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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Congress |
- roots of legislative branch - From Articles of Confederation - House directly elected by people |
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Bicameral Legislative |
-Represenatives (lower house) based upon state population, capped at 435 (U.S. cenusus; restricting) - 2 year term - minimum age 25 - minimum residency of 7 years -must reside in state you run in |
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Bicameral Legislative
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-power to impeach Presiden, Vice President, or other civil officers |
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Senate ( Upper House) |
- 6 year term - minimum age= 30 - minimum residency = 9 years -must reside in state you run - originally elected via state legislature (changed with the 17th amendment) |
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Senate Continued |
- 1/3 up for reelection every 2 years - Authorized to conduct trials of impeachment - needs 2/3 vote before federal official removal from office - Approves presidential appointments - approves treaties by 2/3 vote |
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What do both houses share? |
- ability to make laws - lay and collect taxes - Borrow money - regulate commerce establish rule of naturalization |
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What do both houses share ? continued |
- coin money - issue patent copyright - declare war - raise army & navy - Legislative power over state -hold meetings- send news letters |
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incumbency Factor the advantages |
- name recogniation credit claim -positive evaluations - news letters - access to media - experience - superior knowledge |
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What does Congress look like ? |
- white, male, rich, |
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What is the average age of the senate and the house? |
- House 54 years of age - senate 60 years of age |
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Progress in congress |
- in 1992 record number of African Americans - 1992 year of the women - in 2003 there were 39 African Americans, 25 hispanics, 2 Native Americans and 76 women |
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What are the three types of Representatives? |
- Trustee - Delegate - politico |
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The meaning of trustee |
- people trust them to mke the right decisions and act on behalf of the majority |
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The meaning of delegate |
- something that you want done - orders around |
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The Meaning of politico |
-is both the trustee and the delegate |
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Oganization of the house |
- the house is tightly structured |
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Who is the head of the house? |
- Speaker of the House ( member of the majority party) |
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Speaker of the House |
- presides over the House of Reps - oversees house business - also is second in line of the presidential succession |
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Majority and the minority leader |
- is second in command to the Speaker of the House - most powerful member in the Senate -works with the Speaker of the House |
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What is the organization of the Senate? |
- Vice president presiding officer, but only votes in events of a tie |
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President pro tempore |
- official chair of the Senate - selected by majority party and presides when the vp cannot |
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Comittee system |
- facilitates its lawmaking and oversight - controlled by majority party in each house |
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What are the four types of commitees? |
- Standing - Joint - conference - ad-hoc |
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Standing |
- continues from one congress to the next - where proposed bills are referred to - Conduct investigations - Have considerable power can kill bills, amend them or hurry them along |
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Joint |
- Expedites buisness between houses - includes members from both houses |
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Conference |
- Special joint commitee that irons out differences between houses. made up of members of the committees that originally considered the bill |
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Ad-hoc |
- appointed for a specific purpose |
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How does a bill become a law? |
- Laws begin as ideas this can come from the HOR or the Senate - the Bill is the proposed - the bill is introduced - the bill goes to the committee - The bill is reported - the bill is debated - the bill is voted on - referred to the senate - referred to the president eventually |
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The Bill Begins |
Laws begin as ideas. These ideas may come from a Representative—or from a citizen like you. Citizens who have ideas for laws can contact their Representatives to discuss their ideas. If the Representatives agree, they research the ideas and write them into bills.
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The Bill Is Proposed
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When a Representative has written a bill, the bill needs a sponsor. The Representative talks with other Representatives about the bill in hopes of getting their support for it. Once a bill has a sponsor and the support of some of the Representatives, it is ready to be introduced.
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The Bill Is Introduced
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hopper—a special box on the side of the clerk’s desk. Only Representatives can introduce bills in the U.S. House of Representatives.When a bill is introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives, a bill clerk assigns it a number that begins with H.R. A reading clerk then reads the bill to all the Representatives, and the Speaker of the House sends the bill to one of the House standing committees.
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The Bill Goes to Committee
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When the bill reaches committee, the committee members—groups of Representatives who are experts on topics such as agriculture, education, or international relations—review, research, and revise the bill before voting on whether or not to send the bill back to the House floor.
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The Bill Goes to Committee continued
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If the committee members would like more information before deciding if the bill should be sent to the House floor, the bill is sent to a subcommittee. While in subcommittee, the bill is closely examined and expert opinions are gathered before it is sent back to the committee for approval.
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The Bill Is Reported
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When the committee has approved a bill, it is sent—or reported—to the House floor. Once reported, a bill is ready to be debated by the U.S. House of Representatives.
