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341 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What do we mean when we refer to George Washington as the American Cinncinatus?
He was willing to give up power.
Founding:
a conscious, deliberate act of creating a system of government.
What was Plato's solution to self government?
Virtue: the best and brightest should
rule
Government:
social structure that gives sense of belonging, safety, and fair treatment
What was Aristotle's solution to self government?
Structure is the key: design of
government
What concerns or problems might we
face when deciding what kind of
system of government to create?
We need to cooperate.
• But our interests conflict.
We want freedom.
• But not anarchy (so we need some
order).
Define structure.
The nature and arrangement of institutions or other mechanisms in a constitution that organize the government
Sovereignty
• Ultimate political power within a
jurisdiction; having the “final say”
What were the Common Assumptions in Post-Revolutionary America?
• High level of public virtue among the people.
• Legislatures should reflect that commitment
to the public good
• The executive branch should be weak
• Nothing like a king!
• Sovereignty should reside with the states
• Small republics are better than large
republics
Tyranny
• Absolute power centralized in one person (or small group);
• The organized expression of the will of an individual or small group.
What is a Confederation?
A collection of equal sovereignties
What is it about tyranny that's so bad?
It rules people's wills instead of ruling laws.
What were two main weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
Limited power to trade between the states (econ)
Limited power to unify (diff. policies)
What are some problems with tyranny?
absolute power corrupts
no equality
ruled by whim instead of justice
leads to fighting
What were three main problems of the Articles of Confederation?
1. Within the states
2. Between the states
3. Between the states and the national
government
Why do people submit to tyrants?
protection
fear
a need to belong
lack of coordination with opposers
it's natural to obey authority
What"s an example of problems within the states under the Articles of Confederation?
Spitit of Revolution gone too far (Shay's Rebellion)
Revolution
• A means of removing tyranny from power
“I am mortified beyond expression when I view the clouds that have spread
over the brightest morn that ever dawned in any country… What a triumph
for the advocates of despotism, to find that we are incapable of governing
ourselves and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely
ideal and fallacious.”
George Washington
Antebrachial
Pertaining to forearm.

(Antebrachium)
“Rebellion against a king may be pardoned, or lightly punished, but the
man who dares to rebel against the laws of a republic ought to suffer death.”
Samuel Adams
What are the problems with anarchy?
some people's freedom is taken
there is no coordination
loss of goods
“A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. It is a medicine necessary
for the sound health of government.”
Thomas Jefferson
What does anarchy eventually lead to?
competing groups
What are examples of problems between the states under the articles of Confederation?
• Conflicting foreign policy
• Commerce
• Disputes
• Example: Pennamite Wars
• (Connecticut vs. Pennsylvania)
Competing Groups
• Factions fight with each other in an effort to gain power.
Why do representative legislatures make State Laws Often Problematic?
• Representative legislatures make it so that ambition and personal interest outweigh the public good
What are attributes of The Good Society?
Health
• Education
• Prosperity
• Peace
• Respect
• Cultural Achievement
• Liberty
Why are State Laws Often Problematic?
• Representative legislatures
The people themselves
What makes the good society hard to achieve?
There are a lot of specifics to argue about
How do "the people themselves" make state laws problematic?
• Majorities vs. minorities
• Private interests vs. public good
• Respect for character is not enough to
prevent injustice
• Religion not enough to restrain us
When is it okay for the government to
claim power and to act?
This depends on the prevailing belief of where the gov. gets its legitimacy.
Who said fear and honor are not the best bases of gov.?
John Adams
What are some answers to where gov. gets its legitimacy?
Divine right of kings (secular leader chosen by deity)
Theocracy(religious leader chesen by deity)
Aristocracy (the wisest or wealtiest or best rule)
Democracy (someone rules by consent of the people)
Who came up with the idea of separation of power?
Montesquieu
What shapes our belief about the legitimacy of government?
Our belief about the nature of humankind.
In what ways did Weak National Government cause problems between the states and the national gov. under the Articles of Confederation?
• States encroached on the federal authority
• States didn't comply with the Constitutional requirements
• States violated the law of nations and treaties
• No guaranty to the States of their Constitutions & laws against internal violence”
self-interest:
actions motivated by concern for ourselves or our family's well being.
