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333 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hienwatha
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Indian who, along with others, helped to convince the Iroqouis leaders to form the "Iroqouis League"
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Iroquois League
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a political,military, and religious alliance that helped the Five Nations survive massive changes and made them a major force in world diplomacy
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Western Hemisphere
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includes North America, Mexico, Central America, and South America
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Eastern Hemisphere
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includes Europe, Asia, and Africa
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Crusades
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military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
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Holy Land
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Palestine, which now is divided between Israel, Jordan, and Syria; called the Holy Land because it is the region in which the events described in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible took place; it is sacred to Christians, Jews, and Muslims
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Muslims
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People who practice the religion of Islam, a monotheistic faith that accepts Mohammed as the chief and last prophet of God
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Vikings
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Late-medieval Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian groups who responded to land shortages and climatic conditions in Scandinavia by taking to the sea and establishing communities in various parts of western Europe, Iceland, Greenland, and North America
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Ice Age
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a time of widespread glaciation
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Beringia
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during the ice-age was a dry, frigid grassland..
ca. 70,000-8,000 BCE human migration from Asia into Beringia(Now covered by the Bering Sea, and the Artic Ocean) |
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Kenniwick Man
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name given to a human skeleton discovered next to the Columbian River near Kenniwick, Washington in 1996. The skeleton is believd to be over 9,000 years old and appears to have facial features unlike those of other ancient Indian relics
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Paleo-Indians
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the first of three distinct, migrating group of Indians that probably entered the continent between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago, and their descendants eventually occupied the entire area of the Western Hemisphere.
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nomadic
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roaming about from place to place aimlessly, frequently, or without a fixed pattern of movement
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adze
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a cutting tool that has a thin arched blade set at right angles to the handle and is used chiefly for shaping wood
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maize
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corn; the word maize comes from an Indian word for this plant
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Adena Culture
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an early non-agricultural American Indian society centered in the Ohio River valley and spreading as far as West Virginia, it is known for having built large trading centers, where artifacts from all over North America have been found
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Hopewell culture
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a successor to the Adena culture also centered in the Ohio River valley and spreading as far as New york; Hopewell Indians introduced maize agricultural in about 200 BCE and built larger and and more elaborate mound cities in which large-scale trading activities continued
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Mississipian tradiotion
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a culture shared by a number of American Indian socities centered in the southern Mississippi River valley; influenced by Mexican culture, it is known for its pyramid building and urban centers
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mound builder
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name applied to a number of Native American societies, including the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian cultures, that constructed massive earthen mounds as monuments, and building foundations
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Mohammed
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born ca. 570 into an influential family in Mecca, on the Arabian Peninsula, around 610 Mohammed began having religious visions in which he was revealed as "the Messenger of God". The content of his various visions was recorded as the Qur'an, the scared text that is the foundation for the Islamic religion
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Moors
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Natives of northern Africa who converted to Islam in the eighth century, becoming the major carriers of the Islamic religion and culture both to southern Africa and to the Iberian Peninsula( Spain and Portugal), which they conquered and occupied from the eighth century until their ouster in the late fifteenth century
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Reconquista
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the campaign undertaken by European Christians to recapture the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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joint rulers of Spain(r.1469-1504); their marriage in 1469 created a united Spain from the rival kingdoms of Aragon and Castille
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anthropolgist
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a scholar who studies human behavior and culture in the past or the present
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longhouse
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a communal dwelling, usually built of poles and bark and having a central hallway with family apartments on either side
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pre-Columbian
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existing in the Americas before the arrival of Columbus
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Aztecs
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an Indian group living in central Mexico; the Aztecs used military force to dominate nearby tribes; their civilization was at its peak at the time of the Spanish conquest
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tributary empire
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an empire in which subjects rule themselves but make payments, called tribute, to an imperial government in return for protection, and services
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Great Basin
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a desert region of the western United States including most of Nevada and parts of Utah, California, Idaho, Wyoming, and Oregon
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Anasazi Indians
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built flood control dams, and irrigation canals
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sub-Saharan Africa
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the region of Africa south of the Sahara Desert
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millet
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a large family of grain grasses that produce nutritious, carbohydrate-rich seeds used for both human and animal feed
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fictive ancestor
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a mythical figure believed by a social group to be its founder and from whom all members are believed to be biologically descended
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Henry the Navigator
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Prince who founded an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that helped build Portugal's colonial empire
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Songhai Empire
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a large empire in West Africa whose capital was Timbuktu; its rulers accepted Islam around the year 1000
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Cape of Good Hope
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a point of land projecting into the Atlantic Ocean at the southern tip of Africa; to trade with Asia, European mainers had to sail around the cape to pass from the South Atlantic itno the Indian Ocean
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astrolabe
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an instrument for measuring the position of the sun and stars; using these readings, navigators could calculate their latitude-their distance north or south of the equator
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Christopher Columbus
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Italian explorer in the service of Spain who attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby arriving in America in 1492