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The Bill Is Debated
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When a bill is debated, Representatives discuss the bill and explain why they agree or disagree with it. Then, a reading clerk reads the bill section by section and the Representatives recommend changes. When all changes have been made, the bill is ready to be voted on.
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The Bill Is Voted On
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There are three methods for voting on a bill in the U.S. House of Representatives:Viva Voce (voice vote):
-The Speaker of the House asks the Representatives who support the bill to say “aye” and those that oppose it say “no.” - Division: The Speaker of the House asks those Representatives who support the bill to stand up and be counted, and then those who oppose the bill to stand up and be counted. |
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The Bill is voted continued |
Recorded: Representatives record their vote using the electronic voting system. Representatives can vote yes, no, or present (if they don’t want to vote on the bill).If a majority of the Representatives say or select yes, the bill passes in the U.S. House of Representatives. The bill is then certified by the Clerk of the House and delivered to the U.S. Senate.
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The Bill Is Referred to the Senate
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When a bill reaches the U.S. Senate, it goes through many of the same steps it went through in the U.S. House of Representatives. The bill is discussed in a Senate committee and then reported to the Senate floor to be voted on.Senators vote by voice.
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The Bill Is Referred to the Senate continued
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Those who support the bill say “yea,” and those who oppose it say “nay.” If a majority of the Senators say “yea,” the bill passes in the U.S. Senate and is ready to go to the Preside
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The Bill Is Sent to the President
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When a bill reaches the President, he has three choices. He can:
- Sign and pass the bill—the bill becomes a law. |
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The Bill Is Sent to the President
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Refuse to sign, or veto, the bill—the bill is sent back to the U.S. House of Representatives, along with the President’s reasons for the veto. If the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate still believe the bill should become a law, they can hold another vote on the bill. If two-thirds of the Representatives and Senators support the bill, the President’s veto is overridden and the bill becomes a law.
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The Bill Is Sent to the President
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Do nothing (pocket veto)—if Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law after 10 days. If Congress is not in session, the bill does not become a law.
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The Bill Is a Law
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If a bill has passed in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and has been approved by the President, or if a presidential veto has been overridden, the bill becomes a law and is enforced by the government.
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pork Barrel |
- bring home the bacon |
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Hold |
- senator asks to be informed before particular bill is brought to the floor |
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Fillibuster |
- formal way of halting action on a bill by making long speeches. Talk the bill to death |
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Cloture |
- ends filbuster. 16 senators sign 60 must vote to end the debate. |
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How congress decides |
- cues - constituents - log rolling - pacs - interest groups - Staff and support agencies |
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Wars powers Act of 1973 |
- direct response to Vietnam pres argued 1 person negotiate treaties send troops into to protect to appease any more harm - 60 days time of peace must negotiate with congress |
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Impeachment Process : 8 stages |
- resolution: sent to house judiciary committee - committee vote - house vote - Hearings - report - House Vote : Simple Majority - Trial in Senate - Senate vote ( 2/3) |
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Presidency |
- Commander in chief - public figure - charismatic |
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Qualification |
- 35 years of age - natural born citizen - 14 years living the United States |
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22 amendment |
- No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. |
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Impeachment of the President |
- The house brings up impeachment - including the president - senate holds the trial - Chief justice holds the trial - 2/3 majority vote to impeach |
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How many Presidents were tried to be impeached ? |
- two presidents - Andrew Johnson - Bill Clinton - both remained in office |
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How many presidents have died in office ? |
- 8 presidents have died in office , assaination or illness |
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25 amendment |
- 1967 - establishes vacancies in president and vice president Should vacancies happen then the president appoints new vp |
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President Nixon |
- Gerald Ford nominated than had a new vp - after Nixon resigned Gerald Ford Nominated Rockafella |
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How much power does the Vice President have ? |
- does not have much power. Only as much power that the president gives him |
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How does the President choose the V.P |
- tends to choose a vp that balances out the president |
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Consitutional power of the president |
- President can appoint cabinet ambassadors , supreme court justice |
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Cabinet |
the formal body |
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President has the power to covene |
- treaties - veto powers - pardoning power - no limitations |
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Pardoning power |
- to move on - politically smart thing to do - needs to do it carefully - can pardon killers - can only pardon on federal crimes - tend to do it on during the last term - Ford pardon nixon |
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Richard Newsadt |
-power of the presidency the power to persaude |
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Georgew Washington |
- the whiskey rebellion - established the presidency - established the cabinet system - foreign affairs |
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Jefferson |
- Louisanna purchase 1803 - doubled the nation |
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Lincoln |
- suspended habeas corpus - expanded the size of the U.S. congress - ordered a blockade of Southern ports - Declare War - closed U.S. Mails / blackouts |
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Teddy Roosevelt |
- Stewardship theory - has the power and the duty if its for the nsation at people and interest seen as activist |
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Taftian theory |
