American Cities

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Political arena began to open to pressure groups such as

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manufacturers organizations, labor lobbies, civic lieagues, womens clubs, professional associates

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Remedies that american socialists proposed

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ranged from expanded public responsibility to hire the unemployed to municipal ownership of utilities and transportation

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Municipal socialists visible in these cities

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Milwaukee, Reading, Schenectady and Bridgeport.

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amount of socialists held positions in office by 1912

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more then 1200 socialists held position in office in 390 cities

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Reformers tried to secure legislation to readress social problems by doing this

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Reformers increased the governments role in social welfare and economic life.
Men and women joined together to achieve these common goals

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Early 19th century laissez faire

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belief that government wouldn't interfere with the natural order of things

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Social reforms focused on protecting the victims of industrialization

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Women and child laborers, those injured by industrial accidents, elderly and unemployed people pursued goals of industrial peace and cooperation.

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some social reformers were also civic reformers

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-based largely in the new middle class
-consisted of men and women specializing in areas of law, medicine, education, social work, business, labor, and agriculture.

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1870 onward a number of different groups mostly private and voluntary sponsored formal examinations of aspects of urban life.

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included surveys of public health, local corruption, and presence of poverty

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Agencies and Organizations commited to social science methods provided women reformers

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with quasi professional positions as investigators

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Telegraph and Telephone

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quickened communications and made more accessible then before

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To sell more newspaper

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publishers began to replace political rhetoric with news and features. journalist reported news as well as created it

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Newspapers and magazines designed in order to

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alert the middle class public to the need for reform

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new york tribune Jacob Riis

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Journalist portrayed the lives and housing of poor people in NYC.
"How the other Half Lives"

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Lincoln Steffens

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Unfair privileges that he saw spreading through American Society were portrayed in
"The Shame Of the Cities"

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Upton Sinclair

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Chicagos meat packing industry and shocked congress to pass a law for federal meat inspection
"The Jungle"

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WEB Dubois

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Wrote "The Philly Negro". He identified the cause of poverty and identified important black political and economic contributions to the city

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Paul U. Kellogg

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Professional social worker. Wrote "Pittsburgh Survey" which detailed the city's economic development and social costs of industrialization

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Most outstanding aspect of the reform movement

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an attempt by the middle class to control and alleviate the problems of inner cities

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social reformers efforts in the inner city were concentrated in 3 major areas

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Moral and religious responsibility for social betterment, epitomized by the social gospel: the civic and cultural enlightenment
these areas opened new opportunities for men to participate in

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Religious and Moral Reform

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1870 and 1880, clergymen of older protestants reacted to social crises and labor struggles from urbanization and industrialization

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Washington Gladden

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leading figure in Social Gospel. minister in Columbus, Ohio.
-gladden supported arbitration as a means of achieving industrial peace between labor unions and employees

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Institutional churches established in low income places

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Congregations and help from wealthy members enabled them to do this.
These churches offered nurseries, kindergartens, medical clinics, employment agencies, recreation centers and adult education classes.

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Few Social Gospelers took radical approaches to the solution of urban problems

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-Bostons William Dwight Porter Bliss helped found the society of christian socialists in 1889

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Temperance Movement

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Social Gospels joined the drive to close down saloons