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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Colombian exchange |
American food crops like corn potatoes and cocoa and Tobacco for European metallurgy, reading and writing, domesticated livestock such as hogs, cattle and horses, firearms as well as coffee sugar and honeybees |
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Joint stock company |
raised capital by selling shares in a particular enterprise to investors, in return shareholders got a portion of the profits from the business |
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American Multiplication table |
A term coined by Ben Franklin to explain the population explosion of Pennsylvania and new York related to immigration and natural population growth |
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American Philosophical society |
A group whose purpose was to spread technology and the promotion of useful knowledge. Franklin, a founder, and the group shared desire for recognition from European scientists, although the society was not elitist and gave public demonstrations |
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Transportation Act of 1718 |
Gave criminals a chance to leave England prisons and travel to the new world as indentured servants. 70% of felons took the opportunity |
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Zachary Taylor |
General of the forces that Mexico fired of in may 11 1846. Won the battles of Monterrey (9/1846) and Buena Vista in 1847 |
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Winfield Scott |
Winfield Scott landed on the southern coast of Mexico and marched inland and ended in Mexico city in 9/1847 |
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Stephen Kearney |
Stephen Kearney occupied New Mexico after taking if from the Mexican garrison that fled in 8/18/1846 |
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Fredrick Douglas |
Fredrick Douglas was a free black who argued that slavery itself was an abomination |
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William Lloyd Garrison |
William Lloyd Garrison was a young Bostonian who promised "I will not retreat a single inch, I will be heard!" He welcomed women and blacks to join him in his efforts. In 1835 was almost lynched for his efforts in Boston. |
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Stephen Douglas |
Senator Stephen Douglas. "The little giant" from Illionois, Who prevented an open rupture of the union. He worked with regions and was able to get compromises passed, saving the Union |
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Uncle Tom's Cabin |
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851-1852) was produced by Harriet Beecher Stowe's. It was a condemnation of slavery that was very readable and emotional, Selling a half a million copies. |
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Winfield Scott |
Winfield Scott was the Whigs choice and a general, but ended up losing to Franklin Pierce |
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Franklin Pierce |
Franklin Pierce of new Hampshire was a Democrat who had been a congressmen, Senator, Served in war and was practicing law when chosen by democrats who won the election against Winfield Scott |
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Filibustering |
Filibustering (insurrection) expeditions in central America |
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Gadsden Purchase |
Gadsden Purchase was purchasing the right of way for rail lines through the south of the rocky mountains |
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Kansas - Nebraska Act of 1854 |
Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854 divided the Territory into Nebraska, Which would be free, and Kansas, which everyone in congress would assume to be slave |
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Know - Nothing Party |
The Know nothing party, Also known as the American Party, was based off the fear of immigrants and "slave's power" |
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Slave Power |
Slave power is the idea that slaves would take over the positions held by the free workers |
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Dartmouth College Case |
In Dartmouth College John Marshall ruled that states could not dissolve a colonial charter |
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McCulloch v Maryland |
In McCulloch vs Maryland John Marshall prevented the state from taxing the Second Bank of the United States, Restating the supremacy of federal law over state law |
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James Monroe |
James Monroe was a Virginia planter/ politician was president between 1816 -1824. Most Achievements were Foreign relations related |
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John Quincy Adams |
John Quincy Adams, Son of ex president and secretary of state in 1818, convinced Spanish to sell Florida to America |
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Andrew Jackson |
Andrew Jackson had an army of Indian fighters who were occupying Florida after capturing the two Indian chiefs and hanging them along with British supplies |
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Rush - Bagot Treaty |
The Rush - Bagot treaty with great Britain limited arms in the great lakes region and was negotiated by john Quincy Adams |
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The Monroe Doctrine |
The Monroe Doctrine was the promise that America would not interfere with events in Europe if Europe did not interfere with the events in the Americas |
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Missouri Compromise |
The Missouri Compromise was a fight over the admission of new states, resulting in a compromise engineered by Henry Clay. To admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. all other territories about the 30 degrees 30 minutes latitude would remain free as well |
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Lewis Cass |
Lewis Cass was a Michigan senator who favored annexation in presidential race in 1844 |
