Poverty in the 1920s
a. prevented many people from participating fully in commercial mass culture.
Advertising in the 1920s promoted all of the following ideas except
b. environmental awareness.
By 1930 the American film industry had all of the following characteristics except
a. decades of experience making "talkies."
The reading habits of Americans in the 1920s
c. included more nationally circulated magazines and newspaper articles.
In the 1920s, baseball had all of the following except
b. racially integrated teams.
All of the following statements are accurate regarding rural-urban shifts in population during the 1920s except
a. tensions decreased between city dwellers and rural folk.
U.S. immigration policy in the 1920s
d. further limited immigration from southeastern Europe and Asia.
Fundamentalist and modernist Protestants clashed primarily over the issue of
b. the relationship between religion and science.
American literature in the wake of World War I
c. often criticized American materialism and anti-intellectualism.
In his campaign for the presidency, New York governor Al Smith
a. faced widespread opposition from Protestants.
The stock market crash in 1929 was caused by
b. panic trading of stocks.
All of the following were signs of the structural weaknesses in the economy before 1929 except
a. widespread high unemployment levels.
America's role in the international market system
c. meant that the American depression spread to foreign countries.
Herbert Hoover's original response to the depression was
a. an optimistic belief in the nation's ability to recover quickly.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's platform in the election of 1932
b. was vague and unspecific.
All of the following provided support for the Republican Party except
a. recent immigrants.
Women lobbyists in the 1920s were able to get federal support for all of the following developments except
a. day-care centers.
Weakness in the coal mining, textile, and agricultural sectors of the economy in the decade after World War I
c. foreshadowed the Great Depression.
Welfare capitalism offered all of the following benefits to workers except
a. unemployment compensation.
European countries had difficulty in repaying their World War I debts to the United States because of the
a. high U.S. tariffs.
The increase in the amount of leisure time in the 1920s allowed Americans to
d. all of the above.
The use of "labor-saving" electrical appliances
c. failed to provide the typical housewife with more leisure time.
Automobile use led to all of the following developments in the 1920s except
a. the founding of the American Automobile Association.
All of the following statements are accurate regarding the early American film industry except
d. San Diego became the capital of the U.S. film industry.
Jazz music influenced American society by
c. introducing elements of African American culture into mainstream white culture.
The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s collapsed when
a. its leader was found to have assaulted a woman.
Enforcement of the Prohibition amendment
d. was generally ineffective.
The Harlem Renaissance
a. marked the efflorescence of African American art, literature, and music in New York City.
Marcus Garvey urged African Americans to
b. consider moving to Africa.
Herbert Hoover promised that if he were elected, he would
a. banish poverty in America.
All of the following were signs of the deepening depression in America between 1929 and 1933 except
d. a sharp decline in tariff rates.
One of the international effects of the onset of the American Depression was that
c. the European demand for American goods, especially agricultural products, fell off sharply.
Foreign governments reacted to the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 by
a. instituting their own trade restrictions, thereby intensifying the worldwide depression.
All of the following were part of the Hoover administration's response to the depression except
d. direct federal relief for the poor.
Rising discontent commonly surfaced in all of the following ways except
d. Socialist and Communist party takeovers in local areas.
A key difference between the presidencies of Hoover and Roosevelt lay in
c. their different levels of charisma and political savvy.
As he began formulating his New Deal programs, Roosevelt
c. relied on a large number of prominent advisors.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) led to all of the following except
a. the purchase of land for black tenant farmers.
Legislation in the first hundred days of the New Deal
d. included large-scale public works projects.
The businessmen and politicians of the Liberty League
b. attacked Roosevelt for advocating "socialist" policies.
The Wagner Act forbade employers to
c. fire industrial workers for union activities.
The Social Security Act included
c. old-age pensions.
The Works Progress Administration (WPA)
a. paid workers less than they could make in the private sector.
Which of the following men did not put pressure on Roosevelt from the left?
d. Alfred Landon
Roosevelt's attempt to alter the Supreme Court
d. suggested to many critics that he was trying to sidestep the Constitution.
Under the New Deal, the government's relationship to the labor movement
a. encouraged a dramatic growth in the size and influence of unions.
The New Deal affected women in all of the following ways except
b. legislation was passed guaranteeing gender equality in the workforce.
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
a. promoted self-government for reservation Indians.
Which of the following was not a New Deal conservation-related project?
b. the Rural Electrification Administration
The purpose of the documentary art form was to
d. provoke an emotional response to the real-life situation depicted.
When Roosevelt told the nation in his first fireside chat that the banks were safe, the people
d. believed him and immediately began redepositing their money.
Which of the following programs was not part of the "Hundred Days" legislation?
a. The Works Project Administration
All of the following statements regarding the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) are accurate except
a. Roosevelt did not consider agricultural reform important to recovery.