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Bahama
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a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean east of Florida and Cuba
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John Cabot
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Giovanni Caboto) Italian explorer who led the English
expedition that sailed along the North American mainland in 1497 |
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Italian explorer of the South American; Europeans named America after him
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New World
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a term that Europeans used during the period of early contact and colonization to refer to the Americas, especially in the context of their discovery and colonization
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Northwest Passage
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the rumored and-much-hoped-for water route from Europe to Asia by way of North America was sought by earlt explorers
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Jacques Cartier
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French explorer who, by navigating the St. Lawrence River in 1534, gave France its primary claim to territories in the New World
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shaman
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a person who acts as a link between the visible material world and an invisible spirit world; a shaman's duties include healing, conducting religious ceremonies, and foretelling the future
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idolater
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a person who practices idolatry, idol worship, a practice forbidden in the Judeo-Christian and Muslim traditions
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reciprocal trade
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a system of trading in which the objective is equal exchange of commodities rather than profit
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Columbian Exchange
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the exchange of people, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America that occured after Columbus's arrival in the New World
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acquired immunity
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resistance or partial resistance to a disease; acquired immunity develops in a population over time as a result of exposure to harmful bacteria and viruses
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syphilis
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an infectious disease usually transmitted through sexual contact; if untreated, it can lead to paralysis, and death
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malarial
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related to malaria, an infectious disease characterized by chills, fever, and sweating;malaria is often transmitted by mosquito bites
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cash crop
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a crop raised in large quantities for sale rather than for local or home consumption
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Slave Coast
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a region of coastal West Africa adjacent to the Gold Coast; it was the principal source of the slaves taken out of West Africa from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century
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absolute monarch
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the ruler of a kingdom in which every aspect of national life-including politics, religion, the economy, and social affairs-comes under royal authority
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Ninety-five Theses
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a document prepared by Martin Luther in 1517 protesting certain Roman Catholic practices that he believed were contrary to the will of God as revealed in Scripture
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Reformation
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the sixteenth-century rise of Protestantism, with the establishment of state-sponsored Protestant churches in England, the Netherlands, parts of Germany and Switzerland, and elsewhere
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the Elect
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According to Calvinism, the people chosen by God for salvation
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Protestantism
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from the root word protest, the beliefs and practices of Christians who broke with the Roman Catholic Church; rejecting church authority, the doctrine of "good works". and the necessity of the priesthood, Protestants accepted the Bible as the only source of revelation, salvation as God's gift to the faithful, and a direct, personal relationship with God as available to every believer
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divine right
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the idea that monarchs derive their authority to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God
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Holy Roman Empire
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a political entity, authorized by the Catholic Church in 1356, unifying central Europe under an emperor elected by four princes and three Catholic archbishops
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Henry VIII
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King of England(r.1509-1547); his desire to divorce his first wife led him to break with Catholicism and establish the Church of England
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Elizabeth I
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Queen of England(r.1558-1603); she succeded the Catholic Mary I and reestablished Protestantism in England; her reign was a time of domestic prosperity and cultural achievement
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dissenter
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a person who does not accept the doctrines of an establishment or national church
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Dekanahwideh
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Huron Indian who had a vision from a spirit called Peacemaker, along with others helped to form the Iroquois League
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The factor that best explains why American Indians iriginally migrated from Asia to the Western Hemisphere is
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alternating periods of cooling and warming in the earth's climate... The Ice Age exposed the land bridge of Beringia, making it possible to cross overland between Asia and North America
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Among the most important factors contributing to the evolutionof the culture of early American Indians was the transition from
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hunting to agriculture... As the climate warmed and the Ice Age ended, the large game population became extinct, and many groups gradually became agriculturalists
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Ferdinand and Isabella were significant as monarchs because they
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backed the idea that one could reach Asia by sailing west... They did so in 1492, Christopher Columbus...
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In establishing themselves in the America's, Europeans were assisted by
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epidemics that ravaged American Indians... Diseases introduced by Europeans to the Western Hemisphere killed millions of Native Americans because they lacked immunity to European diseases.
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Cahokia is associated with
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the Hopewell culture that flourished in the interior of North America...
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People who did NOT particpate in the enslavement of Africans were
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the Vikings... Although they traveled widely, the Vikings did not engage in the African slave trade
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Before Columbus arrived in the America's, the Native American populations
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established wide, elaborate trading networks... Archaeological remains prove that North American Indians were bound together in trading networks
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The Crusades by European Christians against Muslim strongholds in the Middle East had the effect of
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creating new demand for products in Europe... The new products included, among others, silks, and spices
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Henry VII of England and Louis XI of France
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were monarchs who took decisive steps to unify their nations
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Like the Crusades, the Reconquista was directed against
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Muslim rule in an area contested by Europeans.. In Spain and Portugal..
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Anonymous European fishermen proved important soon after Columbus's discovery by
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starting trade with Native American Indians in North America...