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James K Polk. |
James K Polk, a dour, colorless of version of Andrew Jackson, carried the nomination |
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"Fifty-four/forty or fight" |
"Fifty- four/ forty or fight" related to the treaty about the discussions with the British setting of the new national line |
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The Alamo |
The Alamo was a siege where 187 Americans have died along with former congressmen, Davy Crockett |
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Republic of Texas |
Republic of Texas was lead by Sam Houston and annexed by the US on March 1 1845 |
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empresarios |
Immigration agents who made arraignments with Americans to move them south to Texas |
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Stephen F. Austin |
Stephen F. Austin was a famous empresarios |
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Antonio Lopez |
Antonio Lopez of Santa Anna was elected president and made himself dictator. Put down rebellions in Mexico then marched into Texas in 1836 |
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Frederick Jackson Turner |
Frederick Jackson Turner was a Young Wisconsin historian who gave a lecture entitled "the significance of the Frontier in American history" |
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Indian Territories |
The Indian Territories in 1830s and 1840s were an area wast of the Mississippi compromising Oklahoma , and parts of Kansas. Some who lived there were removed by Andrew, Jackson. |
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Pawnees and Souix |
The Pawnees were farmers who moved from Nebraska and were preyed upon by the Souix, not receiving the protection promised by the US government. |
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Lewis Crass |
Lewis Crass was from Michigan and a former solider, Diplomat, and territorial governor, who called for popular sovereignty |
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Popular Sovereignty |
popular sovereignty was the idea that states settlers would decided the slavery question in newly acquired lands |
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Zachary Taylor |
Zachary Taylor was a Louisiana slave holder and a hero of the Mex-american war, no known political ideology but was strong willed and an unionist |
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The compromise of 1850 |
The compromise of 1850 was the proposal offered by Henry Clay. His proposal allowed California to enter the U=S as a free states, then allow new Mexico and Utah territories to decide for themselves if they would be slave or free. the slave trade was banned in the district of Columbia. In return the fugitive slave law would be enacted with teeth |
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Personal Liberty Laws |
Personal liberty laws were laws guaranteeing blacks due process, but were removed and ruled unconstitutional, galvanizing northern opinion against the south |
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Police Powers |
The police powers stated that states might take property or limit liberty for the health and welfare of its citizens |
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Fugitive slave law |
Fugitive slave law allowed commissioners to be appointed at public expense to capture slaves |
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Millard Fillmore |
Millard Fillmore of New York was Taylor's successor, favored some form of compromise |
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John v. Fremont |
John C. Fremont was an experienced explorer and had already routed the Mexicans in a series of short sharp engagements from June , 1846 till January 8, 1847 |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in February 2, 1848. the treaty gave the US all of Mexico territory north of the Rio grand for 15 million dollars |
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Black Codes |
The black codes defined an unemployed freedmen as vagrants and effectively re-enslaved them. Also denied them the right to vote, hold office, serve on juries, or attend schools |
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Congressional reconstruction |
Congressional reconstruction included federal troops occupying the south, they also passed the 14th amendment |
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14th amendement |
The 14th amendment defined freedmen and women residing in states automatic citizenship. It also stated no state could infringe upon the rights of citizens over the rights granted to other citizens, such as due process, equal protection, privileges and immunity's |
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Restoration |
restoration was an idea to reverse secession by restoring the southern states to the way they were pre- war |
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Reconstruction |
Reconstruction was the fundamental rebuilding of the south, abolishing slavery and the new state constitutions would be established, federal troops would occupy the south for a time |
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The 10% plan |
The 10% plan was to have 10% of former confederates sign loyalty oaths |
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The Freedmens Bureau |
The Freedman's Bureau provided food, Medicine, Doctors, Education, Land, and legal assistance to newly freed slaves and was the largest social program ever passes. Est. 3,3 1865 |
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Andrew Johnson |
Andrew Johnson was VP under Lincoln and was chosen in 1864 to balance the ticket as a Tennessee politician. Oversaw presidential reconstruction |
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Presidential reconstruction |
Presidential reconstruction was the idea that Andrew Johnson had, excluding black people from voting, limiting government, whites had to sign oaths of loyalty. Estates > 20,000 dollars had to apply for clemency from the president. Excluded those who violated earlier oaths |
