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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is matter?
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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What 4 forms does matter come in?
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liquid, solid, gaseous, and plasma
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What are the building blocks of matter?
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Atoms
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What are the subatomic particles that make up atoms?
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Protons(p+), neutrons(0), electrons(e-)
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what subatomic particles make up the nucleus?
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Protons(p+) and Neutron(0)
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What subatomic particles surround the nucleus?
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Electrons(e-)
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What holds an atom together?
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the attraction of positive protons to negative electrons
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Electrons are high?
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energy
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different number of ? , ?, and ? in atoms created different elements.
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protons, neutrons, and electrons
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each element has a characteristic ? and a ? chemical behavior.
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atomic structure and predictable
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each element is assigned a ? name with an ? symbol
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distinctive, abbreviated shorthand
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What are variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons?
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Isotopes
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Do neutrons give weight to an atom?
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yes
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Radio active ? isotopes are used in dating fossils and ancient materials
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Carbon
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Radio active Iodine isotopes are used in studying the ? gland
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Thyroid
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What two parts of an atom equal the atomic mass?
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Protons + Neutrons
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If the atomic number of an element is also known as the?
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Proton number
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Electrons occupy energy shells, from ? energy to ? energy as they move away from the nucleus.
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Low, High
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Electrons fill the orbitals and shells in ? starting with the shell nearest the nucleus, except for H which only has ? electron in its single shell.
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pairs, one
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each element, has a unique pattern of ? and ?
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orbitals and shells
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C,H,N,O,P,S
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carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, Phosphorus, sulfur
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Why are the electrons lower in energy when they are closer to the nucleus?
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because they are interacting more with the positive nucleus and the farther away from the nucleus the higher the energy due to less interaction
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most elements do not exist ? in pure form
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naturally
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a ? is a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms and it can be two of the same element, like O2
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molecule
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molecules that are combination's of two or more different elements are?
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compounds
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What type of bond is it when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons?
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Chemical Bond
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the types of bonds formed and to which atoms and element bonds are determined by the atom's?
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valence
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What type of covalent bond shares 6 electrons and is the strongest?
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Triple covalent bond
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What is an Ionic bond?
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A bond thats either giving up or taking electrons
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what bond is the weakest ? and what is the weakness based on?
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Hydrogen bond, Electronegativity
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Which covalent bond shares electrons?
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single covalent
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Double bond equals ? bonds and ? pairs
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4 and 2
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Nitrogen gas makes up ?% of atmospheric gases and is necessary for things like? and ?
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70%, proteins and nucleic acids
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What bond is weaker than a covalent bond?
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Ionic bonds
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What is a Hydrogen atom that loses it's electron called?
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Proton(p+), these protons are used in making ATP and making flagellum rotate
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The majority of molecules associated with living things are composed of ? and ? bonds. There are covalent bonds between what organic elements?
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single, double, C,H,N,O,P,S
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Covalent bonds that result in unequal distribution of charge are called?
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Polar bonds (ex. H20)
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Polarity influences both ? and ?
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reactivity and structure
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An electrically neutral molecule is?
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non-polar, because the electrons are equally shared
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When a molecule takes up electrons it becomes more ? charged and when a molecule gives up electrons it becomes more ? charged
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negatively, positively
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Molecules with ionic bonds, when dissolved in a solvent, can separate in to charged particles called ? in a process called ?
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ions/electrolytes, ionization
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Ionic molecules that dissolve from ions are called ?
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electrolytes
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another name for NaCl(sodium chloride) is ?
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table salt
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What type of bond does water have between H2 and O?
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polar-covalent
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? bonds make up the bonds in DNA, and in the ?,? of proteins
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hydrogen, alpha helix, beta pleated sheets of proteins
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What do molecular formulas tell us?
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The atomic symbol and the number of elements involved
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C6H1206 the molecular formula for glucose is not ?
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Unique
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chemical formulas that are shared by other compounds are called?
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Isomers(ex. glucose, galactose, and fructose)
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Structural formulas illustrate the ? of atoms and the ? and ? of bonds
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relationships, number, and types
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In organic chemistry when two lines come together it is assumed that there is a ? where they meet
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carbon
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Chemical equations are used to illustrate?
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chemical reactions
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? are the molecules entering the reaction
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reactants
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? are the substances left by a reaction
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products
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endergonic reactions get help from ? and ? to get them going
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enzymes and sunlight
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What type of reaction is it when reactants bond together to form an entirely new molecule?
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synthesis reaction
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Chemical equations must be ?
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balanced; what ever appears on one side must appear on the other side of the reaction. ex. A+B>AB
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how many electrons are in two molecules of H?
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2
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When bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules it is called?
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decomposition
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What is a possible toxic by-product of cellular respiration?
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H2O2(hydrogen peroxide)
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What kind or reaction takes place when products trade places between each other and release products that are combination's of the two?