- FDR believed in this -president is limited to interpretation of executive power in the constitution |
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FDR; The growth modern presidency |
- declared a bank holiday after the stock market crashed - persuaded congress to pass emergency relief created jobs farm production government subsidized - also made a practice to sending programs to congress - known as the alphabet presidency |
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FDR Continued |
- increased the size beaucracy - had "fireside chat"- the radio show - had great empathy for people -first president to use the media - changed from party center to candidate center |
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Executive branch : the branch |
- depart of state -treasury -defense -justice -interior -agriculture - commerce - labor - health and human services - housing and urban development - transportation -energy -veteran affairs -homeland security |
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Executive Order |
-a role by the president that patronage and party ties presidential style presidential leadership |
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Max weber |
- beacuracy are rational - chain of command -division of labor - clearly organized -clear lines of authority |
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Goal associated with beaucracy |
- impersonality - supposed to be objective -productivity - rule |
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What were the three departments that existed during george washington's time ? |
-war -treasury -state |
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How did the civil war change beaucracy? |
- doubled it patronage - jobs, special favors given to the people |
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What is the spoils system |
- to the victory belongs the spoils - tried to clean the house - put people in that are loyal to you |
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Pendleton act |
-important civil service comission - made it illegal to give money to any party |
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Civil service system |
- take them out of politics supposed to get the person to do what they are syupposed to do |
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merit system |
- people should get more for doing their own work |
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New Deal |
- FDR - social security (supposed top be a temporary thing) |
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four types of organization |
- cabinet - government corporations -agencies -regulatory commerce |
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Cabinet |
- broad area of government head of the cabinet and report directly to the president |
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government corporations |
-reported directly to the president
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Agencies |
buisness established by congress run by private buisness -post office |
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regulatory commission |
-independent - EPA NASA
started by congress to regulate something specific dealing with the economy, sec,nlrb |
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Hatch Act 1939 |
-prevents civil servants taking activist roles |
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Federal Employees Pol activ. act 1993 |
- allowed for run for office for non partisans -elections - and you can contribute money - and cannot work |
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Policy making |
- very tricky, major function of beaucracy |
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How are agencies held accountable? |
-disbandment - switch the agencies - investigation -hearing |
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how can presidents hold agencies accountable? |
` - president can point or remove people reorganize the agencies can change or maintain the budget -adjust the budget, reduce the budget
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How can congress hold agencies accountable |
- can pass legislation -abolish programs - investigate - judicary- deal with the law, see if the people enacted within the law force hearings and witnesses appointed |
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Judicial review |
- James madison - powers of courts to review acts of the other branches of government |
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Marbury v Madison |
appointed justice of peace by Adams and refused his commission
ordered Madison to give over the comission -established judicial rule - |
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change of venues |
- try someone in a different location |
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Can Congess impeach and remove a federal judge ? |
Congress can change a remove a federal judge |
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Judiciary Act of 1789 |
- established three tier system of court |
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What are the three teirs to the court system |
- Supreme Court - circuit court - apellete -federal/district -orginal jurisdiction |
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federal district court |
- staffed by a federal judge |
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Circuit court |
re hears a case |
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Supreme court |
-changes in personal limited space of operation No systems of reporting decisions |
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marshall Court |
-1801-1835 - very proactive |
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John Marshall |
- Supreme court justice under John Adams - discovered a practice serial im - King's bench no single opinion prior to Marshall - claimed the right of judicial review - took the supremacy clause |
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federal over state |
- broad interpertation of the necessary and proper clause - more than 90% of cases take place her on a general jurdisction |
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crimnal law |
- harder to prove - a crime against society |
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Civil law |
- codes of behavior against property and individual behavior |
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Plantif and defendent |
the plantif is always named first |
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court appeals |
- losing court is heard |
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Stare decisis |
- let the decision stand rely on past decisions |
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Supreme Court |
- decides what cases to raise - usually a federal question - definite answer - cases make to list of discussion -30% make the discussion list |
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federal judges |
- usually well educated - male -upper class - White |
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Writ of certorari |
- to be informed -request of court, to bring all lower court records |
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Appeal case |
- Inform a pauperis - case filled for poor people to fight appeal - case filed specifically for poor |
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Court case lives |
- amicus wriae - friend to court - third party lawsuit - file a brief for review - lawyer cite case, for client- facts/reasons heard oral arguments saw justice spoke provide additional information |
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Court case lives continued |
- attorney allowed 30 mins - green - go lawyer approaches - white - 5 mins - closed door voting -red- done - vote in - each vote at the same time |
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Writing in opinion |