The Public Works Administration (PWA)
d. spent money cautiously—perhaps too cautiously—on large-scale work projects.
Opposition to the New Deal
c. came from both the political left and the right.
Critics called the Revenue Act of 1935 a "soak the rich" tax reform because it included all of the following except
b. the elimination of tax shelters.
President Roosevelt's attitude toward large expenditures for social welfare programs was that they must be
c. politically feasible.
In his 1936 campaign for president, Alf Landon
b. criticized the New Deal's inefficiency and Roosevelt's use of power.
Why did Roosevelt seek new justices for the Supreme Court?
a. He feared that the sitting justices would not support New Deal legislation.
The "Roosevelt recession" of 1937-1938 was caused by all of the following except
b. the wasteful administration of relief funds.
African Americans during the New Deal
d. largely deserted the Republican Party for the Democratic Party.
Which of the following was not an achievement of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)?
b. Providing a model of environmental conservation
How did the New Deal affect the arts in America?
d. The New Deal provided programs that supported a wide range of artistic endeavors.
All of the following art forms were supported under the Federal One project of the WPA except
c. movies.
All of the following were legacies of the New Deal except
a. the alienation of middle-class voters from the Democratic Party.
Adolf Hitler's long-term dream of world domination included all of the following except
c. a permanent alliance with the Soviet Union.
All of the following reflected the increasing isolationism in the U.S. Congress in the 1930s except
a. the Good Neighbor Policy.
American neutrality in the first two years of World War II
b. did not prevent the United States from aiding the Allied side.
The presidential campaigns of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Wendell Willkie in 1940 both emphasized
c. aiding the Allies but not getting American forces involved.
The Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor
c. galvanized the American public into a determination to fight.
When Roosevelt asked prominent businessmen to assist in the war effort, they
c. came willingly and took charge.
All of the following were part of the government's mobilization for war except
d. more tax breaks to stimulate consumption.
Women workers during the war
a. made up a greater proportion of the workforce than before the war.
The policies of labor unions during the war
c. resulted in public hostility toward some labor leaders.
The federal government's policy in the area of black civil rights issues
d. included the enactment of limited reforms to avoid a massive public protest.
American popular culture during the war
b. reinforced the connections between the home front and troops overseas.
All of the following foods were rationed during the war except
a. vegetables.
The federal government was an important factor in all of the following aspects of wartime society except
b. youthful rebellion in the cities.
Racial and ethnic tensions in the United States during the war
d. complicated an otherwise calm mood.
All of the following impacted the policy of Japanese internment except
a. several well-publicized convictions of Japanese Americans for espionage.
The Atlantic Charter, drafted in August 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt, called for all of the following in postwar Europe except
c. buffer states between western Europe and the Soviet Union.
All of the following illustrated U.S.-Soviet cooperation during the war except
c. the immediate opening of a second front against Germany in western Europe.
All of the following were Allied setbacks except
a. the Battle of the Bulge.
The American government's initial response to the Nazi persecution of German Jews
b. resulted in part from anti-Semitic sentiment.
Which of the following policies was not an outcome of the Yalta Conference?
d. A plan to drop the atomic bomb as soon as it was developed
With regard to U.S. foreign policy in the 1930s, Congress
b. sought to prevent a repeat of U.S. involvement in World War I.
When World War II broke out with Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939, the American public
d. strongly supported the Allied side but did not want to enter the war.
All of the following were part of increasing American involvement in World War II before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor except
a. a military alliance with the Soviet Union.
The Atlantic Charter
a. provided the ideological foundation of the Western cause in World War II.
Before the war, increasing tensions between the United States and Japan
b. escalated with Japanese expansion and American economic sanctions.
To encourage industry to convert to military production, the government offered businesses all of the following incentives except
a. the right to ban unions.
All of the following were part of mobilizing the population to serve in the armed forces except
c. placing Mexican Americans and Native Americans in segregated units.
Which of the following did not characterize labor relations during the war?
b. Stagnant union membership levels
All of the following were part of growing African American activism during the war except
a. desegregation of the armed forces.
Which of the following was not a characteristic of wartime national politics?
c. Increasing margins of victory for the Democratic Party
All of the following boosted the American public's morale during the war except
c. the ready availability of all consumer goods.
Problems and difficulties on the home front in World War II included all of the following except
d. high unemployment.
During the war, race relations in the United States
c. were characterized by a number of violent race riots.
Many believed the relocation of Japanese Americans in 1942 was necessary because
c. prejudice against Japanese Americans made West Coast residents and the government doubt their loyalty.
Which of the following members of the Japanese American population were not exempt from internment?
c. Native-born American citizens
The major turning point in World War II in Europe was the
d. Soviet halt of the German offensive at Stalingrad.
