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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the reasons to study history?
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History is interesting - It's never finished - You develop empathy -To be a better thinker - To learn from past mistakes.
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What are the 5 Founding American Ideals?
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Democracy - Liberty - Equality - Opportunity - Rights
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Democracy
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a system of government in which the power to rule comes from the consent of the governed.
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Liberty
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Freedom
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Equality
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the state of having the same privileges, rights, status, & opportunities as others.
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opportunity
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the chance for advancement or progress
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Rights
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a power or privilege granted by an agreement among people or by law.
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Who proposed the resolution for independence?
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Richard Henry Lee
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Who was on the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence?
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Thomas Jefferson - Roger Sherman - Benjamin Franklin - Robert R. Livingston - John Adams
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Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
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Thomas Jefferson
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What are the parts to the Declaration of Independence?
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Statement of human rights - Grievances against the king - Statement of Independence
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When was the Declaration of Independence approved?
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July 4th, 1776
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What are the branches of governement?
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Executive - Judicial - Legislative
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How many articles does the Constitution have?
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7
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What are checks & balances?
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A system of where all 3 branches work together to help keep any one branch from becoming too powerful.
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Describe the impeachment process.
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to charge an official of committing a crime. The House brings the charges to the Senate votes. A 2/3 majority is needed to remove the offical from office.
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Define the Legislative Branch.
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Congress - the law making branch. 2 bodies, one based on population (the House of Reps.) & the other with 2 senators for ea. (Senate)
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What are the jobs of the Legislative Branch?
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Propose laws, declare war, override the President's veto with a 2/3 vote, propose amendments with a 2/3 vote, approves treaties, approves Presidential appointments.
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Define the Executive Branch.
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President and his cabinet
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What are the jobs of the Executive Branch?
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Commander & Chief of the military, propose laws, enforces the laws, appoints Supreme Court judges, proposes budget, grants pardons, makes treaties.
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Define the Judicial Branch.
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The Supreme Court - (and other Federal Courts)
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What are the jobs of the Judicial Branch?
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Interpret the law, declare laws unconstitutional, declare President's actions unconstitutional.
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What are concurrent powers?
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Powers shared by both the state & the federal government - examples: taxes, roads, borrow money, establish courts.
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What are delegated powers?
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Powers granted to congress - example: coin money, raise army, declare war, establish post offices.
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What are reserved powers?
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Powers reserved for the states - examples: fire, police, schools, issuing licenses, conduction elections.
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How many amendments are there?
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27
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What are the first 10 called?
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Bill of Rights
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What percentage is needed to propose an amendment?
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2/3
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What percentage is needed to ratify the Constitution?
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3/4
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What is Manifest Destiny?
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The belief that God wanted the US to expand to the Pacific Ocean & spread democracy across the country to all people.
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What was the Indian Removal Act?
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The plan to clear the Indians east of the Mississippi to "Indian Territory"
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What was the Marshall Court?
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The Supreme Court under the rule of Chief Justice John Marshall made a number of Supreme Court decisions that affirmed federal power.
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How did industrialization impact the Westward Movement?
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Trains helped people go farther & faster than ever before. They also linked people together, better & faster trade was possible. Mass Production allowed goods to be produced at a rapid rate which made them cheaper. Cotton gin allowed cotton to be cleaned at a rapid rate, thus increasing productivity.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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an 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that described the cruelties of slavery so clearly that it increased the fervor with which both proslavery and anitslavery Americans supported their causes.
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Missouri Compromise
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measures passed by Congress in 1820 to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave state & Maine as a free state while also setting a line at latitude 36degrees 30' (Missouri's southern border) north of which all Louisiana Purchase territory would be free.
