American Gov

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Constitution

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establishes its governing institutions and the set of rules and procedures these institutions must follow to reach and enforce collective agreements

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Authority

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But acknowledge right to make a particular decision

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Power

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An officeholders actual influence with other office holders therefore government actions

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Collective action

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The efforts of a group to reach and implement agreements

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Coordination

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Members of the group must decide individually what they want, what they are prepared to contribute to the collective enterprise, and how to coordinate their efforts with others

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Prisoners Dilemma

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When individuals decide that even though they support some collective undertaking, they are personally better offer doing an activity that rewards them individually

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Free rider

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To defect from the agreement by withholding a contribution to the group's undertaking while enjoying the benefits of the collective effort

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Tradegy of the Commons

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Individuals cost less consumption of a public good that results in its ruination

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Regulation

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Setting up rules limiting access to the common resource and monitoring and penalizing those who violate them

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Privatizing

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Converting it from a collective goods or private goods

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transaction cost

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The time effort and resources required to make collective decisions

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Conformity costs

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I know this lol

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Command

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Authority of one actor to dictate the actions of another

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Agenda control

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The right of an actor to set choices for others

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Majority rule

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Each citizens vote carries the same weight and all citizens same opportunity to participate

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Plurality

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The candidate receiving the most votes regardless of whether the Plurality reaches majority

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Super majorities.

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ex 2/3 house can vote to over ride veto

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Delegation

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When individuals and groups authorize someone to make and implement decisions for them

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Principals

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Who posses decision making authority

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Agents

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Excercise on the behalf of principal's

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Agency loss

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The discrepancy between what a principal would ideally like it's agents to do and what they actually do

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Representative government

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Citizens elect officials who acting as agents for citizens

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Factions

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A number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority who are united and actuated by some common impluse of passion

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Pluralism

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Endorses the idea that those competing interests most affected by public policy will have the greatest say in what the policy will be

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Confederation

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A highly decentralized system in which the national government derived limited authority from the states rather than directly from the citizens

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Home rule

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Manage domestic affairs

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New Jersey plan

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One house, equal representation in which each state has the same number of Representatives. Separation of powers

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Virginia plan

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Two houses, a strong government that could collect taxes and make and enforce laws. Separation of powers

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Tenth Amendment

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The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States are reserved to the States respectively

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Externality

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In effect felt by more people than just the one who chose to cause it

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Preemption legistration

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Federal laws that a certain national governments preogative to control public policy

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Matching funds

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The government promises to provide matching funds usually between 1 and $4 for every dollar that a state spends in a certain area

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Block grant

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A set amount of money to spend, not over amount

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Cabinet

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Formal group of presidential advisors who has the major department in agencies of the federal government. Chosen by the president approve by the Senate

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Coalition

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An alliance of unlike minded individuals or groups to achieve some common purpose such as Lobby legistrating or campaigning

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Collective goods

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Goods that are collectively produced and freely available for anyone's consumption

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Direct democracy

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system of government in which citizens make policy decisions by voting on legislation themselves rather than by delegating that Authority to their representatives

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Focal point

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Focus identify by participants when coordinating their Energy to achieve a common purpose

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Initiative

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On approach to Derek democracy in with a proposal is placed on in election ballot Windsor requisition number of register voters have signed petitions

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Parliamentary government

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A form of government in which the chief executives is chosen by the majority party or buy a correlation of parties in the legislature

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Private goods

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Benefits and services over which the owner has full control of their use

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Public goods

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Good that are collectively produced and freely available for anyone's consumption

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Referendum

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And approach to direct democracy in which of State legislature proposes a change to the States laws are Constitution that all the voters subsequently vote on

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Republic

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. A form of democracy and which the power is vested in elected officials

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Simple majority

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A majority of 50% plus 1

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Articles of Confederations

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The compact among the 13 original States that form the basis of the first national government of the United States from 1777 to 1789

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Commerce clause

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Clause in article 1 section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the authority to regulate Commerce with other nations and among the states

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Confederation

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Political system and which states original government retain Authority except for those powers they expressly delegate to a central government

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Faction

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Any group with objectives contrary to the general interests of society

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Federalist

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Supported the ratification of the Constitution

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Great Compromise

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The agreement between large and small States at the constitutional Convention (1787) that decided the selection and composition of Congress.

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Home rule

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Power given by state to a locality to enact legislation and manage is own Affairs locally

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Judicial review

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The authority of a court to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional and therefore invalid

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Logroll

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The result of legislative vote trading

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Nationalist

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Constitutional reformers led by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton who sought to replace the articles of Confederation

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Neccesary and Proper

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Article in section 8. Authority to make all laws that are necessary in proper

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Popular sovereignty

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Citizens delegation of authority to their agents in government

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Shays rebellion

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Daniel Shay, protest to the States high taxes and aggressive debt collection policied

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Take care clause

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Article 2 section 3, instructs the president to take care of that the laws be faithfully executed

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Dual Federalism

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state and federal government each have mutually exclusive spheres of action

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elastic cause

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allows congress to makes all laws necessary and proper

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enumerated powers

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powers given exclusively to congress by the constitution

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externality

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air pollution is an externality because it is the by product of the private activity of driving a car