In the Pacific, American military forces
a. faced growing casualty rates and increasingly fierce Japanese resistance.
Allied planning for the end of the war resolved all of the following issues except
d. the fate of British colonies after the war.
Which of the following was not a factor in the decision to use the atomic bomb?
b. The use of a quick and merciful mode of destruction on Japanese citizens
The establishment of international controls on atomic weapons failed because of the
c. expectation of the United States that an American nuclear monopoly would be preserved.
In announcing what became known as the Truman Doctrine, President Truman asked Congress to approve large-scale assistance for
b. Greece and Turkey.
All of the following were goals of the Marshall Plan except
a. the appeasement of isolationists in the U.S. Congress.
In the immediate postwar period of the mid- to late 1940s, all of the following were sources of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union except
c. the militarization of outer space.
When applied to Asia, the American policy of containment included all of the following developments except
c. conducting the Korean War to a decisive conclusion.
Domestic economic problems in the immediate postwar period
a. brought inflation and shortages of consumer goods.
The Taft-Hartley Act passed by Congress in 1947 specifically created
d. a sweeping overhaul of the 1935 National Labor Relations Act.
National politics during the Truman years
b. witnessed the rise of challengers from within Truman's own party.
Which of the following did not contribute to the rise of domestic anticommunism?
a. Discovery of an extensive spy ring in Washington
Senator Joseph McCarthy achieved prominence in the anti-Communist crusade by
d. announcing that he had a list of Communists in the State Department.
"Modern Republicanism," an updated party philosophy,
a. tolerated government intervention in the economy.
President Eisenhower's effort to negotiate an arms-limitation agreement with the Soviet Union
d. was cut short when the Soviet Union shot down an American spy plane.
Formed in 1954, the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
c. was a defensive alliance modeled on the NATO alliance in Europe.
The United States refused to support the independence movement of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam because
d. Ho Chi Minh was a Communist.
The Geneva Accords of 1954
a. divided Vietnam temporarily at the seventeenth parallel.
The plan to create the United Nations put together at the Yalta Conference of February 1945 included all of the following provisions except
d. an agreement that Poland would not fall under the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.
Truman's approach to relations with the Soviet Union
b. relied on "tough methods" in negotiating with the Soviets.
The Baruch Plan included all of the following provisions except
d. Soviet exclusion from the agreement.
George Kennan's theory of containment
b. warned that the Soviet Union was embarked on an aggressive trajectory of expansionism.
The Korean War had all of the following effects except
d. the unification of Korea as a U.S.-aligned country.
By 1950, organized labor faced all of the following challenges except
a. an inability to organize large strikes.
In the 1948 presidential election, Harry S. Truman ran against Republican challenger
c. Thomas E. Dewey.
The domestic program of the Truman administration was known as the
d. Fair Deal.
The search for subversives in the United States resulted in all of the following except
c. the public's unwavering trust in the loyalty of government officials.
In his investigations into Communist subversion within the United States, Senator Joseph McCarthy
b. eventually undermined his campaign by attacking the U.S. Army.
President Eisenhower discussed reducing the size and role of the federal government
a. yet supported expensive new social welfare programs and public works expenditures.
Changes in the policies of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev led to
d. a more tolerant attitude toward the West but no relaxation of control in eastern Europe.
President Eisenhower sought to
b. reduce arms expenditures.
The policy of Mutually Assured Destruction
a. was based on the premise that the threat of mutual annihilation would prevent the use of nuclear weapons.
President Eisenhower's farewell address is remembered for its warning about the
c. unwarranted influence of the military-industrial complex.
All of the following elements were cornerstones of the Bretton Woods system except
b. NATO.
The Bretton Woods system guided the world economy by
d. all of the above.
All of the following were elements of the military-industrial complex in the decades after World War II except
c. a decrease in defense spending following President Eisenhower's farewell address.
Which of the following was not a factor in the rising standard of living in the 1950s?
c. The increasingly equal distribution of income
One of the most important studies of the U.S. economy in the postwar period was John Kenneth Galbraith's book
b. The Affluent Society.
Levittown developments were originally characterized by
c. mass-production construction methods.
The Federal Housing Administration and the Veterans Administration made it easier to buy a home by providing
a. low mortgage rates.
American consumer culture flourished because of all of the following developments except
a. diminishing leisure time.
American popular culture in the postwar period
c. was criticized by a counterculture that celebrated sex, drugs, and life on the edge.
Among its many characteristics, postwar jazz was
c. cerebral.
What social critic Michael Harrington called "the Other America" (1962) consisted of
d. the poor who were largely invisible to the rest of society.
All of the following characterized Mexican immigration after World War II except
c. a consistent federal policy discouraged all immigration from Mexico.