According to Madison, why will states sometimes need to be coerced by the
national government?
• Acts of the national government “bear unequally
hard” on the states; states will have unequal
interests in carrying out national policies
• “Courtiers of popularity”: politicians will advance
their own interests by criticizing national policies
• Collective action problem: even when they share a
common interest, some states may try to free ride
on the efforts of others
virtue:
motivated by standards, ideals, or concerns beyond our own self interests
What's noticeable about the delegates of The Philadelphia
Convention?
• Lawyers
• Some Revolutionary War veterans
• Some slave owners
• Landholders
• Experienced in government
• Well-read
• Many very young
• None from Rhode Island
Arete (list virtues)
striving for human excellence in courage, wisdom, temperance, and justice
What was the Legislature like in the Virginia plan?
• 1st House: Elected by the people, representation
proportional to population
• 2nd House: Elected by the 1st House
Christian virtues
meek, humble, long suffering, patient
Who introduced the virginia plan?
Edmund Randolph
What 5 things did Thomas Hobbes say about human nature?
the most reliable way to interpret human nature is the self-interest model
a state of nature would be all against all
our primary interest is self preservation
you need to start with self interest to progress to virtue
you have to use coercion to control self interest
What was the executive branch like in the Virginia plan?
executive chosen by the legislature for one 5 year
term
What is an example of corporate communities?
Jamestown
What was the Judiciary like in the Virginia plan?
Chosen by the legislature
Motivation for
corporate community:
profits and
economic
opportunity
What checks and balances were there in the Virginia Plan?
“Council of revision”:
• Executive and judiciary could review and veto national
and state laws
Can material gain be the basis for an effective community?
Yes, self-interest leads to cooperation in a free market
What was the big controversy over the Virginia plan?
It abolished instead of ammended the Articles of Confederation and it violated state sovereignty.
What were the benefits of the corporate communities in Virginia?
economic opportunity and prosperity
self-government (the house of bourges)
Who Presented the New Jersey Plan?
William Paterson
What was a drawback of the Virginia Corporate Communities?
Much of economic growth based on
slavery and indentured servitude
What was the Legislature like in the New Jersey plan?
• Unicameral
• Equal state representation
What's an example of a Covenant Community?
Separatists
(Plymouth Pilgrims)
What was the executive like in the New Jersey plan?
• Could be a council
• Single term, subject to recall by state governors
What was the motivation for the Covenant Communities?
God’s chosen
people covenant with Him
and each other to live
according to divine plan
What was the Judiciary like in the New Jersey plan?
• Lifetime terms of service
What three ideals typified Covenant Communities?
The Mayflower Compact
A Model of Christian Charity
The Body of Christ
What were the "other plans" presented at the Philidelphia convention?
Pinckney and Hamilton's "british" plan
The Mayflower Compact
Covenant and Combine ourselves
together into a Civil Body Politic
What were the main points of the British plan?
bicameral, electors, absolute veto power
Who wrote "A Model of Christian Charity"?
John Winthrop
What were the four Key Issues of the Philadelphia Convention?
Representation, Executive, Slavery, and Federalism
A Model of Christian Charity
If we make it safely to the New World, then God accepts our covenant. If we break it, we will feel His wrath.
At the Convention, what was the argument for representation by states?
States have unique interests as states; these state interests must be represented equally
What is the purpose of "The Body Of Christ"?
to improve their lives through
service to the Lord
At the Convention, what was the argument for representation by states?
The great diversity of interests
must be represented;
individual interests should be
represented equally
What is an example of Corporate/Covenant Communities?
Puritans (Massachusetts Bay)
What was The Great Compromise?
A comp. concerning representation between the two Plans. One house gives votes proportional to population (House of Reps.) and another give equal votes to each state (Senate)
What typified Corporate/Covenant Communities?
Successful economic activity combined with covenant communities
Church and state officially separate
But religion and politics were very much intertwined in Puritan life
“If respect is to be paid to the opinion of the greatest
and wisest men who have ever thought or wrote on
the science of government, we shall be constrained
to conclude, that a free republic cannot succeed over
a country of such immense extent, containing such
a number of inhabitants…”
Brutus
What was John Calvin's theology?
