America: A Concise History 3Rd Edition "affirmative Action - Common Law"

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Affirmative ation

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Government mandates beginning in the 1970s that required unions, businesses, and educational institutions to make a deliberate effort to achieve a better measure of racial and gender equality in their recruitment and hiring while the civil rights movement had achieved significant legal and political victories, historic patterns of racial and gender discrimination proved difficult to overcome without the assistance of the government

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American System

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A mercantilist system of national economic development advocated by Henry Clay and supported by John Quincy Adams it had three interrelated parts: a national bank to manage the financial system; protective tariffs to encourage American industry and provide revenue; and a nationally funded system of internal improvements, such as roads, canals, and railroads

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Anarchism

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The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means. Feard for their views, became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing

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Anglo-saxonism

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A theory widely held in the late ninteenth century that the English speaking peoples were racially superior and for that reason justified in colonizing and dominating the peoples of less-developed areas of the world. Combined with Social Darwinism, it fueled American expansionism in the late nineteenth century

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Appeasement

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Pacifying an enemy by making concessions. In the context of the coming of World War II, it refers specifically to the agreement reached at Munich in 1938 in which England and France agreed to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in exchange for his promise not to take more territory

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Benevolent Empire

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A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reform inspired by evangilical Christian ideals and created by middle-class men and women in the 1820s. "Benevolence" became a seminal concept in American spiritual and social thought during the Second Great Awakening. Promoters of benevolent reform suggested that people who experienced saving grace should provide charity to the less fortunate

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Bills of exchange

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Credit slips that British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants used to trade among themselves in the eighteenth century

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Black Codes

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Laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to the plantations

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Blacklist

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Procedure used by employers throughout the nineteenth century to label and identify workers affiliated with unions. in the 1950s, were utilized to exclude alleged Communists from jobs in government service, the motion picture business, and many industries and unions

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Bolsheviks

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Members of Russia's Communist revolutionary party in the early twentieth century led by Vladimir Lenin, they took Russia out of the war in early 1917, giving up huge territories to the Germans in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. After World War I, Americans often used the term to describe anyone they viewed as radical

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Broker state

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An activist government that mediates between contending pressure groups seeking power and benefits. In the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s marked the clear emergence of this

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Business Cycle

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The periodic rise and declinde of business activity characteristic of capitalist-run, market economies. A quest for profit stimulates a level of production that exceeds demand and prompts a decline in output. In the United States, major periods of expansion are 1802-1818, 1824-1836, 1846-1856, 1865-1873, 1896-1914, and 1922-1928 were followed by either relatively short financial panics (1819-1822 and 1857-1860) or extended depressions (1837-1843, 1873-1896, and 1929-1939)

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Capitalism, capitalist

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The system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and the contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money. Although some elements of this existed in the United States before 1820, a full-blown this economy and society emerged only with the market revolution of the mid-nineteenth century and reached its pinnacle during the final decades of the century

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Carpetbaggers

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A derisive name given by Southerners to Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Former confederates despised these Northerners as transient exploiters. they were actually a varied group, including Union veterans who had served in the South, reformers eager to help the ex-slaves, and others looking for business opportunities

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Caste system

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A relatively rigid system of social statuses based primarily on birth

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Chattel slavery

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A system of bondage in which the enslaved people have the legal status of property and, hence, may be bought and sold in a manner similar to other forms of property

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Civic humanism

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A political and civil outlook that stressed virtuous service to the community and its government. During the Renaissance, this idea of selfless service was thought to be critical in a republic where authority lay in the hads of the citizenry

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Civil Religion

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A term used to describe the sacred, religious-like allegiance that many Americans gave to their republican political institutions

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Clan

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A group of related families who share a common ancestor. In the sixteenth century many native peoples north of the Rio Grande organized their societies around these groups, which often combined to form tribes

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Closed shop

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Workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. In the nineteenth century, this was favored by craft unions as a method of keeping out incompetent and lower-wage workers and of strengthening their bargaining position with employers

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Closed-shop agreement

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A labor contract in which an employer agrees to hire only union members. Many employers strongly opposed such agreements and instituted court cases to have them declared illegal by the judiciary

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Collective bargaining

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A process of negotiation between labor unions and employers, particularly favored by the American Federation of Labor. Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL accepted the new industrial order, but fought for a bigger share of the profits for the workers

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Collective Security

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A peacekeeping concept whereby nations ally to protect one another from aggression. The post-World War I League of Nations, in Article X, was the first international body to mandate collective security. Unwillingness to accept Article X contributed to U.S. failure to join the League. In 1945, after World War II, The United States joined the United Nations, thereby agreeing to the principle of collective security

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Columbian Exchange

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The sixteenth-century transfer of agricultural products and diseases among the continents. The foodstuffs of the Western Hemisphere-maize, tomatoes, potatoes, manioc-moved eastward, as did a new variety of syphilis; and African and Eurasian crops, animals, and diseases, particularly smallpox and measles, moved to the Americas

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Common law

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Centuries-old body of English law based on custom and judicial interpretation, not legislation, and evolving case by case on the basis of precedent. The common law was transmitted to America along with English settlement and became the foundation of American law at the state and local levels. In the United States, even more that in Britain, the common law gave the courts supremacy over the legislatures in many areas of the law