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Dred Scott decision
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the 1857 ruling of the Supreme Court in the case Scott v. Sandford that legalized slavery in the territories & declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
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Fugitive Slave Law
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a law 1st passed by Congress in 1793 to allow the seizure & return of slaves who escaped into another state or a federal territory. Congress passed a 2nd version of the law in 1850 to establish fines on federal officials who refused to enforce the law or from whom a runaway slave escaped, to establish fines on individuals who helped slaves escape, to ban runaway slaves from testifying on their own behalf in court, & to give special commissioners power to enforce the law.
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Compromise of 1850
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measure passed by Congress in 1850 to admit California into the Union as a free state, to devide the rest of the Southwest into the New Mixico & Utah territories, with the people there determining for themselves through popular sovereignty whether or not to accept slavery, to ban slavery in Washington, D.C. & to establish a new, stronger fugitive slave law.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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a law passed by Congress in 1854 to establish Kansas & Nebraska as territories with popular sovereignty.
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What are 3 characteristics of the North during 1850-1860?
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Industrial - Limited Slavery - Greater Population.
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What are 3 characteristics of the South during 1850-1860?
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Relied on agriculture - predominately rural - relied on slavery as an industry.
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How did the Fugitive Slave Law increase tension between the North and the South?
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Runaway slaves were forced to be returned. Southerners brought charges against Northerners for harboring slaves. Southerners would capture freemen & claim they were runaways.
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What is popular sovereignty?
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The feeling that regional interest control politics.
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Which state became a battle ground for the Civil War?
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Kansas
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Which state was the first to succeed from the union?
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South Carolina
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What is sectionalism?
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the differences between the north and the south.
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Emancipation Proclamation
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an edict issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863 to free the slaves in the Confederate states.
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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during the Civil War, a devastating total war military campaign, led by the Union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 Union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah & destroying everything along the way.
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Gettysburg Address
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an inspirational speech given by President Abraham Lincoln on Nov. 19, 1863, at the Civil War battle sit of Gettysburg, PA, in memory of the Union soldiers who died there trying, in Abraham's words, to protect the ideal of freedom upon which the U.S. had been founded.
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total war
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a military policy in which one side in a conflict decides it is willing to make any sacrifices necessary to completely defeat the opposing side.
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habeas corpus
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the right of a person being detained to appear in court so that a judge may determine whether the person has been imprisoned lawfully.
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Copperhead
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during the Civil War, a nickname Republicans used to describe those Northerners, mostly Democrats, who opposed the war and were sympathetic to the South.
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Anaconda Plan
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Civil War strategy devised by President Lincoln & General Winfield Scott by which Union forces would establish a naval blockade of southern ports & take control of the Mississippi River in order to squeeze in on the South from the east & west & defeat it.
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54th Massachusetts Regiment
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in the Civil War, the first entirely African American regiment of the Union Army
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What were the advantages for the North?
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more troops, more money, more industry, more resources.
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What were the advantages for the South?
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fought a defensive war, on their own terrain.
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What were the bloodiest battles?
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Gettysburg - Antietam - Bull Run
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What were the effects of war on the soldiers (North & South)?
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harsh conditions - boredom - homesick - desease spread throughout camps.
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What were the conditions like in the South for the slaves?
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Harsher conditions, plantation owners afraid slave would runaway.
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What was life like for African-Americans in the North?
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given manual jobs, descriminated against, earned less money.
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What were some contributions of women in the war?
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ran businesses, worked as nurses, were spies, disguised themselves as men and fought as soldiers.
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Where was the end of the Civil War?
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Appoxattox, VA
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Who were the commander of each side?
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North - Ulysses S. Grant
South - Robert E. Lee |
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How many steps were the Southern States required to take in order to rejoin the Union?
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5 Steps
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What were the 5 steps?
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Write a new state constitution.
Elect a new state government. Repeal its Secession Act Cancel its war debts Ratify the 13th Amendment |
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List new freedoms for slaves.
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Travel - Marriage - Education - Own land
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What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
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Assist former slaves & poor whites in the South. Provided: medical care, food, clothing, education, legal assistance & acted as a court of law in some situations.