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exchange reaction
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What increases the rate of the reaction without changing the output of the reaction?
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Catalyst; ex. enzymes
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What are enzymes?
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proteins that speed up the rate of a reaction without changing the final product
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A solution is a mixture of one or more ? uniformly dispersed in a?
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solutes, solvent
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A solute cannot be separated by ? or ?
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filtration or settling
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What is the rule of solubility?
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like dissolves like
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What is the most common solvent in natural systems because of its special characteristics?
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Water due to it's polarity
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A molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties is?
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Amphipathic; ex. phospholipid like in a bi-layer
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The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent is called?
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Concentration
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One mole is the ? of the compound in grams
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molecular weight
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OH- is a ? ion
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hydroxide ion
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Basic stains are used for ? staining
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positive staining which will actually color a cell and allow you to visualize that color within the cell
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Acids release excess ?
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H+(hydrogen ions)
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If the cell membrane is colored then the stain is a?
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positive stain
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Bases release excess?
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OH-(hydroxide ions)
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The range of the pH scale is from ?,the most ? to ?, the most ?
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0, most acidic, to 14, most basic
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Acidic products like vinegar, sauerkraut, beer, cheese and yogurt are made by?
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bacteria
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Microorganisms can adapt to ? environments, but not to ? environments above?.
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acidic, highly basic , 10
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basic compounds are used as?
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cleaners
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inorganic chemicals usually do not contain both ? and ?
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C and H
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Carbon compounds with a basic framework of the element carbon bonded to other atoms are?
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Organic chemicals
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Carbon is the ? element of life
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fundamental
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Carbons valence makes it a ? atomic building block
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ideal
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Carbon forms ? containing thousands of C atoms, with bonding sites available
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stable chains
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Carbon can form 3 shapes of bonds, and 3 covalent bonds what are they?
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linear, branched, or ringed
single, double, triple |
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Carbon most often associates with what other 5 elements?
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H,N,O,P,S
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Carbon can form up to ? bonds per molecule
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4
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? groups determine the function of a molecule; how it will react with another molecule
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functional
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functional groups give organic compounds unique ? properties
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reactive
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? of organic compounds can be predicted by knowing the kind of functional group or groups it carries
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reactions
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R-(O-H) ? and Class of compounds it can be found in?
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Hydroxyl; Alcohols and carbohydrates
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R-(C=0-OH) What is it? What class of compounds is it found in?
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Carboxyl; Fatty acids,proteins, organic acids
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R-(C-H-H-NH2)What is it ? What class of compounds is it found in?
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Amino; Proteins, nucleic acids
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R-(C=O-O-R) What is it ? What class of compounds is it found in?
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Ester, Lipids
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R-(O-P=O-OH-OH) What is it ? What class of compounds is it found in?
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Phosphate; DNA, RNA, ATP
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What does the R on the front of a functional group mean?
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it is shorthand for residue and it indicates that what is attached at that site varies from one compound to another
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What is Biochemistry?
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The study of the chemical processes in living organisms
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What are Biochemicals?
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Organic compounds produced by living things
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What are the 4 main families of Biochemistry?
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carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids(p,l,n,c)
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Organic compounds are often very large, they are called?
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Macromolecules
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All macromolecules are formed by ? except for lipids.
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polymerization
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The single repeating subunits are called ? when they are bound into chains they are called?
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monomers, polymers
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What are Carbohydrates?
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Sugars and Polysaccharides
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(CH2O)n is the ? formula for most Carbs, and the n=the ? of this combination
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general, number of units
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Carbohydrates exist in a ? of configurations
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variety
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What is a configuration of a carb that is simple with a sweet taste?
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sugar (saccharides)
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A monosaccharide contains how many carbons?
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3-7
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A disaccharide contains two ?
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monosaccharides;ex.lactose
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Polysaccharides contain ? or more monosaccharides. give two examples?
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5, starch and cellulose
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What type of bond ties monosaccharides into disaccharides?
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Glycosidic(covalent)
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Monosaccharides combine via ? or ? reactions. what do these two have in common?
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dehydration or condensation; water is created as a result of these bonds
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Structural support, protection,serves as a nutrient and energy stores, they function as cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae, from cellulose, These are the functions of a?
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Polysaccharide
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What are some important polysaccharides?
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agar, peptidoglycan, starch, chitin glycocalyx, glycogen (ggcaps)
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Where is Lipopolysaccharide found?
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gram negative cell walls; it causes fever
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A variety of substances that are not soluble in polar substances are?
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Lipids
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? will not dissolve in polar solvents
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lipids
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What is the main group of lipids?
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Triglycerides
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A single molecule of glycerol bound to three fatty acids is a ?
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Triglyceride; fats and oils
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glycerol is a molecule with ? carbons and each carbon will attach to a ?
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3, fatty acid
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saturated means that ? are saturated with ? Which means there are no ? bonds between carbons.