• All are fallen/totally depraved
• “Elect” saved/preserved by grace alone
• The elect will build a holy community as an example to the world
• All aspects of community life have a moral dimension
“It is natural to a republic to have only a small
territory, otherwise it cannot long
subsist.”
Montesquieu
What community did John Calvin's teaching influence?
Puritan (Corporate/Covenant)
Anti-Federalist Brutus
• A series of sixteen essays published in the New York
Journal from October 1787 through April 1788.
• Actual author probably a New York judge named
Robert Yates.
Who wrote "A Christian at his Calling"?
Cotton Mather
Anti-Federalist Cato
• Published in the New York Journal from September
1787 to January 1788.
• Probably written by former New York Governor
George Clinton
What points does Cotton Mather make in "A Christian at his Calling"?
Christian Calling
• God is beyond comprehension and emulation
• Glorify God by becoming “workers in the world”
• Pursue worldly hard work (rise early, work industriously, save money, invest wisely)
• Prosperity is a sign of God’s favor
What are the four points of The Small Republic
Argument
• History
• Diversity and the Common Good
• Participation
• The People and their Representatives
What typified the puritan community?
moral self governance (accountability and responsibility for whole community)
The Small Republic
Argument: History
Large republics had always failed or become tyrannical
What are the downsides of the puritan community?
Authoritarian, outsiders don't have same rights as puritans, they blur the line between church and state.
The Small Republic
Argument:Diversity and the Common Good
Small republics can be united by a commitment to a common good
In a large republic, we have less in common
Diversity makes self-government more difficult
What are the three approaches to government?
Greek (arete)
Christian (virtues)
Enlightenment (self-interest)
The Small Republic
Argument:participation
Small republics allow for more and better forms of citizen participation
Should government promote self control by emphasizing virtue?
Hobbes says self interest should be controlled by coercion (tax deductions on charitable donations, tax the rich)
The Small Republic
Argument:The People and their Representatives
In a large republic, the people will not watch over their representatives carefully enough
In a large republic, representatives will forget the people (the “Potomac Fever” problem)
What was so special about the Mayflower Compact?
it was a precursor for the constitution
they were written goals
they got organized right of the boat
“In a large republic, the public good is
sacrificed to a thousand views; it is
subordinate to exceptions, and depends on
accidents. In a small one, the interest of the
public is easier perceived, better understood,
and more within the reach of every
citizen…”
Brutus
Who wrote "Model of Christian Charity?"
John Winthrop
“History furnishes no example of a free
republic, any thing like the extent of the
United States.”
Brutus
Why is there inequality, according to John Winthrop's "Model of Christian Charity"?
we can benefit from each other's strengths
a restraint on the wealthy (they will help the poor)
to knot us together in the bonds of brotherly affection (we will help and be helped)
“Enlarge the circle still further, and, as
citizens of different states, though we
acknowledge the same national denomination,
we lose the ties of acquaintance, habits, and
fortunes, and thus, by degrees, we lessen in
our attachments, till, at length, we no more
than acknowledge a sameness of
species.”
Cato
What are the founding Myths?
Myth of the Garden
Myth of the Promised Land
Myth of the New Jerusalem
Factions create two
sorts of problems, what are they?
• Factional tendency toward extremism
and ultimately anarchy
• Capture of government by a single faction creates tyranny
Ancient Liberty
the freedom to participate in political and community life
allows for complete subjection of the individual to the will of the whole
What's the big problem of Factions?
Majority Factions
What are the cons of Ancient Liberty?
minorities loose freedom
individuals are given too much say
the majority is easily swayed
What's the most common source of factions?
Rich versus Poor
What is the pro of Ancient Liberty?
no one person can become too powerful
Who made arguments for large republics and in what work?
Madison in Federalist #10
What are the cons of Modern Liberty?
less unity
the political process is neglected
laziness
What are the two methods of curing the mischiefs of factions?
by removing its causes
controlling its effects
What are the pros of Modern Liberty?
diversity
creativity
fulfillment
What are the two methods of removing the causes of faction?
by destroying the liberty which is essential to its existence;
by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests.