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the reconstruction act of 1967 |
the reconstruction act of 1867 divided the south into 5 military districts with 1,2,3 states. also allowed freedmen protection at the polls, ensured republicans a force in the south and generally founded won the concept that the federal government would provide justice for all |
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Tenure of office act |
The tenure of office act limited the presidents power to remove cabinet members. When Johnson tried to remove the sec of was, he was impeached in the house and narrowly avoided the same fate in the senate. |
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the battle of chickamauga |
the battle of chickamauga on sep 20 cost moth union and confederate army nearly 36000 casualties, but the union line held long enough to retreat |
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siege of Atalanta |
the siege of Atalanta was where grant and Sherman forced the confederates out of Atalanta |
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march to the sea |
march to the sea was where Sherman committed raiding and resource denial to the south, killing stock of whites and slaves alike |
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overseer exemption |
the overseer exemption permitted for 1 man per plantation over 20 to be excepted from the draft. this left many poor white southerns to feel disenfranchised with the war |
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William Tecumseh Sherman |
William Tecumseh Sherman was a subordinate of grant who was noted for having the skill and will to defeat the confederates |
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the battle of Vicksburg |
the battle of Vicksburg used grants land forces and gunboats of the Mississippi to outflank and capture the city of Vicksburg on 4/4/1863 |
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the Morrill land grant |
the Morrill land grant set aside federal lands for agricultural colleges |
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the homestead act |
the homestead act stated whoever improved western lands would keep 160 acres of land |
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Carla Barton |
Carla Barton was a nurse in the civil war who later went on to develop the red cross |
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the battle of Gettysburg |
the battle of Gettysburg took place in south eastern Pennsylvania. The federals turned back to the confederates, holding a long ridge line. They turned back a frontal assault of confederates (picketts, charge) into a route. 50000 men were killed, 2000 more confederates then federals |
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The greenback |
the federal government pumped paper money known as greenbacks into the local economy |
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positive law |
the statues about slavery going all the way back to the first colonies, slave law = racial law, making it difficult for white masters to free slaves |
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Gabriel Prosser |
Gabriel Prosser attempted a Slave rebellion in 1800s in Richmond Virginia |
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Denmark Vesey |
Denmark Vesey, a free black, supposedly instigating a rebellion against Charleston and him as well as the ringleaders were executed |
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Nat Turner Rebellion |
The Nat Turner rebellion in 1831 lead to the deaths of whites, mostly women and children, 70 were killed |
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the black bottom |
the black bottom is where slavery expanded in the states during the antebellum period, also the lower south |
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Lower South |
the lower south included the states of south Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, who dominated the economy |
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upper south |
the upper south included Virginia, north Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri. The majority did not own slaves or cultivate cotton, living on family farms instead |
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copperhead |
a copperhead was an antislavery pro pro secession portion of the democratic party in the north, especially active during the winter of 1862-1863 |
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Clement L Valladingham |
Clement L Valladingham was an Ohio politician who induced some volunteers to desert which, in a military tribunal convicted. Lincion commuted the sentence and banished him to the Confederacy. instead he fled to Canada |
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william H Holden |
William H Holden, a North Carolina democrat who was holding peace meetings in north Carolina that attracted some Followers and increased desertions in the confederate army |
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Merrimack and Monitor |
The Merrimack was a confederate ironclad that attempted to break the union blockade, was working until union ironclad the monitor arrived and fought to a standstill |
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the battle of bull run |
the battle of bull run 30000 union soldiers were routed by 22000 defenders. the victory brought 500000 southern volunteers |
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George B McClellan |
George B McClellan was a carrier officer but a democrat in politics. trained the army for a year but was not a good battlefield leader |
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The Battle of Antietam |
the battle of Antietam left 23000 dead and would have destroyed lees forces if McClellan had pushed his advantage |
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Contraband of War |
Contraband of war was a philosophy of some union leaders used to justify the freeing of laves. Then congress authorized union officers to free slaves whenever possible in 1861 |
