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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diversity
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variety or multiformity
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Assimilation
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the merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups, not involving biological amalgamation
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National Identity
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the depiction of a country as a whole, encompassing its culture, traditions, language, and politics
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Northern Culture
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a culture that exists mainly in the northern region of a state or country
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Southern Culture
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a culture that exists mainly in the southern region of a state or country
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Jamestown/Plymouth Colony/Massachusetts Bay Colony
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early colonies established in the new world
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New Amsterdam
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17th century Dutch colonial settlement, later became New York City
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Quebec
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Canadian settlement made by Indian tribes, predominately French-speaking
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St. Augustine
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port city established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés in 1565
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Erie Canal
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canal that runs from Albany, NY to Buffalo, NY, connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes
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Industrial Revolution
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period from the 18th to 19th century that increased technological production in Western Europe and North America, eventually affected the rest of the world
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Breadbasket of the nation
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the midwestern United States, for their mass prodction of wheat goods
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Plantation economy
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an economy based mainly on agricultural production
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Economic Opportunity
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the idea to promote the health, education, and general welfare fo the impoverished
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European Immigration Patterns
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the path by which the Europeans came to America: Germans came to PA, Italians to NJ and NY, and English to New England
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Chinese and Japanese Immigration Patterns
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the path by which the Chinese and Japanese came to America: they both came mainly to the Pacific coast
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High American Wages
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the amount of money American were being paid vs. immigrants
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West Indian and Mexican immigration patterns
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the path of which Mexicans and Indians took to America: they settled mostly in the Southwestern United States
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Steerage
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third class rooms on ships that brought immigrants to America
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Castle Garden/Ellis Island
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the first American immigration center (1855-1890), the most famous immigration center (1890-1954), respectively
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Angel Island
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immigration center located on the Pacific coast of California (1910-1940)
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Entry requirements
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Steerage passengers underwent a series of health tests, first and second class only had to show no signs of a contagious disease
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Ethnic communities
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the towns that immigrants of the same ethnicity formed after moving to America: the Italians settled in NJ and NY, the Germans settled in PA, and so on
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"hyphenated" Americans
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a term used for Americans that were of foreign origin
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Melting Pot
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a term used to describe America as a nation filled with diverse cultures
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Nativism
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a term used to refer to ethnocentric beliefs regarding immigration and nationalism
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Prescott F. Hall
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helped form the Immigration Restriction League
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Immigration Restriction League
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a league that supported the ban of "undesirable immigrants"
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American Protective Association
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an American anti-Catholic society that thought America was being overrun by German and Irish Catholics
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Literacy Requirement of 1897 (vetoed)
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the proposal to exclude all immigrants over 16 that were capable of reading, but could not read English or one of its dialects
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
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the proposal to exclude those of Chinese descent from entering the United States
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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the informal agreement between Japan and the United States that declared the United States would not impose restriction on Japanese immigrants, but Japan would restrict emigration to the U.S.
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Urbanization
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the growth of urban areas as a result of global change
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Americanization Movement
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a system that greeted Americans from 1895 to 1924, it shaped the way naturalized citizens made a new life in America
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Urban Migration
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the movement of people, mostly immigrants, from the country to the city
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Tenements
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a substandard multi-family dwelling, usually old, occupied by the poor
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Mass Transit
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a public transportation system used to move people from place to place in the city
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Filtration/Chlorination
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a system used to disinfect drinking water systems
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Sanitation
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the promotion of health by preventing human contact with harmful wastes
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Pickpockets
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a person who uses sleight of hand to thieve someone of valuables from their person without the victim's awareness at the time
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Fire Sprinklers
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a mechanism in place in some homes to automatically release water if it detects a presence of fire
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Settlement House Movement
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a movement to mix higher-income people with low-income people to hopefully enrich the knowledge of the lower-income people so they could make a better living
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Social Gospel Movement
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a movement that believed that the Second Coming could not happen until social evils were eliminated by human effort
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Jane Adams/Ellen Gates Starr
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two women who met in Atlanta, Georgia in 1878; they created a kindergarten and day care for infants, then went on to battle child labor laws