Modern Liberty
freedom from the arbitrary will of others
freedom to do what you want
What are two Differences between a democracy and a
republic according to Fed. #10?
• Republics delegate government “to a small number of citizens elected by
the rest.”
• Republics can be extended to “a greater number of citizens and greater
sphere of country.”
What stops us from going back to Ancient Liberty?
we are too big, we don't have slaves, and commerce pushes us forward
What is the Small Republic Problem?
Fewer factions means the same faction will win most often
Political Liberty
combination of modern and ancient liberties
What is Madison's solution to the Small republic Problem?
Extend the sphere
Benjamin Constant
He wrote the liberty of ancients compared with that of Moderns.
What are two purposes of Gov. structure?
• Keep self-interest in check
• Mobilize civic virtue
What are the four types of liberty?
• Ancient Liberty
• Modern Liberty
• Political Liberty
• Winthrop’s Civil or Moral Liberty
What is Fed 51 about?
Controlling Gov.
Robert Filmer
Argued that the Divine Right of Kings was the correct system.
How do you keep branches separate?
Giving each branch the constitutional means and the personal motives to check the other branches
What are our natural rights according to John Locke?
• Life
• Liberty
• Property
What will absolute division of powers lead to?
Deadlock and tyrrany
Who was John Locke?
Secretary to Lord Shaftsbury, the leader of the Whig party.
What is the paradoxical key to the separation of powers?
Sharing some powers between the branches
BUF
Buffalo, New York
Define Federalism
The people delegate
sovereignty to both the state and national governments; “shared
sovereignty”
What is a social contract?
consent of the governed gives legitimacy to the government
a government that doesn't protect rights should be abolished
What are some of the problems of Federalism?
Balance between States and Nation
Conflict of Sovereignty
Different methods of voting
What are the challenges of bringing together ancient and modern liberty?
people are too lazy to participate
people are too ignorant of their rights and of the political process
Why was slaavery such a hard topic?
It combined moral conflict with economic interests
Does it matter how we view liberty?
it affects our self perception
it affects our perception of our relationship to government
Why is a Bill of Rights Dangerous?
Undermines the Constitution's statement that gov. is limited
Deemphasizes unnenumerated rights
Opens Pandora's box of "rights"
How can we know whether a society is
successful in preserving liberty?
It follows the Rule of Law
Why is a Bill of Rights unnecessary?
• States already had them
• Consent is the key
• Why do the people need to be protected against themselves?
What are the Principles of the Rule of Law?
• Generality
• Prospectivity
• Publicity
• Consent
• Due Process
How is the Constitution a Bill of Rights?
• Provisions that protect rights by protecting against arbitrary government
• Much more than a “parchment barrier”
• The structures of the Constitution are
intended to create a limited
government, a government that could control itself
Generality
We should not know in advance who is
helped or hurt by a law.
Why have narrowly
constructed rights?
• Clearer interpretation
• Easier to enforce
Prospectivity
• Laws must apply to future action, not
past
• Individuals must be able to know
consequences of actions in advance
Why have broadly
constructed rights?
• Narrow rights insufficiently cover
potential problems
• Easier to get agreement
• Sometimes a ringing declaration is
necessary
Publicity
People should know what the law is
and know that it will be enforced.
What are some cons to broadly constructed rights?
conflict (multiple interpretations)
inclusion (Westboro Church)
interpretation (Gives power to Judges)
How can we know when consent is genuine?
no coercion to vote a certain way
have choices presented for competitive election
Define Judicial Review
• The power of the judiciary to declare laws or other acts of government unconstitutional
Due Process
Laws must be administered impartially;
fair procedures that do not prejudice
the process for or against anyone
• “Justice must be blind.”
What is the importance of Marbury v.s Madison?
established judicial review
Should we adhere to the principles of
the rule of law, even if it means letting
some who are probably guilty off?
Yes, the rule of law protects us, even if not every one who's guilty gets convicted
Marbury vs. Madison: Adams
incumbant Pres.
Goals for
Economic Systems
Efficiency
Equity
Freedom
Marbury vs. Madison: Jefferson
new Pres.