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Emancipation proclamation |
the emancipation proclamation was used by Lincoln to increase enlistments from free blacks, as well as increase moral in the north |
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The 13th amendment |
The 13th amendment passed in 1864 and ratified in 1865 outlawed slavery |
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Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson |
Thomas Stonewall Jackson drove his men mercilessly to outmaneuver the larger federal forces |
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Robert E Lee |
Robert E Lee was willing to take casualties and ricks, allowing him to prevail over union forces, pushing the federalists back |
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Seven Days battle |
Seven Days battle was the battle between robert E Lee and George B McClellan forces, six miles outside of Richmond. allowed the confederates to push McClellan back to Washington D.C. but suffered 20000 casualties |
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Ulysses S. Grant |
had the ability to read terrain and make quick decisions. returning from obscurity to become a major commander of union forces. Feb 6/16/1862 caused confederate commanders to surrender Feb 25th captured Nashville Tennessee. April 6th he thought the war was almost over when a surprise attack made him reevaluate |
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Battle of Shiloh |
The Battle of Shiloh was fought by 35000 of grants troops and 40000 of Albert Sidney and Johnston forces. over 2300 men were killed, wounded or MIA |
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Petit maroonage |
petit maroonage was resistance by slaves by breaking tools, feigned illness or otherwise protesting the system without harming whites |
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Courthouse Rings |
Planters dominated the local power structures, sometimes forming courthouse rings the controlled the local judiciary and county officialdom |
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Republican party |
Republican party opened their arms to know-nothings, conservative reformers, abolitionists, liberty party men and moralists of many persuasions. Important topics included free soil in Kansas, temperance, tariffs, aid to industries, internal improvements, and free lands to home steads. republicans were elected pres from 1860 to 1880 |
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Bleeding Kansas |
Bleeding Kansas was known as the battle between pro slavery and antislavery forces in the territory of Kansas. Lecompton, Kansas, was a pro slavery legislature that was a illegal, but Democrats in congress accepted them rather then allow antislavery forces from gaining control of the territory |
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John Brown |
John Brown, an abolitionists, and his sons heard from god to retaliate against the mob that attacked the antislavery forces |
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Fire eaters |
Fire eaters was a term used to distinguish those that called for secession in the south |
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Sack of Lawrence |
sack of Lawrence was publicized by the republicans. republican senators Charles summers vitriolic denunciation of southerners motives. Preston brooks clubbed in senseless. Brooks hero in south, summer a martyr in north |
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James Buchanan |
James Buchanan was a Pennsylvania democrat. Called dough face by republicans, was a veteran politician |
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Dread scott case |
the Dread Scott case was known as a self inflicted wound. Roger Claimed Negros could not be citizens. Taney opined the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional |
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Abraham Lincoln |
Abraham Lincoln was a republican Lawyer from Springfield Illinois. using his homespun charm sense of humor and populism to build a career in the states legislature. Ideals, fee soil and strong unionist |
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free port doctrine |
the free port doctrine was Douglas response to the Dread Scott case stating the high court could not stop people in the territory from outlawing slavery |
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Harpers ferry |
Harpers ferry armory was a federal armory captured by john brown to lead a slave revolt in the upper north. the slaves did not join in the revolt |
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Secession |
Secession, or breaking from the union, was seen as a last result of a proud people |
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John C. Breckenridge |
John C. Breckenridge was an opposition candidate from the south to Douglas |
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Confederate states of America |
the confederate states of America was formed by 2/1/1861. were Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas |
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Jefferson Davis |
Jefferson Davis was a hero of the Mexican war and named president of the confederation |
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Crittenden Compromise |
Crittenden Compromise was rejected by republicans because it violated commitment to free soil. It would have made the Missouri compromise fundamental law |
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the siege of Petersburg |
The Siege of Petersburg allowed grant to surround Pertersburg and capture the rail depots there |
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Prisoner of war exchanges |
Prisoner of war exchanges were put on hold related to the Souths unwillingness and Norths insistence that blacks be included |
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Lees surrender |
Lee surrendered on April 9th 1865 and grant allowed lees men to keep their arms and horses for hunting and plowing |
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Bloody shirt |