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How many purposes did the Black Codes they serve?
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3
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Give the 3 main purposes.
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Denied the right to vote & serve on juries. Required freedmen to sign yearly contracts with plantation owners. Limited upward mobility of African Americans. Limited to only farm work - Children denied entry to schools.
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Who were the Radical Republicans?
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Abolitionists before the war, now determined to reconstruct the nation for equality for all.
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Who was the leaders of the Radical Republicans?
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Thaddius Stevens & Charles Sumner
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What happened to invoke "a collision course with President Johnson & Congress"?
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Johnson vetoed both bill/Radicals overrode both.
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What was the 14th Amendment?
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Gave all former slaves citizenship
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What was the significance of the 1866 election?
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Radicals gained a 2/3 veto-proof in both house.
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What were the Reconstruction Acts?
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Broke South into 5 districts controlled by Federal Troops. Election boards were set up by loyal supporters, Wrote states new constitutions, Required to ratify 14th Amendment, Command of the Army Act - limited Johnson's power as commander in chief, Tenure of Office Act - barred the president from firing certain federal officers without Senate consent.
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What event provoked the impeachment process?
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Johnson fired Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton (appointed by Lincoln and Radical Rebulican supporters)
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What did the Senate charge Johnson with?
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He brought the office of "President into contempt, ridicule and disgrace, to the great scandal of all good citizens"
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What did Johnson's lawyers argue?
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that all he did was defy Congress
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What was the final vote?
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36 to 25, just one vote short of the 2/3rds needed.
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How many voting groups were there in the South?
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3
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What were they?
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Freedmen-new to voting
Republicans-poor Southerners who opposed Secession Northerners-known as scalawags |
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Why did Northerners flock to the South?
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to make money off of the South
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What did Southerners call them?
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Carpetbaggers
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Who won the election of 1868?
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Ulysses S. Grant
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What was the significance of this election?
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it was marred by violence and Grant won the popular vote with half a million new black voters.
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What was the 15th Amendment?
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All men have the right to vote regardless of race, color or previous servitude.
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What percentage of new delegates were African-Americans?
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1/4th
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By what year had all Southern states been readmitted to the Union?
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1870
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What was Segregation?
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separation of races in public places
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What happened to money that was to be used to rebuild the South?
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Fell into the hands of corrupt officials.
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What were tenant farmers?
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land that was divided into small plots and rented to workers who would grow the crops.
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What is sharecropping?
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paying your share of the rent with the crop that you grow.
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What is debt peonage?
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debtors forced to work for the person they owed money to until they payed off their debt.
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What were some of the reasons Southern whites were angry?
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Former Confederates were not allowed to run for office, Government was raising taxes to pay for schools & improvements, there were corrupt officials.
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List 3 different terror groups.
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White Brotherhood Nights
White Camelia Ke Klux Klan |
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What wer some of the tactics of the terror groups?
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burning schools, attacks on Freedman's Bureau Agencies, and murder in some cases.
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What wer some ways the Northerners tried to end Reconstruction?
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sent troops to stop terror groups
Amnesty Act - granted to former Confederates & allowed them once again to hold office. |
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What was the significance of the election of 1876?
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Grant did not run for reelection.
Many state results were disputed. Hayes won the electoral college but not the popular vote. Compromise of 1877 - Hayes appointed a Southerner to his cabinet. Removed federal troops. |
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What ways did African-Americans lose ground under the new government?
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Poll Taxes-required citizens to pay a tax in order to vote.
Literacy Tests-test were made difficult so that many could not pass them. Whites were excused due to a "grandfather clause". |
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What were the Jim Crow Laws?
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Segreation in public places.
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What was Plessey v. Ferguson?
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Segreation was Constiutional as long as the facilities provided were equal to thos that were white.
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How did many African-Americans deal with segregation?
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many African-Americans chose to move to the north, while southerners banded together in the south to build schools & communities.
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