Efficiency
Produce the most goods at the lowest cost
Marbury vs. Madison: Marshall
old sec. of state
Equity
Distribute goods and rewards fairly
Marbury vs. Madison: Madison
new sec. of state
What is command economy?
Power and authority of the government to create
cooperation and resolve conflicting interests as well
as allocate resources and set prices.
Marbury vs. Madison: Marshall
old sec of state
What are examples of command economy?
mercantilism and communism
Marbury vs. Madison: John Marshall
Chief Justice over the case
describe Market economy
Free exchange creates cooperation, and market determined prices create incentives that allocate resources
Judiciary act of 1789
says that cases involving writs of mandamus go directly to the supreme court
declared unconstitutional due to Marbury vs. Madison
What is an example of market economy?
capitalism
original Jurisdiction
cases that go strait to the Supreme Court
What four things typified 18th Century
Mercantilism?
• Economic success = stockpiles of gold and
silver in the king’s treasury
• Used taxes and subsidies to encourage
exports and discourage imports
• Kept employees and owners of key
industries from moving to other countries
• Regulated the economic activities of the
colonies to support the empire
Appellate Jurisdiction
cases that go to lower courts before the Supreme Court
Adam Smith
Professor of Moral
Philosophy and
Logic at Glasgow
University who wrote a critique of
mercantilism and
an explanation of
the operation of the
market system.
Who is of the opinion that the constitution gives too much power to minorities and that the electoral college is bunk?
Robert Dahl
Who wrote the Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
What does the judicial lack?
The sword and the purse.
What are four points that Adam Smith makes in The Wealth of Nations?
1. Value of markets
2. Self-interest as
motivation
3. Specialization
4. Invisible Hand
Plurality
• The largest block of
all votes cast
Who is the Father of Modern Economics?
Adam Smith
Majority
• More than half of
all vote cast
Describe markets
• Markets are characterized by free and open exchange.
• Through self-interest, individuals
search out exchanges that would be
most beneficial to them.
What are some Criticisms of the Electoral College?
1. Electors do not exercise independent judgment
2. Popular vs. Electoral Winners
3. Unequal representation
Why is exchange
miraculous?
• In a free exchange, both parties are
made better off!
What are some cons to the winner-takes-all aspect of the electoral college?
• Reduces the incentives of a presidential
candidate to compete in “safe” states
• Reduces the incentives of third-party
candidates to run for president
• May weaken the incentives of voters in “safe” states to participate
Why does free exchange work?
because different people value goods differently based on tastes and preferences and production value.
Single-member
Representative Districts
• Each geographical region elects a single representative, independent of the outcome in other regions.
What does money do for economy?
• A medium of exchange: makes trade
easier
• Eliminates the need for a
“coincidence of wants” across
various goods and services
Proportional Representation
• Aims for a close match between the percentage of votes each group or party receives and the number of seats in the legislature.
What assumption does Adam Smith make about human nature?
self-interest is the primary motivator
gerrymandering
People re-drawing district boundaries to increase their influence in single-member representative district voting
scarcity
unlimited wants yet limited resources
“Political parties created modern democracy
and modern democracy is unthinkable save in
terms of the parties.”
E.E. Schattschneider
Why is the division of labor more effective?
increased proficiency in one skill
saves in transition time from one job to another
leads to the development of machines
Where do parties come
from?
• Differences in political ideals and goals
• The need to organize and win in
politics
How do we decide what to specialize in?
Use the law of comparative advantage
Democratic-Republican Party
Small Gov.
Self-sufficient citizens
Narrow interpretation of Constitution
against National Bank
What is the law of comparative advantage?
Specialize in producing the goods for
which you have the lowest opportunity
cost.
Federalist Party
Empirialistic
Big Gov.
Broad interpretaion of Constitution
for National Bank
What does Michael Mullane say about the rule of law?
The rule of law only exists if we believe in it.
What are three elements of democritization?
Democratization
• Extension of right to vote
• Elimination of filters of consent
• Electoral appeals to the masses
What are the pros of the law of comparative advantage?