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Hull House
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a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
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1901 New York State Tenement Act
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one of the first such laws to ban the construction of dark, poorly ventilated tenement buildings in the state of New York
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Settlement Houses
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important reform institutions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Chicago's Hull House was the best-known settlement in the United States
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Janie Porter Barrett
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daughter of a former slave who founded the Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls
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Locust street Social Settlement
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an informal day care school formed by Janie Porter Barrett in her home which grew rapidly into the Locust Street Social Settlement
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Skyscrapers
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a tall, continuously habitable building of many stories, often designed for office and commercial use
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Louis Sullivan
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an American architect, called the "father of skyscrapers"
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 projects, which resulted in more than 500 completed works
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Daniel Burnham
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an American architect and urban planner who was the Director of Works for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago
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Electric Transit
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a system in a city that uses trolley buses connected to cables to transport people from place to place
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Streetcars
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another name for a trolley, it is the vehicle connected to electric cables that are used to transport prople
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El
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a nickname for elevated rapid transit systems
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Subway
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a rapid transit system that is generally found underground, can also be called a metro
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Urban Planning
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integrates land use planning and transportation planning to improve the built, economic and social environments of communities
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John Augustus Roebling
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German architect famous for his wire suspension bridges, particularly the Brookly Bridge
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Frederick Law Olmstead
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a famous American journalist and landscape engineer who co-designed Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City
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"Emerald Necklace"
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an 1,100-acre chain of parks linked by parkways and waterways in Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts
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"White City"
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four apartment buildings built in 1914 in Forest Hills, Massachusetts in emulation of the World's Columbian Exposition a decade earlier
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Electrically-Powered web-perfecting press
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An electrically powered press that prints on both sides of a continous roll of paper, then cuts, folds, and counts the pages
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Orville and Wilbur Wright
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Two brothers who manufactured bicycles in Dayton, Ohio, who experimented with new engines that were powerful enough to keep "heavier-than-air" craft aloft
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Kitty Hawk, NC
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town on the Outer Banks of North Carolina that became famous after the Wright brothers of Dayton, Ohio, selected a nearby site to make their first controlled powered airplane flights on December 17, 1903
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George Eastman
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an American innovator and entrepreneur who created a multi-national corporation that changed people's lives and experience of their world
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Kodak Camera
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camera invented in 1883 by George Eastman that revolutionized photography by dry, transparent film that could be rolled into a handheld camera
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William Torrey Harris
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an American educator and philosopher whose main emphasis was on educational discipline
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Mandatory Education for Children
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a law that states that children must attend school in the United States until the age of eighteen
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Expansion of high school curriculum
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the broadening of secondary education, allowing for kids to receive a better education by the time they become adult citizens
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Racial Discrimination in Education
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a system that sparated blacks from whites in schools
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"Americanization" of Immigrants
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the assistance to allow immigrants to learn American ways
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Parochial Schools
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a school that provides religious education in addition to conventional education
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Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities
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three schools that were a part of the Black Ivy League
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Booker T. Washington
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American educator who fought for civil rights of African Americans, heavily criticized by W.E.B. DuBois
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Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
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university founded for colored people that offered mainly industrial education
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W.E.B. DuBois
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American scientist, opposed scientific racism
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Niagra Movement
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a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter
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Poll Tax
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used as a de facto or implicit pre-condition of the exercise of the ability to vote
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Literacy Tests
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used to deny suffrage to African-Americans in a number of southern states, while allowing many illiterate whites to vote
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Grandfather clause
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a legal term used to describe a situation in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations, while a new rule will apply to all future situations
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Segregation
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the separation of people based on race, applies in everyday situations
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Jim Crow Laws
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state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans
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Racial Etiquette
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to refer to someone based on their status and race
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Lynching
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an extrajudicial execution carried out by a mob, often by hanging, but also by burning at the stake or shooting, in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate, control, or otherwise manipulate a population of people
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New York City Race Riot of 1900
