American Heritage Midterm (Byu, Rick Fish

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George Washington

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Known as the "Father of His Country," General Washington led the continental Army to victory during the REvolutionary War, presided over the constitutional convention, and was elected as the first president of the US

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Alexander Hamilton

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Served as the first Secretary of the Treasury under Washington and founded the Federalist Party. He also co-wrote The Federalist and championed a strong central government.

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Montesquieu

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A French political thinker who favored the British system of rule and lauded the idea of separation of powers

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John Calvin

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A French theologian during the Protestant Reformation who greatly influenced Puritan beliefs. He taught that the Bible was the final authority for matters of faith and that salvation came through grace only (not works). HE also taught the doctrine of Predestination

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John Rolfe

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Virginia colonist who pioneered the cultivation of tobacco as a profitable agricultural enterprise. Rolfe also married Pocahontas in 1614.

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John Locke

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English philosopher whose Treatises of Government espousing natural rights, consent of governed, and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers

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John Winthrop

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Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop is known for his sermon "A Model of Christian Charity," in which he stated that the Puritan colony would be "a city upon a hill."

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David Hume

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Scottish philosopher who created the "filters of consent": When the people select the most virtuous representatives who in turn select even more virtuous government officials.

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Adam Smith

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Scottish philosopher and economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations. He is considered the father of modern economics.

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Robert Brown

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Writer and proponent of the Separatist movement that demanded separation from the Church of England. His writings inspired groups such as the Pilgrims to emigrate to America for religious freedom.

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William Paterson

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New Jersey representative at the Constitutional Convention who presented the New Jersey Plan, which gave equal representation to states regardless of size or population.

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Thomas Paine

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Author of Common Sense and the American Crisis papers, which helped convince many Americans of the need for independence.

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Thomas Jefferson

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Third President of the United States, Jefferson was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and an influential Founding Father of the United States. He founded the Democratic-Republican Party and promoted the idea of a small federal government.

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Patrick Henry

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Best known for his famous "give me liberty, or give me death" speech in the Virginia House of Burgesses, Henry was an Anti-Federalist who pushed for a bill of rights to be added to the Constitution after its ratification.

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John Adams

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Founding Father and proponent of a bicameral legislature, Adams defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre and later served a 2nd President of the United States, where he made his "midnight appointments" that were the basis of the Marbury v. Madison case.

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Edmund Randolph

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Governor of Virginia and delegate to the Constitutional Convention, Randolph refused to sign the Constitution in Philadelphia, but later was instrumental in persuading Virginia leadership to ratify it.

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James Madison

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Fourth President of the United States and Founding Father, Madison is often called "Father of the Constitution." He co-authored The Federalist with Hamilton and Jay and helped Jefferson create the Democratic-Republican Party.

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Benjamin Franklin

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One of the most well-known Founders, Franklin was also a leading printer, scientist, inventor, and diplomat. He helped secure France as an ally during the Revolutionary War.

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Roger Sherman

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Connecticut delegate to the Constitutional Convention, Sherman proposed the great compromise of one legislative house having proportional representation while the other had equal representation.

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George Mason

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Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, Mason refused to sign the Constitution because it did not contain a declaration of rights.

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John Jay

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A Founding Father, Jay served as a President of the CC, co-wrote The Federalist with Hamilton and Madison, and served as the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court

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James Wilson

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A primary framer of the Constitution, Wilson proposed the three-fifths compromise for slave representation and election of the president by the people. He was also key in Pennsylvania's ratification of the constitution.

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Puritans

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British religious emigrants who wanted to reform the Church of England rather than sever all ties with it; their beliefs in the Christian Calling, Moral Self-Governance, and in being God's Elect would help shape the Founding and American national character.

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Pilgrims

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Small congregation of separatists seeking to distance themselves, physically and spiritually, from the church of england by emigrated to New England.

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Theocracy

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Divinely inspired rule, or rule by religion

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Social Compact

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The social concept of a group of autonomous individuals living in a state of nature, making a common agreement about the sort of political world they want to live in.