Characteristic of postwar migration within the United States was
d. the movement of millions from rural to urban areas.
The Swedish sociologist Gunnar Myrdal coined the term underclass to refer to
b. a population permanently mired in poverty and dependency.
All of the following were elements of the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education (1954) except
c. the Brown decision targeted the desegregation of all public facilities.
During the postwar period, the policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
d. aided in the reconstruction of Europe and the stabilization of the world economy while promoting the interests of the United States, leading to the establishment of U.S. dominance in the global economy.
After World War II, defense-related industries
d. all of the above.
All of the following criteria describe the relative prosperity of American families in the 1950s except
d. the fastest rate of income growth was at the 30th percentile.
According to John Kenneth Galbraith in The Affluent Society (1958), the U.S. economy
a. suffered from periodic recessions.
In the decades after World War II, the United States interacted with foreign markets in all of the following ways except
c. Japan's superior workmanship made Japan an impressive economic competitor.
Religious change in the United States during the 1950s led to
b. the growth of evangelical Protestant denominations.
One of the most important books dealing with the concept of religion in the United States during the 1950s was
b. The Power of Positive Thinking.
Television in the 1950s reflected the myth that America
a. was overwhelmingly white and middle class.
The imposition of postwar gender roles led to all of the following except
d. societal pressure for women to excel both as working professionals and as mothers.
Youth culture in the postwar period
b. developed most clearly in the evolution of popular music.
One result of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943 was
d. the development of a more normal, family-oriented Chinese American community.
In the postwar period, Puerto Rican and Mexican immigrants had what in common?
d. They spoke the same language—Spanish.
The process of urban renewal
b. often resulted in the construction of nondescript, high-rise apartments for low-income families.
All of the following factors motivated President Truman to act in support of civil rights except
c. pressure from southern Democrats in the Senate.
Thurgood Marshall's argument for the plaintiffs in Brown v. Board of Education held that segregation in public educational facilities violated the
b. Fourteenth Amendment.
A major innovation in the 1960 presidential campaign was
a. a series of nationally televised debates between the candidates.
When first elected president, John Kennedy's greatest priority was
b. foreign affairs.
All of the following Kennedy initiatives reflected his administration's activist approach to international relations except
d. the construction of the Berlin Wall.
Kennedy's approach to government fiscal policy
b. included an unorthodox proposal for a reduction in income taxes.
Under President Kennedy, U.S. policy in Vietnam
d. included support for a military coup to remove Ngo Dinh Diem.
Compared to John F. Kennedy, President Lyndon Johnson
b. was more successful in implementing a domestic agenda of social reforms.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
a. contributed greatly to the number of blacks who were able to vote.
Government social programs under the Great Society
b. extended some medical benefits to middle-class Americans.
The Great Society policies sought to reduce poverty through all of the following methods except
b. by establishing enterprise zones in inner cities.
The limited success of Johnson's social welfare programs
d. all of the above.
The Gulf of Tonkin resolution formally declared that
a. U.S. forces in Vietnam had been authorized to repel any hostile action taken against them by the North Vietnamese.
The massive bombing of North Vietnam led to
d. all of the above.
The development and impact of the antiwar movement included
d. all of the above.
The Free Speech Movement was organized by student groups at
c. the University of California at Berkeley.
Students were critical of their universities for all of the following reasons except
a. abolishing automatic student deferments from the draft.
Who among the following did not record songs that reflected the interests and concerns of the 1960s counterculture?
c. Allen Ginsberg
Which of the following criteria characterizes the counterculture drug scene of the 1960s?
d. All of the above.
Malcolm X resembled Martin Luther King Jr. in all of the following ways except
c. he argued for the integration of society throughout his career.
Which of the following factors characterized the urban riots of the 1960s?
b. Police brutality was a frequent cause of riots.
What was the immediate result of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.?
b. The assassination set off a wave of urban riots.
The Tet offensive of 1968 demonstrated that the
c. American public was being misled about the progress of the war.
The assassination of Robert Kennedy in June 1968 during his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination was a devastating blow to the Democratic Party because
a. only Kennedy had seemed able to overcome the party's Vietnam problem.
The siege of Chicago during the Democratic convention in 1968 included all of the following developments except
c. hundreds of protesters were killed.
Both George Wallace and Richard Nixon
a. exploited political divisions in the Democratic Party.
b. tapped into a growing conservative sentiment among the electorate.
c. attracted the support of southerners opposed to the civil rights movement.
d. all of the above.
Which of the following statements characterizes the 1968 presidential election?
b. The election was a close race won by Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate.
The promising vision of Kennedy's campaign and his presidency
b. emphasized youthful charisma, charm, and personality.
President Kennedy
b. came to support civil rights activism after an initial period of reluctance.