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The climate change known as the Little Ice Age
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probably caused the Vikings to abandon North America... It made their colonies economically less sound, and it led to conflict with Native Americans who resided in the far north
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In contemplating the Indian peoples of the America's, Europeans
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had different opinions as to their nature and customs... Some regarded them as noble and free of corruption, while others characterized them as backward savages
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Protestants, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin
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a. advocated breaking away from the Catholic Church
b. disagreed about various theological pricnciples c.attracted many followers from the middle classes D>>> all of the above |
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American Indian spiritual ideas shared
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the view that everything in the universe belongs to a single, interconnected whole...
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Bartolome de Las Casas
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a former conquitador, he was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1512 and later became one of the most vocal opponents of Spain's brutal exploitation of Native American people... (later winning a debate against Juan Gines de Sepulveda, Las Casas brought his biblical learning and his New World experience to bear, and gaining the Catholic support for continued reforms in Spanish colonial policy)
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Council of Valladolid
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in 1551 rules that American Indians are human beings with souls
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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The agreement, signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, that moved the line separating Spanish and Portugese claims to territory in the non-Christian world, giving Spain most of the Western Hemisphere
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encomandero
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a lnd owner/propietor in the encomienda system, Spain's system of bonded labor in which Indians were assigned to Spanish plantation and mine owners in exchange for a tax payment and an agreement to "civilize" and convert them to Catholicism
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conquistadors
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Spanish soldiers who conquered Indian civilizations in the New World
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Hernando Cortes
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Spanish soldier and explorer who conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico for Spain
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decimation
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to reduce drastically, especially in number
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Fransisco Vasquez de Coronado
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Spanish soldier and explorer who led an expedition northward from Mexico in search of fabled cities of gold, passing through present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, giving Spain a claim to most of the American Southwest
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Stuart Kings
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The dynasty of English kings who claimed the throne after the death of Elizabeth I, who left no heirs
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the Netherlands, Holland, Dutch
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Often used interchangeably, the first two terms refer to the low-lying area in western Europe north of France and Belgium and across the English Channel from Great Britain; the Dutch are the inhabitants of the Netherlands
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privateer
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a ship captain who owned his own boat, hired his own crew, and was authorized by his government to attack and capture enemy ships
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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English courtier, soldier, and adventurer who attempted to establish the Virginia Colony
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gentry
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the class of Englsih landowners ranking just below the nobility
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Roanoke Island
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Island off North Carolina that Raleigh sought to colonize begining in 1585
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inflation
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rising prices that occur when the supply of currency or credit flows fatser than the available supply of goods and services
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armada
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fleet of warships
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cabildo secular
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secular municipal council that provided local government in Spain's New World empire
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feudal
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relating to a system in which landowners held broad powers over peasants or tenant farmers, providing protection in exchange for loyalty and labor
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serfs
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peasants who were bound to a particular estate but, unlike slaves, were not the personal property of the estate owner and recieved traditional feudal protections
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Saint Augustine
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first colonial city in the present-day United States; located in Florida and founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles for Spain in 1565
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Samuel de Champlain
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French explorer who traced the St. Lawrence River inland to the Great Lakes, founded the city of Quebec, and formed the French alliance with the Huron Indians
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New France
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The colony established by France in what is now Canada and the Great Lakes region of the United States
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Company of New France
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company established by Cardinal Richelieu to bring order to the running of France's North American enterprises
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coureurs de bois
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literally, "runners of the woods"; independent French fur traders who lived among the Indians and sold furs to the French
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Community of Habitants of New France
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company chartered by Anne of Austria to make operations in New France more efficient and profitable; it gave significant political power to local officials in Canada
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Robert Cavalier, Sieur de La Salle
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French explorer who followed the Mississippi River from its origin in present-day Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico in 1683, giving France a claim to the entire river way and adjoining territory
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Louisiana
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French colony south of New France; it included the entire area drained by the Mississippi River and all its tributary rivers
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Henry Hudson
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Dutch ship captain and explorer who sailed up the Hudson River in 1609, giving the Netherlands a claim to the new area now occupied by New York
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Dutch West India Company
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Dutch invetsment company formed in 1621 to develop colonies for the Netherlands in North America
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patroonship
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a huge grant of land given to any Dutch West India Company stockholder who, at his own expense, brought fifty colonists to New Netherland; the colonists became the tenants of the estate owner, or patroon
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New Netherland
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the colony founded by the Dutch West India Company in present-day New York; its capital was New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island
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burghers