The blood shirt was a tactic used in campaigning by republicans to remind the north of what it lost and was effective in getting grant elected |
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Fifteenth Amendment |
the fifteenth amendment provided the right to vote could not be denied upon the idea of race of color |
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Biracial government |
Biracial government was a government in with both blacks and whites could participate |
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Benedict Arnold |
Benedict Arnold battled Burgoyne and defeated him on October 17th, causing the french to join the revolutionary war |
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George Grenville |
George Grenville was a pompous long winded but incorruptible, unpopular but his competence with money made him valuable to England |
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General James Wolfe |
Brigadier General James Wolfe captured Quebec 9/12/1758 |
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John Adams |
John Adams was a Whig Lawyer who represented the soldiers from the Boston massacre and was instrumental in convince the colonies to revolt against Britain |
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Townshend Duties |
Townshend Duties were tariffs placed on Items imported from England to the colonies. Non importation was a tactic used by the colonists to have English Merchants repeal the duties |
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The Boston Massacre |
March 5 1770 british soldiers fired a volley into a Mob after being overwhelmed, killing 3 outright and fourth dying and a boy. Boston Jury convicted the soldier of murder, Boston whigs got them acquitted. |
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The Battle of Quebec |
French Garrison under Montcalm of 15000 men were defeated at Quebec by general James Wolfe |
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Albany Plan of the Union |
The Albany Plan of the Union was a plan of Ben Franklin to have a governor general to prosecute the French and Indian war while colonial assemblies would choose members of a grand council. The Colonies assemblies refused the plan. |
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Walt Whitman, Louisa May Alcott, Harriett Beecher Stowe |
Poets, Novelists and essayists that drew inspiration from the ideals of transcendentalists and sentimentality of romantic novelists. Whitman wrote Leaves in the Grass (1855) Alcotts little women (1868) Stowes accounts of uncle tom and little liza in the 1850s |
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Ralph Waldo Emerson |
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an essayist and lecturer who believed people could live close to nature and appreciate its bounty. He was a Transcendentalists and wrote essays self reliance and the American scholar |
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Henry David Thoreau |
Henry David Thoreau was a transcendentalist who believed in individual expression, rejected restraints on women, opposed slavery and mistreatment of factory workers. His Narrative of his stay in Walden Pond |
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Ned Buntline |
Ned Buntline was a famous cheap novel producer mixing themes of adventure, sentimentality and revenge into his stories. Later he would become a famous western writer |
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Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville |
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville manuplated romantic sentiments with their writing. NH wrote scarlet letter (1850) featuring secret sinfulness. EAP featured themes of horror, Mystery, guilt and lost love. HM featured revenge and adventure in Moby Dick (1851) |
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Highbrow Culture |
Highbrow culture included things such as literature and painting |
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Lowbrow Culture |
Lowbrow Culture consisted of theater, boxing, cock and dog fights as well as reading the newspapers and romantic novels |
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Catharine Beecher |
Catharine Beecher convinced Massachutes to open a teaching school to train women for the classroom |
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B Anthony |
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B Anthony campaigned for equality in the workplace for women as well as the public sphere |
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Henry Waldsworth Longfellow |
Henry Waldsworth Longfellow was famous for his poem "the childrens hour" which offered a word picture of the famil as a refuge from the cares of the day |
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Affectionate family style |
Affectionate family style of parenting is which marrige and childrearing was based on love and mutuality |
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Horace Mann |
Horace Mann was a whig politican and temperance advocate who warned that uneducated children on immigrants would become a drian on public as charity cases or criminals |
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Dorothea Dix |
In 1841 Dorothea Dix visited confined insane and documented the inhumane treatment of mentally ill. Convinced states to create insane asylums or mental hospitals |
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depression of 1837 - 1842 |
The depression of 1837 to 1842 was cuased by the federal governments insistance on Specie (hard money) for land purchases, cuasing a run on banks which failed. Caused wages in textile factories to drop by 1/3rd and unemployment spread. |
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Panic of 1857 |
The panic of 1857 was caused by the french and british reluctince to lend money after the crimean war and a declining need for heat in europe. Unemployment and looting was widespread, general recovery came in 1859 |
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Gibbions V ogden |
Gibbions V ogden opened the hudson river to all steamboats |
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Charles river bridge |