All of the following events drew Kennedy further into civil rights issues except
d. the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to Martin Luther King Jr. in 1964.
Kennedy's "flexible response" policy
a. called for increased attention to both nuclear and conventional defenses.
The ultimate effect of the Cuban missile crisis was a
a. slight reduction in Cold War tensions.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965
b. enabled southern blacks to register to vote.
President Johnson's "Great Society" measures included
a. expansion of the national park system.
b. federal scholarships for college students.
c. beautification of the national highway system.
d. all of the above.
The passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 led to a large influx of immigrants who were primarily from
c. Asia and Latin America.
Which of the following groups in the Democratic coalition began to resist expanded civil rights and social welfare legislation?
c. Conservatives
In 1966 the government spent $1.2 billion on the War on Poverty, which
a. was only a fraction of the federal outlay for the Vietnam War that year.
All of the following figured into Lyndon B. Johnson's Vietnam policy except
a. a reluctance to use strategic bombing against North Vietnam.
Which of the following characterizes U.S. troop levels in Vietnam during the 1960s?
a. 1966: 380,000
b. 1967: 485,000
c. 1968: 536,000
d. All of the above
Which of the following statements does not characterize the U.S. aerial bombing of North Vietnam that began in 1965?
c. The bombing campaign had great success against the Vietcong.
Which of the following played a role in America's failure to subdue North Vietnam?
a. A lack of stability in and popular support for the South Vietnamese government
b. An endless search for a "middle ground" between all-out invasion and full disengagement
c. An overestimation of the effect of U.S. firepower and technology
d. All of the above
Which of the following was not a factor in the rise of student activism in the 1960s?
c. The Immigration Act of 1965
Which of the following did not help distinguish the new counterculture of the late 1960s from the New Left?
b. A focus on political activism
Which of the following statements characterizes the historical impact of the Beatles?
c. The Beatles paved the way for more rebellious, angrier music by groups like the Rolling Stones.
All of the following musicians contributed to the development of "acid rock" except
b. Pete Seeger.
Black Power advocates called for all of the following except
d. a black political party.
Mexican American civil rights activists
b. worked to overcome the language barriers, poverty, and uncertain legal status that made political mobilization difficult.
By 1968, a sense of crisis gripped the United States because
a. of the political and cultural rebellion embraced by many of America's youths.
b. of the many riots that had broken out in urban areas in previous years.
c. it was an election year.
d. all of the above.
Which of the following was not a shocking development of the year 1968?
a. The death of Malcolm X
Which of the following statements characterizes the Tet offensive in Vietnam?
a. The offensive made a mockery of U.S. claims of winning the war.
b. The offensive was a military failure for North Vietnam, costing the lives of thousands of Vietcong.
c. Shocking images from the offensive, including the siege of the U.S. embassy in Saigon, were broadcast to television audiences in America.
d. All of the above.
President Johnson reacted to the Tet offensive and divisions in the Democratic Party in 1968 by
b. deciding not to seek a second term as president.
After the Democratic convention in the summer of 1968, Democrats
d. began to lose the support of the traditional New Deal coalition.
After he became president in 1968, Richard Nixon implemented a domestic agenda that included
d. all of the above.
President Nixon strengthened the regulatory functions of the federal government by establishing all of the following except
b. the President's Committee on Competitiveness.
In 1972 President Richard Nixon visited the Communist nation of
d. China.
The cover-up of the Watergate break-in was
b. one of many crimes committed by the Nixon administration.
Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned from office in 1973 because of his
d. indictment for crimes unrelated to Watergate.
Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique
a. found its primary readership among white, college-educated, middle-class women.
The founding and development of the National Organization for Women (NOW) included which of the following factors?
c. NOW was modeled on the NAACP.
Title IX of the amended 1964 Civil Rights Act
b. prohibited colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex.
Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment falsely claimed that the amendment would result in all of the following except
d. the prerogative of divorced fathers not to have to pay child support.
The Supreme Court decision in Bakke v. University of California (1978) was
d. both a victory and a defeat for opponents of affirmative action.
After the 1950s the nation's primary sources of energy were
c. oil and natural gas.
The OPEC oil embargo of 1973 caused all of the following in the United States except
b. the highest oil prices of the decade.
The U.S. gross domestic product (GDP)
b. grew at a slower rate in the 1970s than in the 1960s.
The U.S. economy experienced "stagflation" in the 1970s when
b. unemployment and inflation both rose dramatically.
The area of the country hit hardest by the 1970s recession was the
c. Northeast and Midwest.
Watergate impacted American politics in which of the following ways?
a. Popular disdain for politicians increased.
b. The Republican Party was in disarray and damaged.
c. The Democratic Party was given another opportunity to recapture its base of support.
d. All of the above.