Full employment of resources
widest possible gains from exchange
economic interdependence
What is the difference between parties and factions?
parties tend towards moderation
factions can be extreme
What is the con of the law of comparative advantage?
those who aren't the lowest cost producers loose their jobs, and then they need to job hunt.
Sectionalism
• Each region develops a separate identity, lifestyle, political and economic morality, and sense of destiny
how does a market economy control self-interest?
Competition and Prices
What were John C. Calhoun's views?
slavery is the most safe and stable basis for society
the Northern majority is tyrranical
slavery should be decided by the states
Competition:
no buyer or seller nor group of buyers or sellers controls the
price in exchange
What were Fitzhugh's views?
Northern workers are treated worse than slaves
Slaves have freedom
we don't agree with "consent"
must enslave the weak to protect them
What are the Implications of Competition?
• Helps keep self-interest in check
• Helps economies become more efficient
• Disperses gains from exchange widely
What were Hammond's views?
Slaves are treated well while there are beggars in the north
Society needs rulers and menials
What are the Four Basic Principles of economics?
• The Law of Demand
• The Law of Supply
• Equilibrium Price
• Role of Profits
Gouveneer Morris
wrote preamble to constitution
The Law of Demand
• As the price of a particular good or
service rises, people will buy less of that good or service.
Robert Paterson
wrote NJ plan
The Law of Supply
• As the price of a particular good or
service rises, people will produce more
of that good or service.
Roger Sherman
wrote the Connecticut plan and the great compromise
How do prices and profits affect the
economy?
• Ration scarce goods and resources
• Incentives to change the behavior of
individuals and businesses
• Send signals that influence future
plans
Federalist
supported big gov. and ratification of the Constitution
Does a market mean complete absence of government?
no
Federalist party
extreme federalists, wanted big, big, gov.
What is the role of government in a market economy? (5 things)
PREVENTS COERCION AND FRAUD
provides currency
provides transportation and communication means
defines property rights
enforces exchange agreements
Federalism
wanted federal government with state gov.
Motives for Government
Restriction of Exchange
1. Government paternalism
2. A third party is directly hurt by the exchange
3. Redistribute income toward a group or nation
11th Amendment
Idividuals can't sue a state
What is an example of the gov. redistributing income toward a group or nation?
Tariffs or quotas on imported steel
or autos
12th Amendment
The Pres. and Vice President must be on the sam ticket
Electoral College
What is an example of the gov. protecting a third party that is directly hurt by an exchange?
Restriction on pesticides or
chemicals
13th Amendment
slavery abolished
What is an example of Government paternalism?
Prohibition of cocaine or marijuana
14th Amendment
all have citizenship
equal protection clause
What sort of
freedom did the
colonists want?
Liberty as Self-Government
15th Amendment
all men can vote
What did Thomas Jefferson say about the Declaration?
[The
Declaration of
Independence] was
intended to be an
expression of the
American mind.”
1st article
legislative
What were the four sections of the Declaration of Independence?
• Section I: The Opening
• Section II: Theoretical Core
• Section III: Evidence
• Section IV: Conclusion
2nd article
executive
What are the 5 Self-Evident Truths?
1. All men are created equal.
2. We are endowed by our Creator with certain rights,
including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
3. The purpose of government is to secure these
rights.
4. Governments receive power from the consent of
the governed.
5. Whenever governments do not fulfill their basic
purposes, the people may alter or abolish their
government.
3rd article
Judiciary
What led us to the revolution?
Britain was lax in law enforcement.
This allowed Americans to start governing themselves
When Britain tightened the reins after the French and Indian war, it was harder for the colonists to obey
4th article
movement between the states
What caused the half of the population that were fence-sitters to support the revolution?
Thomas Paine's Common Sense
5th article
amendment process
What united the colonists?
the Declaration
the war
George Washington (symbolic leader)
6th article
debts and supremacy clause
What did the
Declaration declare?
• Equality
• Natural rights
• The purpose of government
• Power to the people (consent)
• Right (or even duty) of revolution
• The case against the King
• Free and Independent States
• A new nation?
7th article
radification process
When is it okay to revolt?
not for light and transient reasons
after evidence of repeated injury
after other means have been tried first
1st amendment
freedom of speech and religion
What were the early stirring of the revolution in Boston?