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town dwellers who were free from feudal obligations and were responsible for civic government during the medieval period in Europe; in New Amsterdam these were men who were not Dutch West India Company officials, but who governed civic affairs throguh their political influence
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Don Juan de Onate
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Spaniard who conquered New Mexico and claimed it for Spain in the 1590's
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Acoma Pueblo
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Pueblo Indian community that resisted Spanish authority in 1598 and was subdued by the Spanish
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Hopi Indians
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Indians who were related to the Commanches and Shoshones and took up residence among the Pueblo Indians as agricultural town-dwellers; their name means "peaceful ones"
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Santa Fe
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Spanish colonial town established in 1609; evetually the capital of the providence of New Mexico
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ascetic
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practicing severe abstinence or self-denial generally in pursuit of spiritual awareness
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katsina dolls
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painted wooden models that represent spirit beings in Pueblo beliefs, often used in ceremonies and possessing great cultural significance
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Pueblo Revolt
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Indian rebellionagainst Spanish authority in 1680 led by Pope; succeeded in driving the Spanish out of New Mexico for nearly a decade
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missionaries
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a person undertaking a mission and especially a religious mission
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Creek Confederacy
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Alliance of Indians living in the Southeast; formed after the lethal spread of European diseases to permit a cooperative economic and military sytem among survivors
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Fort Orange
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Ducth trading post establishged near present-dya Albany, New York, in 1614
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Mohicans
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Algonquin-speaking Indians who lived along the Hudson River, were dispossessed in a war with the Iroquois confederacy, and eventually were all but exterminated
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buffalo
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the American bison, a large member of the ox family, native to North America and the staple of the Plains Indian economy between the fifteenth and middle nineteenth centuries
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Caddoan
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a family of languages spoken by the Wichitas, Pawnees, Arikaras, and other Plains Indians
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Lakotas/Dakotas
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Subgroups of the Sioux Nation of Indians; Lakotas make up the western branch, living mostly on the Great Plains; Dakotas, the eastern branch, live mostly in the prarie and lakes region of the Upper Midwest
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subsistence farming
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farming that produces enough food for survival but no surplus that can be sold
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Natchez Indians
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an urban, mound building Indian people who lived on the lower Mississippi River until they were detsroyed in a war with the French in the 1720's; survivors joined the Creek Confederacy
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Chickasaw Indians
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an urban mound-building Indian people who lived on the lower Mississippi River and became a society of hunters after the change in climate and introduction of disease after 1400;
they were successful in resisting French aggression throughout the colonial era |
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Choctaw Indians
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like the Chickasaws, a mound-building people who became a society of hunters after 1400; they were steadfast allies of the French in wars agaisnt the Natchez and Chickasaws
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creole
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in colonial times, a term refering to anyone of European or African heritage who was born in the colonies; in Louisiana, refers to the ethnic group resulting from intermarriage by people of mixed languages, races and cultures
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bosch loopers
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Dutch term meaning "wood runners"; independent Dutch fur traders
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Dutch Reform Church
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Calvinistic Protestant denomination; the established church in the Dutch Republic and the official church in New Netherland
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"brown gold"
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tobacco
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The papacy's potential to play a major part in the colonization of the New World was demonstrated by
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the Treaty of Tordesillas... The pope drew the treaty line that established where Spain and Porugal were to colonize
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The conquest of the Aztec's in Mexico demostrated the importance of
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epidemic diseases in overwhelming Native American populations...
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Attempts at colonization by the English during the reign of Queen Elizabeth
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were a consequence of her anti-Spanish foreign policy...
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Tension between the Catholic Church and settlers in Spanish America could be traced in part to
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the church's efforts to protect Native Americans from outright exploitation of their labor..
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Despite the existence of many problems in the governance of Spain's colonies, the Spanish Empire flourished because of
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the immense wealth it produced... that wealth was in the form of gold, silver, and copper
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France's claim to the vast region of Louisiana was based on
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the discovery and traverse of the Mississippi River by French explorers: Louis Joilet, Jacques Marquette, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle
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French settlement in the New World remained small and limited in part because
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French colonists preferred fur trapping to agriculture...
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To cope with changing conditions, Native Americans like the Creeks
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turnwed to alliances and diplomacy...
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To shore up their respective positions, French and Dutch competitors in the Northeast
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forged alliances with Indians who were in competition with each other...
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The Little Ice Age caused many Plains Indians to
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shift to a more mobile way of life... the connection was through the multiplication of the buffalo, a roving animal population
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The Pueblo Revolt led to
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the spread of a new economy based on horse transport... as a result of the revolt, thousands of Spanish horses escaped and ran free. The Plains Indians became dependent on them as a consequence
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Bosch loopers most resembled the
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coureurs du bois~ both lived in the woods and trapped fur-bearing animals
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Spanish settlers in the New Mexico region concentrated economically on
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ranching..
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Santa Fe and New Netherland were similar in that
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each had a multicultural population...