- written by one - legal reason to conclusion - majority opinion - precendent to other cases |
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Concurring opinion |
- agree with outcome decison, but not logical reason |
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priority opinion |
- attract 3-4 justices - logic |
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Decendent |
- justices against |
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How the Justices vote ? |
- let decision stand - legal factors -precedent - extra legal factors -philosophy |
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Change |
- judicial activisim- partcipate - Brown v. BOE |
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Laidback |
- judicial restraint - interpret |
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Purposes served by election |
- ballot and the bullet - out candidates-guarantees mass political action - enable citizentry to influence -actions of their government - confers a legitimacy on government |
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Purposed served by elction continued |
- voter's choice helps to organize government - ensures accountability |
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Electorate |
- citizens eligible to vote |
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- mandate |
- eligible voters, candiates - carry out platform |
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retrospective judgement |
- voters evaluations candiate based on information - opinion ideas, differences |
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Primary elections |
- voter's decide candidates for party |
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general |
- intitiative, referendum, recall |
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primary |
-closed- only party registerd votes |
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ratings |
- open -independence other parties on votes included |
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Blanket |
- vote in either priamru or general nor both |
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Runoff |
- elections 2 camdidates most votes |
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Non partisan vote |
no affliation |
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general elections |
- voters decide candidate to fill space - municipal, county, state, national |
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recall |
- grey davis - removed by poopular vote if politician not liked/ effective - initiative- citizens propose legislation - petition - proposal - referendum - state legislature submit proposed legislation problems - wording- high socio economic class/ not lower class participate |
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delegates |
- winner takes all - proportional representation army -proportional representation - bonus delegates -beauty contest w/ separate delegation selction |
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delegation selectiion |
-w/ no beauty contest primary |
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electoral college |
- electors memebers of electoral college - chosen by methods determined by each state ( each candidate 1 vote for district win |
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Three reform idea |
- abolish- congressional district plan - keep the college -abolish electors |
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Patterns |
- party relignment - switch party majorita - incumbency advantage - 95 % re election - redistricting -scandal |
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coattails |
- learning based on someone else |
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midterm elections |
- voter turn out - only 40 % -education - age - race/ethnicity -income - interest in politics |
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Why so low during midterm elections |
- busy - difficulty- registering -difficulty or absentee voting - number of elections - voters attitudes - weak political parties |
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Tickets splitting |
- chooising the preferred candiate from different parties |
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the purpose of the candiate |
- to get elected |
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Types of campaign |
- general election campaigns - personal campaigns - organizational campaigns - media campaign |
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nomination campaign |
- target party elite - find a person who appeals to electability - and issue orientation - pick political candidate |
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general election campaign |
- avoid taking stands to alienate majority - aimed at winning general elections |
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the use of slogans |
- example George W. Bush leave no child behind -1996 Bill Clinton : Dont stop thinking about tomorrow - 1984 Ronald reagan - Are you better off than you were 4 years ago 1976- Jimmy carter - not just peanuts |
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The use of slogans continued |
1952 Dwight Eisenhower - I like Ike
- Herbert Hoover - a chicken in every pot any car in every garage
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Personal campaign - |
concerned with candiates image |
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Organizational campaign |
- behind the scenes - campaign managers, political consultants |
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Media campaign |
- paid media - tv commericals - free media - ribbon cutting showing up somewhere |
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What are three diferent types of ads |
- positive ads - negative ads - contrast ads |
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Contrast ads |
- the most difficult - and the most controversial |
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What does WIIFm stand for ? |
Whats in it for me |
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FECA 1971 |
- Federal election campaign act - individual contributions max amount 1000 not tax dectutible |
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PAC |
Political action commitee- federally mandated to raise money interest groups Share an interest to get things covered counts as 30% of the war ches |
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Use money to reward or gain |
- as a candidate you can give to another candidate - secure incumbants can donate money to someone new |
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Buckey v Valeo - |
- no limit place on the amount of money recieved by family |
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hard money |
- legally specified contributions - limited and clearly regulated |
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Soft money |
- unregulated and funneled money |
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Are pacs good or bad? |
- factions are bound to happen it is important to have groups fund |
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2002 campaign finance reform |
- done through mccain - limited soft money contributions restrict political advertisement - increase hard money contributions - and again restrict groups from backing one party |
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Why study public opinion? |
-public policy should rest on public opinion public opinion takes on two forms - peoples global opinions res: institutions - does the public trusts its leaders ? - respect for public opinion safe gards against demagoguery |
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Corwds v Masses |
- Crowd unity of emotional experience - mass defined by interpersonal isolation. Mass = anonymous individual |