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
2nd amendment
bear arms
Who said:
“I know not what course others may take; but
as for me, give me liberty or give me death!”
Patrick Henry
3rd amendment
quartering soldiers
4th amendment
search and seisure
5th amendment
plead the 5th
6th amendment
speedy and public trial
7th amendment
trial by jury
8th amendment
cruel and unusual punishment
9th amendment
can't misconstrue rights to deny other rights
10th amendment
states get all the other rights
Roger Taney
Chief Justice over Dred Scott case
John Bell
Ran against Lincoln
"must keep the union together"
Stephen A. Douglas
Ran against Lincoln
"let the states decide on slavery"
John C. Breckinridge
Ran against Lincoln
"preserve the union, preserve slavery"
What were Lincoln's platforms in the election of 1860?
Preserve the Union,
but gradually abolish
slavery
• Nation cannot survive
half-slave and half-free
16th amendment
income tax
17th amendment
senators
18th amendment
prohibition
19th amendment
women's suffrage
20th amendment
inauguration set to Jan. 20th
21st amendment
drinking age set (prohibition repealed)
(21, drinking age is 21)
22nd amendment
Pres. can serve only two terms
(22, 2 terms)
23rd amendment
3 electors given to DC
(2-3, 3 to DC)
24th amendment
no poll taxes
25th amendment
VP gets power in Pres. place
(25, president not alive)
26th amendment
New voting age set to 18
27th amendment
congressional pay raises
1880-1915: “New Immigrants”
• Southern and Eastern Europeans
• More Jewish immigrants
What types of places did Jefferson want?
small farms and yeoman farmers
What types of places did Hamilton want?
big cities
Frontier:
“the meeting point between
savagery and civilization”
What did Frederick Jackson
Turner talk about?
The Frontier in American Life
Americans are shaped by the frontier
The frontier is the first period of American History
What are the 6 Market Weaknesses?
• Imperfect Information
• Monopoly
• Public Goods
• Externalities
• Economic Instability or Recession
• Economic Injustice
Problem, and Intervention:
• Imperfect Information
harmful exchanges are made
Courts, require info, control (FDA)
Problem, Intervention, and Evaluation:
• Monopoly
Producers can control prices-causes inequality and inefficiency
Regulate prices, foster competition
Businesses Lobby more than consumers, court cases are expensive
Problem, Intervention, and Evaluation:
• Economic Instability or Recession
Shock leads to recession, contracts etc. prevent quick response in prices and wages
Gov. can do nothing, fiscal, or monetary policies
Timing and politics
Cartel
• A group of businesses that coordinate
to exercise monopoly power.
Recession
“a significant decline in economic activity spread across the country, lasting more than a few months ...”
Recession Spiral
• Problems in one part of the economy
are likely to affect other parts of the
economy.
Horatio Alger
Rags to riches
Net Worth
Assets-debts=
True or False
• Most Americans could get out of
poverty if they only had a job.
• FALSE: 2/3 of Americans living in
poverty are too young, too old, or
physically incapable of working due
to illness or disability.
Problem, Intervention, and Evaluation:
• Public Goods
no one wants to provide public goods
Gov. provides them
no market causes budget contention
Problem,and Intervention:
• Externalities
a 3rd party not directly involved in an exchange is affected
gov. decentivizes negative externalities
True or False
• Most poor people live inside America’s
central cities.
• FALSE: 65% live outside city limits. In recent years, suburbs have seen the highest increases in rates of poverty.
Public goods:
No market for them, one's use of it doesn't exclude another's, open to everyone
True or False
• The rate of child poverty in America is higher than it is in most of the world’s industrialized countries.
• TRUE: The U.S. child poverty rate is higher than many other major
industrialized nations.
Carnegie
Gospel of Wealth
income inequality is not bad- it gives us a chance to be charitable
U.S. Steel Company
What are Carnegie's responsibilities of wealth?
Don't be ostentatious
Provide for family but don't spoil them
give to communities instead of individuals
Who was J.P. Morgan?
A wealthy banker during the gilded age.
What are two sources of Private Power?