Which of the following industries was not deregulated by the Carter administration?
a. Automobile industry
The U.S. boycott of the 1980 summer Olympics was a response to the
c. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
Iranian students took American hostages in response to
a. President Carter's decision to admit the Shah of Iran into the United States for medical help.
After Iranian students seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took American hostages, President Carter did all of the following except
c. offer to trade arms for the hostages.
During President Nixon's years in the White House, his major advisor on foreign policy was
c. Henry Kissinger.
The Democratic Party's antiwar stance lost much of its appeal in 1972 because
a. troop withdrawal had put a stop to most American casualties in Vietnam, and the end of the war was in sight.
Richard Nixon won the 1972 election for all of the following reasons except
a. George McGovern was plagued by sex scandals.
In response to Watergate, Congress
c. strengthened the Freedom of Information Act.
The Fair Campaign Practices Act
b. regulated contributions in presidential campaigns.
The gains of the women's movement in the 1970s included
a. abortion rights.
b. the ability of women to enroll at previously all-male colleges and universities.
c. the election of more women to Congress.
d. all of the above.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the impact of Phyllis Schlafly?
a. Schlafly helped to defeat the Equal Rights Amendment.
A crystallizing event that helped establish the gay and lesbian movement in the 1970s was
b. the Stonewall riot in New York in 1969.
The purpose of affirmative action was to
c. expand access to employment to minorities and women.
The 1973 Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade
b. said that states could not prohibit abortion in the first trimester.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the historical development of OPEC?
a. The organization was founded in 1960 by the Persian Gulf states.
b. OPEC was a cartel operated by independent nations.
c. OPEC was ineffective until the mid-1970s, when the Arab states issued an oil embargo.
d. All of the above.
OPEC imposed the oil embargo on the United States in 1973 to
b. punish the United States for supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
Inflation in the United States during the 1970s was sparked by
a. rapidly rising oil prices.
One of the most important books of the early environmental movement was
c. Silent Spring.
The economic decline of the 1970s impacted organized labor by
c. decreasing the number of union jobs and reducing union membership and bargaining power.
President Jimmy Carter presented the image of being
b. a common man.
In the 1976 election, Jimmy Carter ran as a
b. Washington outsider who would restore morality to government.
The Panama Canal Treaty signed by President Carter
d. relinquished control of the canal to Panama in 1999.
Jimmy Carter's greatest foreign policy success came in relation to
b. the Camp David Accords.
President Carter invited Menachem Begin and Anwar el-Sadat to Camp David in an attempt to resolve
b. the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Ronald Reagan was part of the rise of what is called the
b. "New Right."
Reagan catapulted into the national political spotlight when, at the 1964 Republican convention, he delivered a powerful speech called
b. "A Time for Choosing."
Organizational support for the New Right came from the
a. Cato Institute.
Prominent neoconservatives of the Reagan era included
a. Jeane Kirkpatrick.
b. Nathan Glazer.
c. Norman Podhoretz.
d. all of the above.
All of the following statements accurately describe the Religious Right except
d. the Religious Right embraced the concepts of inclusiveness and diversity.
Ronald Reagan believed that the federal government was
a. too large and too intrusive in the private lives of Americans.
Ronald Reagan's image as president included
a. appearing younger than his advanced age.
During his first term in office, Reagan
b. lowered federal taxes.
A notable aspect of the 1984 elections was
d. the selection of Geraldine Ferraro as the Democratic vice presidential candidate.
The diverting of profits from arms sales to Iran to assist the Contras in Nicaragua
c. was never officially connected to Ronald Reagan.
During Reagan's second term, U.S.-Soviet relations
a. improved as new agreements were reached on arms reduction.
The 1988 Bush campaign was noteworthy for
b. negative campaigning.
In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the Supreme Court
c. allowed states to regulate abortions.
The United States' first response to the invasion of Kuwait was
c. a U.S.-sponsored resolution for UN-imposed economic sanctions on Iraq.
At the close of Operation Desert Storm, all of the following were true except
d. the short war helped to create a booming American economy.
All of the following describe Bill Clinton in 1992 except
c. he had not distinguished himself during his college career.
Bill Clinton became the Democratic candidate and won the presidential election of 1992 despite accusations that he had
a. smoked marijuana.
b. cheated on his wife.
c. dodged the Vietnam War draft.
d. all of the above.
The Republican congressional victories in the 1994 elections led to
b. initial ideological fervor among the victors that was soon replaced with a more pragmatic approach.
Bill Clinton was officially impeached for
c. perjury and obstruction of justice.
During the 1990s, American foreign policy was
c. focused on resolving a variety of new conflicts around the world without engaging in any long-term strategies.