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Settlers in New Mexico and in Louisiana were alike in that both
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extensively married Native American women
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Nathanial Bacon
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Began his defiance of the colonial government with one specific objective: to remove the threat of Indian aggression from backcountry of Virginia leading a group of of Virginia colonists in a rebellion against the corrupt royal governor and the elite planters who supported him(he burned Jamestown to the ground... Bacon's plan would have succeeded had he not died of dysentery) Drafted "The Declaration of the People"
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Chesapeake
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The Chesapeake was the common term for the two colonies of Maryland and Virginia; both of which border on Chesapeake Bay
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Church of England
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Protestant church establisehd in the sixteenth century by King Henry VIII as England's official church; also known as the Anglican Church
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Parliament
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the lawmaking branch of the English government, composed of the House of Lords, representing England's nobility, and the House of Commons, an elected body of untitled English citizens
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Commonwealth
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republic established after the victory of Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war; the Commonwealth lasted from 1649 until the monarchy was restored in 1660
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Restoration
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era following the return of monarchy to England, begining in 1660 with King Charles II and ending in 1688 with the exile of King James II
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Glorius Revolution
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a term used to describe the removal of James II from the English throne and the crowning of the Protestant monarchs, William and Mary
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joint-stock company
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a business financed throguh the sale of shares of stock to investors; the investors share in both the profits and losses from a risky venture
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entrepreneur
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a person who organizes and manages a business enterprise that involves risk and requires initiative
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Jamestown
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First permanent English settlement in mainland America, established in 1607 by the Virginia Company and named in honor of King James I
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head right system
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the grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought over to Virginia by a colonist
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House of Burgesses
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elected lawmaking body of Virginia, established by the Virginia Company in 1618; the assembly first met in 1619 (gave landholders of Virginia a measure of control over local political matters)
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staple crop
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a basic or necessary agricultural item, produced for sale or export
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John Coode
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leader of a rebel army, the Protestant Association, that won control of Maryland in 1691
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charismatic
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having a spiritual power or personal quality that stirs enthusiasm and devotion in large numbers of people
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indentured servants
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compulsory service for a fixed period of time, usually from four to seven years, most often agreed to in exchange for passage to the colonies; a labor contract called an indenture spelled out the terms of the agreement
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demographic disaster
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the outcome of a high death rate and an unbalanced ratio of men to women in the Chesapeake colonies
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separatists
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English Protestants who chose to leave the Church of England because they believed it was corrupt
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Pilgrims
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a small group of separatists who left England in search of religious freedom and sailed to America on the Mayflower in 1620
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William Bradford
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the separatist who led the Pilgrims to America; he became the first governor of Plymouth Plantations
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Mayflower Compact
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an agreemnet drafted in 1620 when the Pilgrims reached America that granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony's laws
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Squanto
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a Patuxet Indian who taught the Pilgrims survival techniques in America and acted as translator for the colonists
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John Winthrop
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one of the founders of Massachuttes By Colony and the colony's first governor
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Great Migration
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the movement of Puritans from England to America in the 1630's, caused by political and religious unrest in England
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original sin
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in Christian doctrine, the condition of sinfulness that all humans share because of Adam and Eve's disobedience to God in the Garden of Eden
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hierarchy
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a system in which people or things are ranked above one another
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femme couverte
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from the French for "covered woman"; a legal term for a married woman; this legal status limited a woman's rights, denying them the right to sue, or be sued, own or sell property, or earn wages.
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sainthood
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full membership in a Puritan church
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Quakers
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members of the Society of Friends, a radical Protestant sect that believed in the equality of men and women, pacifism, and the presence of a divine "inner light" in every individual
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heretic
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a person who does not behave in accordance with an established attitude, doctrine, or principle, usually in religious matters
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Roger Williams
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Puritan minister banished from Massachusetts for criticizing its religious rules and government policies; in 1635, he founded Providence, a community based on religious freedom and the separation of church and state
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Anne Hutchinson
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a religious leader banished from Massachuttes in 1636 because of her criticism of the colonial government and what were judged to be heretical beliefs
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magistrate
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a civil officer charged with administering the law
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Pequot War
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conflict in 1636 between the Pequot Indians inhabiting eastern Connecticut and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut: the Indians were destroyed and driven from the area
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Metacomet
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A Wampanoag chief, known to the English as King Philip, who led the Indian resistance to colonial expansion in New England in 1675
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guerrilla tactics
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method of warfare in which small bands of fighters in occupied territory harass and attack their enemies, often in surprise raids; the Indians used these tactics during King Philip's War
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Half-Way Covenant
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an agreement (1662) that gave partial membership in Puritan churches to the children of church members even if they had not had a "saving faith" experience
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Dominion of New England
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a megacolony created in 1686 by James II that brought Massachusetts, Plymouth Plantations, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, and New York under the control of one royal governor, William and Mary dissolved the Dominion when they came to the throne in 1689