Big Business
Political Machines
What did Woodrow Wilson have to say about monopolies?
They shouldn't have so much power as to control democracy
Who were two important muckrakers?
Frank Norris: The Octopus

Upton Sinclair: The Jungle
Lochner v. New York
Who's responsible for the Triangle Shirt Disaster?
=>People have a right to contract work.
Bakeshop Act
• Prohibits bakers from working more than 10 hours per day or 60 hours per week
Political Machine:
Organizations able to deliver large numbers of votes
Boss Tweed
Leader of the Tammany Hall Political Machine
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic and Populist candidate for Pres. in gilded age
farms are better than gold standard
Progressivism
• Urban reform movement
• Clean up cities, improve schools
• Reduce hazards of the workplace
• Use government to combat private
power
Herbert Croly
During gilded age said that the average Joe needed equality of opportunity
Who said we should return to normalcy and isolation after WWI?
Warren G. Harding
What did Woodrow Wilson say about gov. before WWI?
the gov. needs to step in to focus on the individual and should play a role in the world to make it safe for democracy.
Who was it that likened the Gov. to Darwinian evolution?
Woodrow Wilson
Jane Addams
Hull House: dedicated to assisting the working class and inner-city poor
Margaret Sanger
Women have a right to their own
bodies (except if mentally unfit)
• Importance of birth control
What are the some of the shocks that triggered the great depression?
Stock market crashed
Bank Runs
Fed. Reserve didn't respond
Dust bowl
Huey Long
Sought to solve the Great Depression by confiscating incomes of people over $1million and having free college
What's the difference between Populist and Progressives?
Populists were common men who looked to the past for answers
Progressives looked to the change and the future.
What were FDR's 4 freedoms?
Freedom of speech and expression
Freedom to worship
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
What was Hoover's "5th Freedom"?
Economic freedom (against laizzez faire)
NRA
• National Recovery Administration
minimum wages and maximum hours
Gov. price setting
AAA
• Agricultural Adjustment Act
Paid farmers not to sell as much (soil conservation)
CCC:
Civilian Conservation Corps
employed young men in conservation
TVA:
Tennessee Valley Authority
• Build dams and power plants along TN river in 7
states
WPA:
Works Progress Administration
• Public works for the jobless.
SEC:
Security and Exchange Commission
• Oversees the stock market
NLRB:
National Labor Relations Board
• Regulate negotiations between unions and corporations
FDIC:
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation
• Guarantee bank deposits
Fair Labor Standards Act
• Minimum wage
FCC:
Federal Communications
Commission
• Regulates all telecommunications
Social Security
• Tax on wages to provide retirement
funds for older Americans
What did Bruce Ackerman say were our three founding moments?
• Philadelphia Convention and
Subsequent Ratification
• Reconstruction Amendments
• The New Deal
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy sits in Whites' train car and is arrested.
Supreme court sanctions racial segregation
John Marshall Harlan
Judge that dissents from the supreme courts decision on racial segregation saying "Our constitution is color blind!"
Brown v. Board of Education
Overruled plessy b. Ferguson
Unconstitutional to have segregated schools
Thurgood Marshall
Emmett Till
14 year-old Black Northerner who visits South and is murdered
Orval Faubus
Little Rock Governor who goes against Federal Gov.
Who wrote letters from a Birmingham Jail?
King
Who wrote the ballot or the bullet?
Malcolm X
“Bloody Sunday”
– marchers in support
of voting rights stopped at the Pettus
Bridge in Selma, AL and beaten by
police.
Betty Friedan
Women's Rights Activist
pro-birth control
Jerry Rubin
Anti-war hippie/ yippie
Timothy Leary
Harvard professor who is pro-LSD
Yippies stands for...
Youth International Party
Earl Warren
Supreme Court Chief Justice during the 60's who expanded individual rights and made the court more prone to participate in controversy
Loving v. Virginia
sanctions interracial marriage (privacy)
Griswold v. Connecticut
can the state control couples' use of contraceptives on grounds of right to privacy?
William O.
Douglas
Justice who ruled in favor of privacy
Roe v. Wade
Justice Brenna ruled in favor of abortion during the first trimester on grounds of privacy