Charles River Bridge case denied a bridge company a monopoly |
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Commonwealth Vs. Hunt |
The ruling by the supreme court that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies and could organize and strike as best to serve their interests |
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Fellow Servant rule |
The fellow servant rule held that companies were not liable to damages from other workers |
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Cyrus McCormick |
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, turning the parries of the Midwest into the wheat bowl of the world |
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Waltham System |
In Waltham system workers in mill towns lived in dormitories or boarding houses away from their families and lived according to the timetable the plant owner set |
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Transportation Revolution |
Transportation Revolution was caused by cheaper and more reliable means of production causing manufacturing and industry to take off |
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Second bank of the United States |
The Second bank of the US was helped in the growth of industry and land speculation in the west |
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Oliver Perry |
Oliver Perry was a captain who destroyed a small British squadron famous for saying, "we have met the enemy, and they are ours" |
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William Henry Harrison |
William Henry Harrison had driven the British and their Indian allies from Detroit by 1814 |
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Embargo Act of 1808 |
Embargo Act of 1808was Jeffersons attempt at forcing Britian to respect American Neutrality by preventy American ships from trading with Britian. The act was increadably expensive to maintain and did not harm British economy at all |
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Charles Cornwallis |
Charles Cornwallis was the General left behind to continue to american campaign. He grew tired of the fugitive war and marched on north carolina, Lost Cowpers, Defeated Gilford courthouse then was captured at yorktown after relief from the sea was blocked |
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Robert Morris |
Robert Morris Took Charge of the colonies fiances and put the colonies on firmer financial footing |
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Battle of New Orleans |
Battle of New Orleans occurred on January 8th, 1815. the defenders of New Orleans, under the leadership of Andrew Jackson, Defeated an army of 6000 regulars during the war of 1812, only losing 21 Americans. Making Andrew Jackson a national hero |
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Treaty of Ghent |
The treaty of Ghent was signed before the battle of New Orleans and only needed to be ratified by the American and British Governments |
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John Marshall |
John Marshall led the second treaty mission to France, Settling most french disputes, was awarded secretary of state, then Chief justice in the supreme court |
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Aaron Burr |
Aaron Burr, an ambitious but unscrupulous replacement to John Adams, who lost when Hamilton personal dislike of Burr caused him to convince a federalist to vote for the republican nominee |
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Alien friends and Sedition Acts in 1798 |
Allowed Federalists to imprison or jail non citizens in times of peace of war to prevent political opponents of the federalists from speaking out. As well as fine and increase time to claim citizenship form 5 to 15 years |
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Virgina and Kentucky Resoultions |
The virgina and Kentucky resolutions were the republican response, claming that the federalists imported englands law of seditious libel. Jefferson also claimed states had t right to impose themselves between the Federal government and citizens whenever the Federal Government reached too far |
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John Jay Treaty |
Chief Justices John Jays attempt at a treaty with Britian that was undermined by hamilton telling the british officals how desperate the Americans were. Removal of british forces from American Soil and opening the West indian markets. Nothing mentioned about the seizure of american Sailors |
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Pinckey's Treaty |
Pinckey's Treaty with Spain side benefit was opening the misissippi to western farmers as well as opening the port of New Orleans |
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Virginia Plan |
Virginia Plan provided for a Bicameral national legislature based on population and an executive elected by the national legislature and a separate Judiciary |
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
Northwest ordinance created a political system in territories where congress appointed a governor and 3 judges and let adult male property holders to vote on the territorial legislature. When a territory gained 60000 they could apply for statehood. This ordinance banned slavery |
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Southwest ordinance of 1790 |
Southwest ordinance created a political system in territories where congress appointed a governor and 3 judges and let adult male property holders to vote on the territorial legislature. When a territory gained 60000 they could apply for statehood. This ordinance Allowed slavery |
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The ordinance of 1784 |
The ordinance of 1784 allowed for new territories to enter the united states on equal terms with the original 13 colonies |
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The Land ordinance of 1975 |
The land ordinance of 1785 provided for survey of the territories into square townships of 16 sections. Land was sold at auction under the assumption that townships would be bought by communities |