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patronage
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jobs or favors distributed on a political basis, usually as rewards for loyalty, or service
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suffrage
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the right to vote
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property requirement
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the limitation of voting rights to citizens who own certain kinds of or amounts of property
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Presbyterians
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members of a Protestant sect that evetually became the established church of Scotland but which in the seventeenth century was sometimes persecuted by Scotland's rulers
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Jacob Leisler
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German merchant who led a revolt in New York in 1689 against royal officials representing the Dominion of New England; he was executed as a traitor when he refused to surrender control of the colony to a governor appointed by William and Mary
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William Penn
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English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681
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egalitarianism
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a belief in human equality
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pacifism
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opposition to war or vilonce of any kind
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yeoman
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independent landowner entitled to sufferage
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James Oglethorpe
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English philanthropist who established the colony of Georgia in 1732 as a refuge for debtors
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religious toleration
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1649 Toleration Act~protecting all Christians from being troubled [or] molested...in respect of his or her religion
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Following the disappearance of Roanoke, English efforts to establish colonies relied on
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investment by merchants in joint-stock companies
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The settlement at Jamestown at first ran into severe difficulty in part because
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some of the settlers were gentlemen who did not know ho to work
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Most colonists in Virginia eventually moved away from Jamestown because
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tobacco became the colony's economic mainstay
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One of the most effective ways of attracting English settlers to Virginia in the first half of the seventeenth century was by
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offering headrights of free land to those who paid for settlers to come to the colony
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Coode's Rebellion in Maryland in the 1680"s is a good example of colonial conflicts between
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Protestants and Catholics
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Plymouth's Mayflower Compact was similar to Virginia's House of Burgesses in that
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both gave colonists an opportunity to participate in self-government
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Charles I and James II were alike in that
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their religious and political
policies led to successful rebellions against them |
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Maryland was similar to Virginia because it
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relied on tobacco as the basis for it's economy
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The Glorious Revolution
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stimulated rebellions in several of the colonies
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Bacon's Rebellion is best described as a
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a rebellion by frontier interests
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The Puritans of Massachusetts sought to create a society
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in which religion would regulate the community
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New York and Pennsylvania were alike in that
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a diverse population took root in each
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Among the contributions of Africans to the culture of colonial America, particularly in the South, was expertise in
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cattle raising
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South Carolina resembles Virginia in that
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a)the economies in each colony relied on a cash crop
b)the headright system appeared in each c)both eventually became royal colonies d)<<<all of these |
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The original plan for the Carolinas developed bu John Locke
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sought to establish a society of great landowners
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Eliza Lucas Pinckney
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innovative woman who experimented with new crops, and stretched gender roles
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seasoning
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period during which slaves from Africa were held in the West Indies so they could adjust to the climate and disease environment of the American tropics
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middle passage
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The transatlantic voyage of indentured servants or African slaves to the Americas
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apprentice
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person bound by legal agreement to work for an employer for a specific length of time in exchange for instruction in a trade, or craft, or business
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discrimination
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treatment based on class, gender, or racial category rather than merit; prejudice
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indigo
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shrub-like plant w/clusters of red or purple flowers, grown on plantations in the South, used to make dyes
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femme sole
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from the French for "woman alone" a legal term for an unmarried, widowed, or divorced woman with a legal right to own or sell property, sue or be sued, or earn wages
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unprecedented
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unheard of, or novel
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subsistence society
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society that produces the food and supplies necessary for it's survival but which does not produce a surplus that can be marketed
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absentee planters
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an estate owner who collects profits from farming or rent but does not live on the land or help cultivate it
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tidewater
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low coastal land drained by tidal streams in Maryland and Virginia
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piedmont
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land lying at the foot of a mountain range
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carrying trade
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business of transporting goods across the Atlantic or to the Caribbean
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milliner
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a maker or designer of hats
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manumit
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to free from slavery or bondage; to emancipate
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demographics
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statistical data on population
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Scots-Irish
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Protestant Scottish settlers in British-occupied northern Ireland, many of whom migrated to the colonies in the eighteenth century
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Stono Rebellion
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Slave revolt in South Carolina in 1739; it prompted the colony to pass harsher laws governing the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways
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Paxton Boys
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Settlers in Paxton Pennsylvania, who massacred Conestoga Indians in 1763 and then marched in Philadelphia to demand that the colonial government provide better defense against the Indians
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Regulators
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frontier settlers in the Carolinas who protested the lack or abuse of government services in their area; the North Carolina Regulators were supressed by government troops in 1771.