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House of Burgesses

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An assembly of representatives elected by the common people of the Virginia colony, similar to the House of Commons.

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Declaration of Independence

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1776 Document expressing the desire and intention of the American colonies to break ties with Britain due to the injustices perpetrated by King George III.

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Alexis De Tocqueville

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Frenchman who wrote Democracy in America, in which he explored the uniqueness of American character and its sources.

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Bicameralism

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A legislature in which there are two separate divisions or houses

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Generality

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Rule of law principle that states when laws are made they must apply to broad categories of people and must not single out individuals or groups for special treatment.

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Mercantilism

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An economic theory that emphasized the importance of stockpiling gold and silver to the economic power of a nation. Mercantilists regulated the economy by encouraging exports and restricting imports.

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Sovereignty

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Ultimate political power--having the final say

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Anti-federalists

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Political group that was against the ratification of the Constitution

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Virginia Plan

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Plan presented during the Constitutional Convention in which each state would have proportional representation in the Congress

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Great Compromise

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Proposed by Roger Sherman, it brought together the New Jersey and Virginia Plans by having the upper congressional house representation equal by state and the lower house representation proportional by population.

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Laissez-faire

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Policy in which there is little or no interference with exchange, trade, or market prices by the government.

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Tea Act

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Legislation passed by the British government in 1773 designed to give the British Eat India Company a monopoly on tea in the colonies, the Act led to the infamous Boston Tea Party

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Boston Tea Party

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On December 16, 1773, American colonists protested the British tax on tea by dumping 342 crates of British tea into Boston harbor.

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Whig Party

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England's first political party, organized in political opposition to the King; Americans later formed their own Whig party during the Jacksonian democracy era, but the two parties did not hold the same ideology.

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Tories

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English royal court and the center of British political power, known also as the "Court party" and characterized by corruption and subversion.

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Daniel Morgan

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an American pioneer, soldier, and United States Representative from Virginia. One of the most gifted battlefield tacticians of the American Revolutionary War, he later commanded troops during the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion.

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Henry Knox

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was a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, and also served as the first United States Secretary of War.

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George Rodgers Clark

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a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky (then part of Virginia) militia throughout much of the war. Clark is best known for his celebrated captures of Kaskaskia and Vincennes during the Illinois Campaign, which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory. Because the British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Clark has often been hailed as the "Conqueror of the Old Northwest."

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Marquis de Lafayette

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French major general assisting in the American revolution. Troops in Virginia under his command blocked forces led by Cornwallis until other American and French forces could position themselves for the decisive Siege of Yorktown. "The Hero of the Two Worlds"

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Rochambeau

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Was french nobleman who was commander-in-chief of the 7,000 french soldiers. helped lafayette and washington to pwn cornwallis at yorktown and chesapeake bay

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Joseph Warren

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Was with Paul Revere and William Dawes on the midnight ride. Was made major general of militia but declined rank and fought alongside soldiers and died in battle.

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Samuel Prescott

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He is best remembered for his role in the "midnight ride" to warn the townspeople of Concord of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution. He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord.

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Baron Von Steuben

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He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines. He served as General George Washington's chief of staff in the final years of the war.

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John Paul Jones

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Father of the American Navy

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Benedict Arnold

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he distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. His actions included the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga and key actions during the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in 1777, in which he suffered leg injuries that ended his combat career for several years. Defected to Britain (something about giving up west point)

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Horatio Gates

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was a retired British soldier who served as an American general during the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga (1777) — a matter of contemporary and historical controversy — and was blamed for the defeat at the Battle of Camden

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Nathanael Greene

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was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British general Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia. When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer.

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Northwest Territory

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it was part of the British Province of Quebec, and a territory under British rule set aside in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for use by Native Americans, which was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris

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Anglicans

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Those belonging to the church of England or other related churches

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Calvinism

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Protestant church based off of teachings of calvin, includes predestination

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Presbyterian

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Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is government by representative assemblies of elders. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ.

