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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Great Expansion
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Transportation expansion- steam boats on rivers, canal building, biggest Railroads (1840s)
US able to take off bc of railroads |
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Mail Order- Sears & Roebuck
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Catalogs to let Midwestern farmers know about products. McCormick Corporation-farm equipment
o Singer Sewing Machines |
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New Industries
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Electricity, Steel, petroleum(motors), Chemicals (dyes, explosives)
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20 Year Depression
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1873-1896 (peaks and valleys)
• Companies went out of business in big numbers during the valley periods |
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• Organized Capitalism
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• Large businesses formed to make themselves less likely to go under and stronger
• Competition can create price wars and waste |
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o Vertical Integration
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Steel Company example- expand in controlling the blasting, expand to rail lines to control transportation, buy up mines to control mining
• (Mining-> transport->blasting(steel mill)->transport->) |
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o Horizontal Combination
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buying out the competition. Sugar company example
• Dixie-Domino-Old Fashion-Zander |
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• Forming a Trust
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• Dixie would start buying controlling number of shares in the other companies (they agreed to sell)
• Leaders would meet together to organize who would sell each area, transportation services to use, employee pay all in order to avoid destructive price wars • Trust- one company owns controlling shares of other companies with other companies approval • Couldn’t come into the industry bc bigger companies would buy you out o Cartels were part of strategy |
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• Standard Oil Trust Ca
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1890s- most notorious of the Trusts
• Founded by John D. Rockefeller • Bought huge amounts of stock in other oil companies. His boardroom table all the details nailed out • Represented as Octopus |
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• “Gospel of Wealth”-
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if the worked hard, made prudent decisions, trusted in Christian protestant god, pius, moral- then you have the tools to build your wealth and anybody could become wealthy—Owning and managing class of big business. Building massive wealth good godly thing to do
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Population Growth In Cities
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o 1870-26% of US population lived in cities
o 1900 40% of us population lived in cities |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1882not allowed to come from china to the US if you were going to have a job.
o Only wealthy Chinese allowed in country o Children born to them could not become an American and naturalized. o Exaggerated fear o Wasn’t repealed to 1943- didn’t apply to people already here |
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Taylorism
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Fredrick W. Taylor- scientific management
o Logical ideas to make businesses more efficient. o Spent a lot of time on factory floor. Watch a worker for days. Unnecessary movements (no stretching backs) o 1890s conditioning your movements |
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Knights Of Labor
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• Radical division to wanting to overturn things, not just a bigger paycheck. End capitalism. Replace with council of laborers that would manage factories and basic industries. No more corporate structure.
• make some impact: campaign for an 8 hour day |
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Haymarket Square
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(1886) gathering place for strike (peaceful), labor leaders spoke, no violence planned.
• Business and City leaders sent PD in to control it. Unknown who start it, but someone sent fire rocket up, and police started firing into crowd resulting in bloody massacre of strikers fighting back against police. • Labor leaders were rounded up and arrested. 3 weren’t even at strike. 8 people found guilty and sentenced to hanging. |
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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Samuel Gompers-British
o Motto: Pure and Simple Unionism o Sam- led campaigns and spoke out against immigrant labor and would allow them into the labor union. o Pushed for family wage- a Male could work stable job in factory and bring home enough money to support a family. o Favored mostly skilled laborers. No immigrants, no remedial workers, no blacks. o Victories here and there locally- Made Labor Day a national holiday in 1894. o 1916-8 hour day became a law- bc of a number of different labor unions. o Depression conditions brought labor and capital into conflict- brink of civil war |
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o Coeur D’Alene, Idaho Strike
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• Mine owners got together and decided what they were going to pay everyone and cut the wages dramatically.
• collusion • 1892 informed workers. Union refused to accept it. Pre-arranged plan that locked out all union miners. Found strike breakers all around the west that would work in union workers place. Men came in on rail cars • Tried to protest peacefully with signs, march, chant. 3 months got them no where. Loaded a rail car full of explosives down into a mine causing a sink hole. Government of Idaho declared Marshall Law and sent in Federal Troops. 2 weeks were able to crush strike and union workers floated away. • FAILED |
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o Homestead Strike, Pennsylvania
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• Home of Carnegie Steel Works
• Andrew and Henry Frick (chairman) needed to lower wages on wide scale bc of depression-steel workers. • Union operating in steel factory- affiliated with AFL. Contract in place that expired in 1892, Andrew and Frick said they were paying them less bc of expired contract • Frick started to build a wooden fortress around steel plant with stands with gun knotches. Hired a private military army to guard the factory. Shot union workers for striking, yelling and throwing rocks. • Mayor of Homestead member of Union, wouldn’t send in police to help and cooperate with Carnegie Steel. Governor sent in national guard, threw out strikers and private army. Nailed down peace by force. • strike breakers working in the factory for lower wages, instead of union workers. and steel companies along east coast followed suit. • 1900- every main steel company in US was union free. |
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o Pullman, Illinois 1893
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• Pullman Palace Car Company-made all train cars
• housing, stores, library, schools built for workers and family • rent, groceries, library fees, school fees of development were deducted from workers paychecks. • Pullman started to drop wages drastically and kept charges all the same. Workers wouldn’t tolerate that on top of dropped wages. • Workers elected committee to talk to management. Fired those 8 workers. Pullman workers then went on strike, they had an ally with Eugene V. Debs. • Debs- labor leader with connections to different labor unions. Railroad workers in Illinois all went out on strike out of sympathy for the Pullman workers. • Attorney General looked at strike and said it was illegal bc it interrupted the mail delivery. President Grover Cleveland, sent in army to break the strike. • Violent fire fight during strike. 13 killed 50 wounded. • Debs- put into jail for coordinating strike. Read Karl Marx while in jail and became a convinced Socialist. Founded the socialist party of US. Ran for president 5 times. |
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• The Grange
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o The Grange were angry about being overlooked. Government was get mad if they stored their grain, so they build a facility to store all together.
o Built a group against high rail road charges to transport grain. o 1890s- Depression wiped out so many farmers that many co-op facilities went out of business. o 1900-price controls went away as well |
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• Farmer’s Alliance
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o Considered themselves apart of the labor union movement
o Took shape as political party. run candidates to get their own people in government. |
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Frances Willard
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o Women’s Christian Temperance Movement- to ban alcohol.
o Branched out to grant women the right to vote, and run women candidates, and candidates would make decisions favorable to their cause |
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• Populism
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• Populism
o The People’s Party-William Jennings Bryan 1896 o Came to believe if they were going to get any change they had to get like minded people into government o Feb 1892- St Louis- Farmers Alliance, Knights of Labor, Colored Farmers Alliance, met and founded new political party. o Clear agenda • Government ownership of railroads • government ownership of banks • government ownership of telegraph lines • graduated income tax (more you make the more you pay) • 8 hour work day • restriction of foreign immigrants o Election of 1892- held convention and elected a presidential nominee- James Weaver of Iowa o Won victories in local elections- governor, councilmen, senators, congressman |
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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1890• Treasure was to coin more silver currency and print more money based on silver reserves than gold. Silver less valuable and more of it.
• More money in circulation, banks would be better about lending it, open up markets |
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o William MCkinley
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the republican candidate that won the election of 1896.
• Commerce • Civilization • At home , prestige abroad • Stable currency |
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William Jennings Bryan
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spell binding orator. Democratic nominee for president.
• Cross of Gold speech- government will crucify us on a cross of gold • Speaking out for rural Americans. Addressing some of the issues on the populist agenda. People’s party recognized that Jennings Bryan was stealing their thunder. People's party also nominated him but he chose to ignore them |