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Enlightenment
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an eighteenth-century intellectual movement that stressed the pursuit of knowledge throuh reason and challenged the value of religious belief, emotion, tradition
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philosphe
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any of the popular French intellectuals or social philosophers of the Enlightenment, such as Voltaire, Diderot, or Rousseau
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deism
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The belief that God created the universe in such a way that it could operate without any further divine intervention, such as miracles
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social contract
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theoretical agreement between the government and the government that defines and limits the rights and obligations of each
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Trinity
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in Christian doctrine, the belief that God has three divine aspects-Father,Son, and Holy Spirit
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established church
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official church of a nation or colony, usually supported by taxes collected from all citizens, no matter what their religious beliefs or place of worship
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Congregationalism
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a form of Protestant church government in which the local congregation is independent and self-governing; in the colonies, the Puritans were congregationalists
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charismatic
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having a spiritual power or personal quality that stirs enthusiasm and devotion in large numbers of people
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itinerant
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traveling from place to place
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Great Awakening
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series of religious revivals based on fiery preaching and emotioalism that swept across the colonies during the second quarter of the eighteenth century
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George Whitefield
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English evangelical preacher of the Great Awakening whose charismatic style attracted huge crowds during his preaching tours of the colonies
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proprietor
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in colonial America, a proprietor was a wealthy Englishman who received a large grant of land in America from the king or queen in oreder to create a new colony
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insubordination
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resistance to authority; disobedience
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sovereignity
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the ultimate power in a nation or a state
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policy
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a course of action taken by a government or a ruler
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Salutary neglect
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the British policy of relaxed enforcement of most colonial trade regulations as long as the mainland colonies remained loyal to the government and profitable within the British economy
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enumerated
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added to the list of regulated goods or crops
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corporate colony
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a self-governing colony, not directly under the control of proprietors or the crown
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bureaucrat
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a government official, usually appointed, who is deeply devoted to the details of administration procedures
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power of the purse
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the political power that is enjoyed by the branch of government that controlstaxation and the use of tax monies
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deference
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yielding to the judgement or wishes of a social or intellectual superior
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oratorical
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related to the art of persuasive and eloquent public speaking
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ad hoc
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created for, or concerned with, one specific purpose; Latin for "to this end"
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Creek Confederacy
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Alliance with the Creeks and smaller Indian tribes living in the Southeast
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Great War for Empire
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referd to in Europe as the Seven Years' War, in the colonies as the French and Indian War
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Treaty of Paris
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The treaty ending the French and Indian War in 1763; it gave all of French Canada and Spanish Florida to Britain
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The economies of most of the English colonies revolved around
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agriculture,
South Carolina & Georgia produced rice and indigo, Chesapeake colonies grew tobacco and wheat, Middle colonies produced wheat |
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Backcountry regions throughout colonial North America
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had a low-level subsistence economy, from north to south-the frontier region produced just enough for survival
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In new England during the eighteenth century
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scarce land impeeled many to move farther west or to commercial centers in the region
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Slavery increased in the South after 1680 because
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the supply of indentured servants fell off
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Few cities developed in the Chesapeake region because
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merchants did not settle there, population there imported goods from England and had little need for merchants who were intermediaries
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Slaves in the Lower South were more readily able to develop their own culture than those in the Chesapeake because
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they were concentrated in large numbers on plantations
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The Stono Rebellion in 1739
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convinced southern whites that the possibilty of slave uprisings was high.. The uprising resulted in actual deaths among white settlers
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The Middle Colonies were distinguished by
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the dynamic urban life of New York City and Philadelphia
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According to the social contract theory
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people have a right to rebel if the government violates their natural rights.. social contract theory justified revolution
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"A wonderful power was in the room and with one accord they began to cry out and weep most bitterly for the space of half an hour. Some peole were... crying to God for mercy." This quotation is a description of a Great Awakening sermon preached by a(n)
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Methodist... The quotation describes the passion associated with the Great Awakening, George Whitefield, its author, was associated with Methodism.
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Colonial assemblies tended to
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be dominated by generations of elite families... This gave the assemblies an advantage over the colonial governors because it made its members into a cohesive group
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The growth of protestant sects and denominations in colonial America led to
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the growth of the concept of religious toleration
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The policy of salutary neglect meant that England
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permitted relaxed enforcement of a great many laws and regulations... It meant that the colonies were largely left alone
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What Europeans called the Seven Years' War, the colonists were more likely to cal
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the French and Indian War... It received this name because the English fought not only the French but also their Indian allies
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The Great War for Empire
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ended with Britain victorious everywhere over France... England triumphed over France in North America, India, the Caribbean, and the Pacific.
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The outcomes of war with France included
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a great war debt for England to shoulder
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The Proclamation Line of 1763 was obnoxious to many colonists because it appeared to
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favor western Indian tribes and discourage western settlement
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To exert greater British control over the American colonies, the government of George Grenville
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sought to clamp down on the American practice of smuggling foreign goods
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The Stamp Act of 1765 encountered unusually high levels of of colonial protest because it
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threatened the colonial understanding of the relationship between Parliament and the colonial assemblies
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The most effective means of protest against the British government devised by the colonists was
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boycotts of British merchandise
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When Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it also enacted the Declaratory Act which
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asserted Parliament's right to tax the colonies
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The British government mistakenly believed that the colonists would willingly comply with the Townsend Acts because
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Benjamin Franklin had not correctly informed them of the colonial position on customs duties
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The English argued that the colonists enjoyed representation in Parliament because
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the members of the House of Commons represented everyone in the British Empire- not just those who happened to elect them
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The Boston Massacre convinced Americans that
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the British would go so far as to shoot down innocent townspeople
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The Gaspee' incident continued to inflame American opinion after it was over because
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Boston had been singled out by the British government for special punishment
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The British government passed the Tea Act in order to
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save the East India Company from bankruptcy
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The Intolerable Acts of 1774 were widely interpreted by colonial radicals as
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certain evidence that England intended to undermine colonial rights
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During the decade of controversy between England and the colonies that preceded the American Revolution, the social and economic differences that Americans faced among themselves
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frequently surfaced
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Following the clashes at Lexington and Concord, the delegates at the Second Continental Congress
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tried for reconciliation with England in the Olive Branch Petition
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Which one of the following statements is NOT true regarding those who supported the British?
