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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Federalist |
A political group FOR ratification of constitution. Used merits of case to argue, answering q's point by point |
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Anti-Federalist |
Opposed to constitution's ratification wanted something more like neighborly "Our Town' Personal sovereignty Local cultures Opposed to: 1) considered 'aristocratic government' 2)NO such thing as 'extended republic' 3) To vague --No bill of rights! |
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The Federalist |
Essays written to gain support for Constitution. Pseudonym Publius but written by Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. --explains democratic & republican sides of constitution |
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natural rights |
Rights given to people by nature and protected by government When framing Bill of Rights, concerns were with real life application and undermining governing. |
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Civil Rights |
solution to natural rights--Rights are defined in narrow terms, concrete language. Narrow quarters. Coded references |
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'The Great Oughts' |
Three parts of Bill of Rights left vague Freedom of conscience (religion) Freedom of expression (speech) Freedom of privacy |
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Edmund Randolph |
governor of Virginia Refused to sign Constitution because it had no Bill of Rights
Later helped get Constitution ratified in Virginia |
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Samuel Adams |
Signed Declaration of Independence Opposed Constitution, Anti-Federalist |
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Alexander Hamilton |
1st Secretary of Treasury Co-writer of The Federalist Founder of Federalist party Beliefs: Common people not trusted Always rulers Looking at HOW a great nation should be Proposed national government should: 1) Assume war debt of all states 2)pay off debt of federal gov & have financial reputation 3) establish a Bank of US 4) negotiate trade w/ Britain 5) Impose taxes on imported goods |
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William Marbury |
Sued Madison for delivery of commission being withheld |
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John Marshall |
Supreme Court justice Ruled that Constitution is supreme Thus establishing judicial review |
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George Mason |
Anti-federalist At assembly hall to argue against Constitution |
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Patrick Henry |
Anti-Federalist At assembly hall to argue against Constitution |
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John Jay |
A founding father Co-writer of Federalist 1st Supreme Court justice |
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George Washington |
1st president unanimous vote Established tradition Mr. President NO advice from senate warned against parties in farewell speech |
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Elbridge Gerry |
Refused to sign constitution because it was too compromised |
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Views of Delegates on Constitution |
some left convention in disgust, three framers even refused to sign it. Promised to fight it. People saw nation as too radical. |
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How Federalist handled Bill of Rights issue |
Promised they would amend the constitution by adding in the Bill of Rights(nothing held them to the promise however), did it against all odds |
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How Judicial Review was established |
Judicial review established in Marbury vs. Madison by John Marshall, decided that Constitution ruled. Supreme Court over other courts. Allowing supreme court to evaluate laws. |
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Reasons for NO Bills of Rights in original Constitution |
Trusted Constitution would protect rights better than enumerated list, which would be necessarily incomplete of citizens rights |
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Examples of Narrow Rights |
Bear arms, No quartering, Speedy trial |
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Examples of broad rights |
conscience, expression, privacy |
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Right of Privacy is located where in Constitution? |
Is not explicitly in Constitution but can be inferred by 1st, 3rd, 4th amendments |
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Loyal opposition |
when losers continue to support even if against their beliefs Founders didn't believe or maybe understand concept as they dealt w/ intense opposition |
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Thomas Jefferson |
1st secretary of state society w/small government Farmers make up ideal society supported French revolution narrow interpretation of constitution's powers Saw westward expansion as common man's destiny, American heartland, wanted up to 14 new states |
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Democratic-Republican Party |
Wanted narrow and strict interpretation of constitution Jefferson and Madison lead Self reliant individuals with protected rights, small government Support French Revolution and alliances w/France narrow constitutional powers |
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Federalist Party |
NOT same thing as federalist Hamilton and John Adams America as great empire dominating Western hemisphere Support alliances w/ Britain Powerful federal government Broad interpretation of constitution |
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James Madison |
co-writer of The Federalist drafted Bill of Rights part of Democratic-Republican Party |
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original consent |
giving consent the 1st time, such as ratifying Constitution |
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periodic consent |
continuing consent at certain intervals to a provision or law |
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filtered consent |
consent that is distanced from people through filters such as indirect elections, time between elections, size of representation |
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plurality |
largest share of total votes, not percentage largest block of votes cast |
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electoral college |
indirect election occurring every for years for president (filter of consent) |
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majority |
would require a run-off election (more than half of votes cast) |
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Jeffersonians |
supporters of Jefferson |
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Hamiltonians |
Supporters of Hamilton |
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John Adams |
leader of Federalist party |
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Filter for House of Representatives: |
Not filtered but direct election by people based on population Representative was for 30,000 people |
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President filter |
indirect through electoral college every 4 years |
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Federal Judge |
Serve for life, appointed by President and approved by senate |
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Deep Change |
A fundamental shift in society often slow Big change for USA due to land, open space, tech, eager population, great founding |
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Charles Darwin |
Theory of evolution Lead to major social, cultural, religious implications |
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Karl Marx |
Economist theorist Attacked market economy Immorality of market income & historical forces Generate socialism and communism movements |
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Sigmund Freud |
Psychology beyond man's control Behavior influenced by subconscious & external factors beyond control |