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carbons, hydrogens, double
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Unsaturated fatty acids do not have a saturation of ? and that means that there is at least one ? bond in the fatty acid chain
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hydrogen, double carbon
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Transfats have removed the ? carbon bonds
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double
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Unsaturated fatty acids don't ? well, and are ? at room temps and are typically from ? sources
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stack, liquid, plant
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Trans fats need ? and ? catalyst
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hydrogen, palladium
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How many carbons are in a glycerol?
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3
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what causes a kink in one of the fatty acid tails of a phospholipid?
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a double bonded carbon
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What Miscellaneous lipid is a complex ringed compound commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones?
What Misc. lipid is the best known and found in cell membranes? Another Misc. lipid is waxes that are ? formed by a long chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid. |
Steroids, Cholesterol, Esters
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What is the best know Misc. steroid?
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cholesterol
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Other steroids include ? and ? which are ? molecules
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estrogen and testosterone, signaling
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what are esters formed between a long chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid called?
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Waxes, which really repel water
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what wax is found in acid fast bacteria?
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Mycolic acid
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What are the predominant organic molecules/compounds?
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proteins
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How many naturally occurring forms of amino acids are there?
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20 and some organisms can make them all, usually lower organisms, humans cannot make them all
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What is the compostion of an amino acid?
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Alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a R group (H,A,A,C,R)
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A ? bond forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another.
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peptide
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When it comes to amino acids NP= ?, P= ?, + = ?, - = ?
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nonpolar, polar, positively charged, negatively charged
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Why does NP,P,+,- matter when it comes to amino acids?
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They determine the final structures of proteins, NP's and P's want to stick together and + want to be by - and - wants to be by +
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Primary structure looks like?
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beads on a string bound by peptide bonds
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Secondary structure forms are?
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Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix base on hydrogen bonds bound by hydrogen bonds
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Tertiary bonds are based on ? bonds like ?
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many, ionic and covalent bonds
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Quaternary structures are formed when two or more ? structures combine
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tertiary;ex. hemoglobin has four tertiary groups that make up one hemoglobin group
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each different type of ? develops a unique shape, dictated by the ?, so it can only react with molecules that fit its particular surface features.
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protein, amino acid
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When a proteins native state has been altered it is ?
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denatured, like cooking an egg or curling your hair
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? are the building blocks of DNA and RNA
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Nucleic acids
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If a cell is going through mitosis, DNA is in what form?
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sister chromatids/bow tie pasta shape
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If a cell is in its normal working phase(interphase), DNA is in its ? form
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Chromatin
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What type of proteins does chromatin wrap around to make chromosomes?
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histones
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DNA is like a special?
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coded genetic program
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DNA transfers its ? to RNA
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program
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Both ? and ? are polymers of repeating units called ?
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DNA and RNA; nucleotides
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? are composed of 3 smaller units a nitrogen base, a pentose base, and a phosphate
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Nucleotides
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The nitrogen base of a nucleotide can be one of two forms ? and ?
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a purine(2 rings) and a pyrimidine(1 ring)
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There are two type of purines ? and ?
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adenine(A) and guanine(G)
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There are three types of pyrimidines ?,?, and? Pyrimidines have ? ring.
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thymine(T) with DNA only,
cytosine(C) uracil(U) with RNA only One ring ;"the cut(cytosine,uracil,thymine) ones" have one ring |
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The nitrogen base of a nucleotide is ? bonded to ? in RNA and ? in DNA
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covalently, ribose and deoxyribose
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The phosphate in a nucleic acid ? bonds the sugars in series
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covalently
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The ? of DNA is formed by two long polynucleotide strands
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double helix
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DNA strands are linked along their length by ? bonds between ? pairs of nitrogen bases
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hydrogen, complimentary
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In DNA, A pairs with ? , Cytosine pairs with ?
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Thymine, guanine
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What pairs with adenine in RNA?
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uracil(U)
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? consist of a single long chain of nucleotides, but is shorter than DNA
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RNA
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RNA is ? stranded and contains ? instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of ?
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single, ribose, thymine
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What are the functional types of RNA formed using the DNA template?
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mRNA, tRNA , rRNA
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What type of RNA is a copy of a gene that provides the order and type of amino acids in a protein?
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mRNA-
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What type of RNA is a carrier that delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly?
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tRNA
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What type of RNA is a major component of ribosomes?
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rRNA
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What is a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates?
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ATP/adenosine triphosphate=3phosphates
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What is a high energy compound that gives off energy when the bond is broken between the outermost phosphates?
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ATP
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What high energy compound gives off energy for cellular chemical reactions?
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ATP
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When the terminal phosphate bond is broken to release energy, ATP becomes?
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ADP/adenosine diphosphate=2 phosphates
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ADP can be converted back to ? when the 3rd phosphate is restored.
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ATP
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