Which of the following issues did think tanks such as the Cato Institute and American Enterprise Institute encourage?
a. A free-market economy
Who did Ronald Reagan choose as his running mate for the presidential election in 1980?
c. George H. W. Bush
The Democratic Party led by President Jimmy Carter lost the 1980 election due to voter discontent over
a. high inflation and high unemployment.
b. expansion of the Soviet Union.
c. the continuing hostage situation in Iran.
d. all of the above.
One of the components of Ronald Reagan's successful run for president in 1980 was
a. the Republican Party's superior financial resources.
The term "Reagan Democrats" describes
b. voters with blue-collar backgrounds who voted for Reagan in 1980 but had supported Democratic candidates in previous elections.
In praising Ronald Reagan's ability to address the anxieties of Americans and win their support for the conservative Republican agenda, supporters referred to Reagan as the
c. "Great Communicator."
Reaganomics was based on the belief that
b. tax cuts would ultimately increase tax revenues.
During the Reagan administration the federal government
b. increased spending.
During the Reagan administration, the Supreme Court
b. became more conservative.
The Reagan legacy included all of the following except
a. the end of social welfare programs.
America's policy toward the Soviet Union during Reagan's first term was characterized by
b. an increasingly hard-line approach.
The tearing down of the Berlin Wall marked the
d. end of Communist rule in central Europe.
The immediate cause of the Soviet Union's collapse was
c. a failed military coup.
The Persian Gulf War was fought by
d. a coalition of states led by the United States.
In the end, the Persian Gulf War could be considered a
b. military success but a political failure.
Before he became president of the United States, the highest political office achieved by Bill Clinton was
b. governor of Arkansas.
The American health-care crisis of the 1990s included all of the following except
b. a lack of new medical technology.
One of the domestic policy failures of the Clinton administration during Clinton's first year in office had to do with
a. health-care legislation.
Clinton's impeachment in the House and his trial in the Senate in 1998 and 1999
b. weakened both the president and the Republicans in Congress.
During the Clinton administration, American military forces were active in all of the following countries except
c. Nicaragua.
Economic challenges facing the United States during the early 1980s included
a. American manufacturers losing market share.
b. an increase in competition by Germany and Japan.
c. the importing of more goods by the United States than it exported.
d. all of the above.
All of the following can be attributed to the Yuppies of the early 1980s except
d. a desire to live in smaller homes in the urban core area of cities.
A popular television show during the 1980s that showcased the era's turn towards materialism was
b. Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous.
Japan's economy in the 1970s and 1980s
a. rapidly increased in size and wealth.
All of the following individuals were successful businessmen during the 1980s except
c. Ivan Boesky.
One of the most important computer pioneers of the last three decades is
b. Bill Gates.
Like the computer itself, the Internet was the product of
c. military-based research.
Use of the Internet in the past two decades has been characterized by
b. the creation of numerous Web sites by businesses, governments, organizations, and individuals.
The use of television to deliver the news to Americans at home was revolutionized by Ted Turner's
c. CNN.
The policies of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) during the Reagan administration included
c. eliminating requirements that television stations provide extensive news programming.
In 2000, the population of the United States was
a. 280 million people.
Relatively few immigrants came to the United States in the late twentieth century from
a. Africa.
The 2000 census showed that the largest minority group in the United States was
b. Hispanic.
Although the Los Angeles riots of 1992 were triggered by the acquittal of four white police officers in the beating of a black man, Rodney King, they also reflected
c. class-based protest against the failure of the American system.
Conservatives believed that multiculturalism would
b. fragment American society by dividing people by race and gender.
By 1985, the United States was importing more than it exported, a trade deficit fueled by soaring imports of
a. foreign oil.
During Bill Clinton's two terms in office
b. middle-income families with pension plans saw their retirement savings double.
An important international organization responsible for promoting globalization in the 1990s was the
a. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
b. World Trade Organization (WTO).
c. European Union (EU).
d. all of the above.
All of the following were part of the development of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993 except
c. none of the provisions of the treaty were ever extended to South America and the Caribbean.
In 2001 the Bush administration rejected the Kyoto accord because
c. the treaty did not apply to developing nations and would hurt the American economy.
The final major technological breakthrough in the evolution of computers from large "main frame" units to personal computers occurred in 1971 with the development of the
a. microprocessor.
At its inception, the Internet was primarily used
c. by scientists and academic specialists to transmit electronic messages.
The impact of the Internet on the American public included all of the following except
a. a decrease in the volume of online sales of consumer products over time.
Which of the following electronic products revolutionized personal entertainment and communication after 1980?
a. Wireless telephones
b. Digital video discs (DVDs)
c. Videocassette recorders (VCRs)
d. All of the above
Computers impacted developments in scientific research during the 1990s in all of the following ways except
b. computers enabled scientists to land human beings on Mars.