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Albert Einstein |
Theoretical physicist Special and General Theories of Relativity and e=mc2 |
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New Deal |
Franklin D. Roosevelt gave government blank check power to do anything to improve economy inflate money, regulate industry, give jobs |
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Federalism |
Founders believed in sticking with the Constitution to limit federal power Government began getting more and more powerful |
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Franklin D Roosevelt |
Only president to serve 4 terms Helped country struggle through Great Depression New Deal |
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judicial activism |
using judicial power to achieve social goals |
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Big Stick |
Teddy Roosevelt used to represent military might of nation |
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League of Nations |
Part of Wilson's 14 points following WWI Group of nations dedicated to peace Vetoed by USA itself BUT United Nations formed after WWII |
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Woodrow Wilson |
Helped form Treaty of Versailles League of Nations, 14 points |
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Andrew Jackson |
Government is best which governs least Free economy Champion of democracy Rid of US Bank, reforms to keep government small More political involvement for common man |
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Examples of Deep Change in USA |
Population-went from under 4 million to over 290 million Health and Longevity-life expectancy increase, mortality increase for 1 in 5 to 1 in 150 birthrate-decline families-shrunk from 4.6 to 2.5, more single, unmarried, illegitimate immigration-major immigration flow migration westward-millions moved west urbanization-went from 8 cities to 1,800 cities pollution-air quality decrease Crime-homicide rates increase, rape, sexual assaults. Increasing white collar crimes: forgery, embezzlement, fraud, identity theft. |
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Examples of growth rate of USA: |
Immigration A higher birth rate Increasing life expectancy |
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Examples of boosterism: |
Boosterism--promoting town in excessive manner to increase quality and public perception Frontier West, "Garden of Eden" |
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How America's relationship with world affected constitutional government: |
Previous concept of isolationism Changed as world shrunk Began to seek freedom for all WWI formal recognition |
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How Government's role w/economy has changed over time: |
Early debates were free market vs. mercantilism Jackson=free market Events occurred, government stepped in, now regulations and requirements for fair competition |
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How federalism is kept in balance |
Constitution State rights and federal rights Changes every time there is war and instability, increase in federal power |
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Limits of Judicial Review |
Ignores state power Ignores due process clause Ignores will of people |
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political machine |
Delivering the vote historic use of illegal means like buying votes and intimidating |
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popular campaigning |
embraces crowd manners ballyhoo speaking from stumps entertainment Popular heroes as candidates |
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political convention |
candidates nominated at grand convention, not by elite Nomination occurs in ballyhoo party style |
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aristocracy |
wealthy, elite run nation |
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Reasons Congress did not want West as states: |
Derivative characters Depended on East for capital, institutions, knowledge. Could lead to democracy, wanted to maintain aristocratic standards Attracted misfits and illegals |
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popular government |
government common people would and could consent to |
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Andrew Jackson's political strategy |
Had an attitude of public togetherness and he would invite common people over for cheese and crackers. Frontrunner for democracy Voice of common people |
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Tactics of political machines |
rig ballot boxes buy votes intimidate supporters welfare agencies--provding bail and Christmas turkey |
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What solved problem of the west: |
Northwest Ordinance of 1785&1787--set up as republics that would be added to the union |
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Stephen A. Douglas |
Ran on platform of popular sovereignty for slavery case Authored Kansas-Nebraska Act |
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Missouri Compromise |
Agreement between slavery and anti-slavery factions, regulated slavery in west, prohibited slavery above Arkansas, permitted in South did little to actually solve problem |
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Robert E. Lee |
Confederate general surrended in Appomattox urged reconciliation w/north |
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George B. McCllelan |
Union general failed to press advantage at Battle of Antietam Was relived of position by Abe Lincoln later |
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confederacy |
alliance of Southern states seceding over slavery |
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factionalism |
nation ha multiple factions competing against each other, can lead to tyranny |
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sectionalism |
factionalism on larger scale, but fewer factions |
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Dred Scott |
Slave that sued for freedom cause his master moved to a free state Lost, saying he was property Nullified Missouri Compromise and led to Civil War |
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Chief Justice Roger Tanner |
most weighed opinion in Supreme Court case against Dred Scott. Ended controversy by declaring Missouri Compromise dead |
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John Breckenridge |
ran against Lincoln on an extreme Pro-slavery platform |
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John Bell |
ran against Lincoln on moderate pro-slavery platform |
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Abe Lincoln |
Sought to end slavery & preserve union Signed Emancipation Proclamation & delivered Gettysburg address |
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13th Amendment |
abolished slavery in USA |
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14th Amendment |
removed 3/5 clause Prohibited those in top tiers of confederacy from government office repudiated confederacy debts |
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15th amendment |
guaranteed right of all adult males to vote |
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secession |
formal withdrawal of states from nation |
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What voter sentiment looked like in 1860 election |
Wide diversity of opinion. Rather than regular 2 candidates. Now, 4 candidates are going at it. Votes regionalized. |
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3 Major Structural changes that took place after Civil War |
1) Established character of federal/state relationship 2) Three amendments adapted to eliminate slavery 3) "New birth of Freedom" and unanswered questions of racial rights |
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What is Lincoln's hope for future in his 2nd Inagaural address? |
He hopes war will end He hopes wounds of nation will be healed |
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Emancipation Proclamation |
Freed slaves in areas of insurrection |