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Lutherans

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believe the bible to be the only source of truth, believe the godhead to be one in purpose but distinct personages.

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separatists

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people who rejected the church of england feeling that it retained to many catholic traditions. referred to themselves as the Saints. most radical of all puritans

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Hessians

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German mercanaries employed by king george III to fight of the american revolutionaries

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Catholics

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catholic means universal. believe to be in the line of authority from Christ to Peter and so forth. Was the reason for the protestant reformation.

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Massachussets bay

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the area where the pilgrim settlement took place, including Plymouth, Boston and Cape Ann. John Winthrop delivered his "city upon a hill" sermon as he led the pilgrims to the bay.

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Church of England

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The church that renounced papal authority when Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon

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congregationalism

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a system of church governance in which every local church congregation is independent, ecclesiastically sovereign, or "autonomous".

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Reformed Church

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it was the North American branch of the Dutch Reformed Church.

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Episcopal

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Where a bishop watches over an entire congregation. describes itself as being Reformed and "Protestant, Yet Catholic." Founded in Jamestown.

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Plymouth

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The hometown of America. The city established by the passengers of the mayflower. Massachussets bay colony established here.

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Habaes Corpus

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In the US system, federal courts can use the writ of habeas corpus to determine if a state's detention of a prisoner is valid. A writ of habeas corpus is used to bring a prisoner or other detainee (e.g. institutionalized mental patient) before the court to determine if the person's imprisonment or detention is lawful.

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Treaty of Paris

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The Treaty of Paris of 1783, negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty–John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens.

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Treaty of Paris 1763

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The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there.

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Articles of Confederation

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The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified on March 1, 1781.

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Proclamation of 1763

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The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, in which it forbade all settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.

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Federalist No. 10

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No. 10 addresses the question of how to guard against "factions", or groups of citizens, with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. Madison argued that a strong, big republic would be a better guard against those dangers than smaller republics—for instance, the individual states.

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Federalist No. 51

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addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government. One of its most important ideas is the often quoted phrase, "Ambition must be made to counteract ambition".

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inalienable rights

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That which is inalienable cannot be bought, sold, or transferred from one individual to another. The personal rights to life and liberty guaranteed bythe Constitution of the United States are inalienable. Similarly, various types of property areinalienable, such as rivers, streams, and highways.

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necessary and proper clause

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The Necessary and Proper Clause is as follows: The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and properfor carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

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bill of attainder

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A bill of attainder (also known as an act of attainder or writ ofattainder or bill of pains and penalties) is an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them without privilege of a judicial trial.

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ex post facto

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with retroactive effect or force.

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Whiskey Rebellion

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The so-called "whiskey tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. Farmers were angry because they felt that it was taxation without consent of the people. Government argued that it was exercise of the taxation power invested in congress

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Bacons Rebellion

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A rebellion of settlers lead by Nathaniel Bacon on William Berkley for his failure to retaliate against atacking native americans.

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Pontiacs Rebellion

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a war that was launched in 1763 by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes primarily from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War. British gave small pox infected blankets to kill off indians.

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Shays Rebellion

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Fueled by perceived economic terrorism and growing disaffection with State and Federal governments, Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led a group of rebels (called Shaysites) in rising up first against Massachusetts' courts, and later in marching on the United States' Federal Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government. Although Shays' Rebellion met with defeat militarily by forces entirely from the state of Massachusetts, it led national leaders to call for a stronger national government to suppress possible future rebellions that a state might not be able to suppress on its own.

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impeachment

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Impeachment is a formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civil punishment.

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Gerrymandering

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manipulate the boundaries of (an electoral constituency) so as to favor one party or class.

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Redistricting

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Redistricting is the process of drawing United States electoral district boundaries. In 34 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor.

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Enumerate

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To counter one by one. As in census.

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Speaker for the house

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The presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The Speaker, a member of theHouse, is elected by a majority party caucus.