Proposition 187, passed by California voters in 1994, dealt with
a. illegal immigration.
The growing numbers of Asian and Latino immigrants in the last third of the twentieth century affected African Americans by
c. enabling blacks to move into supervisory positions.
During the 1990s, the state of California
a. took a series of steps ending affirmative action.
The sensational murder case that showcased the importance of race in American society was
d. the O. J. Simpson trial.
During the 1990s, the conflict over abortion rights
c. became more violent.
All of the following criteria accurately describe the background of George W. Bush except
c. Bush was a successful Texas oil man.
Al Gore struggled on the presidential campaign trail because
c. he never settled on a campaign message that voters could easily understand.
The House majority leader after 2002, and a crucial player in the success of the Bush White House, was
b. Tom DeLay.
All of the following statements accurately describe Vice President Dick Cheney except
c. he is younger than President George Bush.
President Bush's "faith-based initiative" included
a. federal support for church-related social-service programs.
b. a Community-Based Abstinence Education program.
c. funneling federal money to a new Compassion Capital Fund.
d. all of the above
All of the following are examples of unilateralism by the Bush administration except
c. insisting on the creation of an International Criminal Court.
The planes commandeered by nineteen Al Qaeda terrorists on September 11, 2001, were intended to strike
a. the White House.
b. the Pentagon.
c. the World Trade Center.
d. all of the above.
After 9/11, Bush proclaimed a "War on Terror" and went after Al Qaeda, many of whose members were harbored by
b. the Taliban in Afghanistan.
As the United States geared up for war against Iraq and the potential danger of their weapons of mass destruction, its allies included
c. Great Britain and a handful of other governments in a "coalition of the willing."
President Bush's response after several days of indecision following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack was to
a. head for the World Trade Center ground zero.
b. publicly proclaim a "War on Terror."
c. physically embrace rescue workers standing in the rubble of the World Trade Center.
d. all of the above.
By April 2006, the Iraq War had become a difficult problem for George W. Bush because
a. 2,300 U.S. troops had died in Iraq.
Besides the Iraq War, George Bush received severe criticism for his
a. administration's slow response to Hurricane Katrina.
b. approval of a contract for a Dubai-owned company to operate American seaports.
c. silence on the gay-marriage amendment following the 2004 election.
d. all of the above
The Florida patient at the center of a legal case that drew national interest and ultimately involved Congress and the federal courts was
b. Terry Schiavo.
In 2006, Palestinians voted into power the hard-line
c. Hamas.
Hopes for a more democratic government and stability in Pakistan collapsed with the assassination of
b. Benazir Bhutto.
During his 2000 presidential campaign, George W. Bush relied on the political strategist
d. Karl Rove.
All of the following are aspects of President Bush's faith-based initiative except
c. committing a major portion of federal funding of social-service agencies to church-related programs.
All of the following statements about Condoleezza Rice are accurate except
c. she served as secretary of defense under President George W. Bush.
Critics of President Bush's No Child Left Behind Act contended that
a. the programs mandated by the act ate into local budgets.
b. the act overemphasized testing, which distorted good educational practice.
c. the act might tempt school districts to encourage low-scoring students to drop out.
d. all of the above.
Which of the following statements characterizes the drug-benefit bill passed by Congress in 2003 at the behest of the Bush administration?
b. Medicare was prohibited from negotiating for bulk purchases.
The U.S. representative to the July 2001 meeting about the Kyoto Protocol on global warming was instructed by the Bush administration
b. not to participate in the meeting.
The U.S. attack on Afghanistan following the September 11, 2001, attack on the United States resulted in all of the following except
c. the capture of the mastermind behind the September 11 attack.
The War on Terror prompted the Bush administration to promulgate the "Bush doctrine," a policy of
d. preventive war.
Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the neoconservative view of the importance of invading Iraq?
a. Iraq represented a chance to unveil the American mission to democratize the world.
b. The democratizing impact on Iraq would spread to other nations in the Middle East.
c. Stabilizing the region would secure the Middle East's oil supplies.
d. All of the above.
Prior to the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, UN inspectors had entered Iraq to search for
d. weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).
By 2006, the percentage of Americans who thought the Iraq war was a mistake was
c. 57 percent.
After the September 11, 2001, attack, a dragnet swept through which ethnic communities in the United States?
b. Muslim communities
In the landmark ruling of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court
a. nullified the military tribunals set up to try the Guantanamo detainees.
b. declared that international law on war prisoners applied to the Guantanamo detainees.
c. ruled that military tribunals require congressional authorization.
d. all of the above.
All of the following statements regarding the state of development of the European Union (EU) in 2006 are accurate except
c. the EU's military capacity rivaled that of the United States.
Elections in Iran in 2005 produced a hard-line Islamic president,
a. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.