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Artisans and laborers prospered under British economic regulations
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American weaknesses during the War of Independence included all of the following EXCEPT
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no foreign support
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Washington moved his army from Massachusetts to New York City because
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British strategy focused on New York City because it had many loyalists
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The chief signifigance of the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 was that it
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raised the possiblity of French support for the Americans
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Friedrich von Steuben's chief contribution to Washinhgton's
ragged army was that he |
helped train and discipline the raw recruits
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France decided to support America during its war for independence because
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of French losses to Britain in the Great War for Empire
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To meet the the problem of insufficient hard currency, Congress
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printed paper money
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To fight the war, the British relied on
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a)loyalist guerila forces
b)Native American allies c)Hessian mercenaries d)all of these |
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Which of the following statements regarding the fighting at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781 is accurate?
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It showed the value of French support for the American cause
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In negotiating end to the war, America's diplomats
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forced the British to recognize American independence as the price for even begining the negotiations
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The revolutionary era's emphasis on protecting the rights of the individual led to
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laws guaranteeing freedom of religion
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Among the most obvious attempts to promote economic equality in the immediate postwar period was the movement to abolish
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primogeniture
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Despite the growth of social equality during the revolutionary era,
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in almost all states, only free, white men who owned property could vote
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The concept of "Republican motherhood" assigned women responsibility for
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transmitting republican values to the next generation
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The American Revolution affected slavery by
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a)forcing people to question how it contradicted prevalent ideas of freedom and liberty
b)providing opportunities for many slaves to obtain their freedom by escaping to the British Army c)begining the process of abolishing it in the northern states c)<<<all of these |
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Loyalists who left America for England
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often sank into obscurity
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The conventional eighteenth-century American view of republican government included all of the following concepts EXCEPT
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a monarchy is a desirable form of government
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The Articles of Confederation government was a weak one because it
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did not have the power to tax
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The Northwest Ordinances had the effect of
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developing the procedure for creating new states
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The fact that the Barbary pirates could kidnap Americans and sell them into slavery demonstrated that
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the Articles of Confederation government was weak
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The concepts of checks and balances was embraced by the Constitutional Convention as a way to
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prevent abuses of power by any group or individual
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The Great Compromise resolved the differences between the New Jersey and Virginia plans principally through the use of
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a bicameral legislature
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The Three-Fifths Compromise
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permitted slaves to be counted for purposes of representation in Congress
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The Electoral College method of electing the president
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took direct voting for this office away from the voters
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Those who favored adoption of the Constitution called themselves Federalists because
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they knew that opposition to a strong national government was widespread
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In the battle to ratify the Constitution,
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supporters of ratification argued that the country faced grave crises
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As a consequence of the differences between Hamilton and Jefferson,
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two great political divisions (or parties) developed
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In addition to encouraging commerce and manufacturing, Hamilton
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favored close ties with Britain
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Washington's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion indidcates that he
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favored a national government strong enough to enforce its policies
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By the time George Washington retired, the
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United States faced grave tensions with its old allt, France
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In his Farewell Address, Washington warned his fellow citizens about the dangers from
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political parties
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In foreign affairs
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the Republicans favored France, while the Federalists supported Britain
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Hamilton regarded the idea of democracy
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with disdain
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The presidential election of 1796 was unique because
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the president-elect and the vice-president elect represented opposing political parties
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To cope with the Republicans, the Federalists
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sought to silence them by enacting the Sedition Act
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The Twelfth Amendment
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separated the Electoral College balloting for president and vice president
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In Marbury v. Madison
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John Marshall asserted the power of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
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Jefferson's plans for the United States included
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a smaller, less expensive national government
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In his conflict with the Barbary pirates, Jefferson
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had to rescue Americans who were being held hostage
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The Louisiana Purchase
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ended the recurring problem of American navigation on the Mississippi River once and for all
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The Lewis and Clark expedition
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explored all the way to the Pacific Ocean
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The Louisiana Purchase affected life in the East because
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young people could declare their independence at an earlier age and move west for abundant land
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Evangelicalism spread quickly in the West because
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it provided a sense of order and stability in areas where well-established institutions did not yet exist
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Thomas Jefferson's attitudes toward American Indians included the view that
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Indians were culturally less advanced than Europeans and Americans
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African Americans developed their own institutions in northern states because
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they were excluded from white ones
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In the presidential election of 1804, the Federalists hoped to use as their primary issue
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their opposition to the Louisiana Purchase
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