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Cloture

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is a motion or process in parliamentary procedure aimed at bringing debate to a quick end. It is also called closure or, informally, a guillotine. The cloture procedure originated in the French National Assembly, from which the name is taken.

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Filibuster

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an action such as a prolonged speech that obstructs progress in a legislative assembly while not technically contravening the required procedures.

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Impost

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a tax or similar compulsory payment.

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implied powers

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Implied powers, in the United States, are those powers authorized by a document (from the Constitution) that, while not stated, seem to be implied by powers expressly stated.

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Presidential Pardons

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A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the cancellation of the relevant penalty; it is usually granted by a head of state (such as a monarch or president) or by acts of a parliament or a religious authority.

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Writ of Certiorari

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It is issued by a superior court, directing an inferior court, tribunal, or other public authority to send the record of a proceeding for review.

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Grand Jury

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A grand jury is a legal body that is empowered to conduct official proceedings to investigate potential criminal conduct and to determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may compel the production of documents and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses to appear before it.

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Indictment

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a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime.

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Federal District Courts

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the general trial courts of the United States federal court system. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the district court, which is a court of law, equity, andadmiralty.

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Court of Appeals, Appellate Courts etc

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are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system. A court of appeals decides appeals from the district courts within its federal judicial circuit, and in some instances from other designated federal courts and administrative agencies.

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Plurality

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the number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more than any other but does not receive an absolute majority.

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Majority

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Majority rule is a decision rule that selects alternatives which have a majority, that is, more than half the votes. It is the binary decision rule used most often in influential decision-making bodies, including the legislatures ofdemocratic nations.

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Prima Facie

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based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise.

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Prospectivity

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Laws must apply only to future behavior, not to past action (no ex-post factolaws).

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Due Process

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is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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Intollerable Acts

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Punishment for the boston tea party: included the boston port act (closing the port until the tea expenses were paid), the Administration of justice act (requiring all trials to take place in britain) and the Quartering Act.

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Stamp Act

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required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp.[1][2] These printed materials were legal documents, magazines, playing cards, newspapers and many other types of paper used throughout the colonies. Like previous taxes, the stamp tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money.[3] The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years' War

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Federal Judge

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a judge appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II of the United States Constitution.

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Supreme Court

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It has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and over state court cases involving issues of federal law, plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the final interpreter of federal constitutional law, although it may only act within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction.

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Supreme Court Chief Justice of US

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John Roberts

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Congressional District Method

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The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they are elected by "electors" who are chosen by popular vote on a state-by-state basis.

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Patriot

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(also known as Rebels, Revolutionaries, Continentals, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who violently rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation.

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Loyalists

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American colonists who remained loyal to the British monarchy during the American Revolutionary War. At the time they were often called Tories, Royalists, or King's Men; Patriots called them, "persons inimical to the liberties of America."

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Article 1: Section 2

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Establishes the house of representatives stating that each state will have reps proportional to population and states the terms of being elected

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Art 1: Sec 3

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Established senate. two per state. 6 years of service. 9 years as a citizen. 2/3's vote required to pass law. president is head but can't vote unless it's a tie.

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art 1: sec 8

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congress has power to tax and collect tax. Also can:

Borrow money on US credit

regulate foreign trade and comerce

Establish coinage and regulate value

Post offices and post roads

copyrights to encourage authors and scientists

DECLARE WAR, raise armies, navy and militia

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Article 2

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Sets forth the executive branch, the process of electing president and vice president

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Article 3

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Creates the Judicial branch and establishes powers of judicial branch

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Article 4

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responsibilities and duties of the states as well as what responsibilities the federal government has to the States. Includes the fugitive slave clause which would be abolished by the 13th amendment.

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Article 5

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Changing the constitution. When 2/3 congress think it necessary, can call a convention to discuss an amendment and ratify it by 3/4s of state in convention.

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Article 6

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States than constitution is highest law of land and that all debts are still in effect.

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Article 7

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explains how many state ratifications are needed in order for the proposed Constitution to take place in the United States and how a state could go about ratifying the Constitution.