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a breakout of violence based mostly on race that took place in New York City in 1900
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Debt Peonage
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the act of involuntary servitude to repay a loan, commoly illegal
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Plessy vs. Ferguson Decision of 1896
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a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal"
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Justice John Marshall Harlan
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a Kentucky lawyer and politician who served as an associate justice on the Supreme Court. He is most notable as the lone dissenter in the Civil Rights Cases (1883), and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which, respectively, struck down as unconstitutional federal anti-discrimination legislation and upheld Southern segregation statutes
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cycling (women)
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a popular sport in the Olympic Games in the early 1900s that ivolved women racing each other on bycicles
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Tennis
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a sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a racket that is strung to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponent's court
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Coca-Cola
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a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants, and vending machines in more than 200 countries.[1] It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke
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Hershey
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a city in central Pennsylvanis, famous for its Hershey factory, founded by Molton Hershey in 1903
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Baseball
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a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond
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1903 World series
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the first modern World Series to be played in Major League Baseball. It matched the Boston Americans of the American League against the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League in a best-of-nine series, with Boston prevailing five games to three, winning the last four
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Negro Leagues
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United States professional baseball leagues comprising teams predominantly made up of African Americans
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Pittsburgh Crawfords
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a professional Negro league baseball team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, commonly called Craws
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Homestead Grays
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a professional baseball team that played in the Negro leagues in the United States. The team was formed in 1912 by Cumberland Posey, and would remain in continuous operation for 38 seasons. The team was based in Homestead, Pennsylvania, adjacent to Pittsburgh
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Josh Gibson
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an American catcher in baseball's Negro leagues. He played for the Homestead Grays from 1930 to 1931, moved to the Pittsburgh Crawfords from 1932 to 1936, and returned to the Grays from 1937 to 1939 and 1942 to 1946
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Sensational Headlines
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Headlines popular in baseball that featured something extraordinary
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Joseph Pulitzer
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a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World
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William Randolph Hearst
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an American business magnate and leading newspaper publisher
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Thomas Eakins
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an American realist painter, photographer[2], sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important artists in American art history
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Realism
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any manifestation of philosophical realism, the belief that reality exists independently of observers, whether in philosophy itself or in the applied arts and sciences. In this broad sense it is frequently contrasted with Idealism
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Ashcan School
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a realist artistic movement that came into prominence in the United States during the early twentieth century, best known for works portraying scenes of daily life in New York's poorer neighborhoods
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Abstract Art
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a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world
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"Poor Man's University"
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a term used for a public library, you could get any information you wanted and not have to pay for it
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Dime Novels
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a term to describe any quickly written, lurid potboiler and as such is generally used as a pejorative to describe a sensationalized yet superficial piece of written work
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Samuel Clemens
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better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel."
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Department Stores
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a retail establishment which satisfies a wide range of the consumer's personal and residential durable goods product needs; and at the same time offering the consumer a choice of multiple merchandise lines, at variable price points, in all product categories
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Marshall Field
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founder of Marshall Field and Company, the Chicago-based department stores
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Chain Stores
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retail outlets that share a brand and central management, and usually have standardized business methods and practices
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F.W. Woolworth
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the founder of F.W. Woolworth Company (now Foot Locker), an operator of discount stores that priced merchandise at five and ten cents
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Advertising Expenditures
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•"Reasonable" expenses for advertising. Some examples would be printing of business cards, Yellow Pages ads, newspaper advertisements, TV and Radio ads costs (including production costs), and costs for setting up your business website
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Catalog Shopping
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to look for items in a magazine-oriented shopping list
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Sears and Roebuck
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an American chain of department stores which was founded by Richard Warren Sears and Alvah Curtis Roebuck in the late 19th century
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Rural Free Delivery (RFD)
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the delivery of mail in what are traditionally considered rural areas
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Vaudeville Theater
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a West End theatre on The Strand in the City of Westminster. As the name suggests, the theatre held mostly vaudeville shows and musical revues in its early days
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P.T. Barnum
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a West End theatre on The Strand in the City of Westminster. As the name suggests, the theatre held mostly vaudeville shows and musical revues in its early days
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Barnum and Bailey Circus
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an American circus company. The company was started when the circus created by James Anthony Bailey and P. T. Barnum was merged with the Ringling Brothers Circus. The Ringling brothers purchased the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1907, but ran the circuses separately until they were finally merged in 1919
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"The Great Train Robbery"
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a movie made in 1903 in which a group of bandits stage a brazen train hold-up, only to find a determined posse hot on their heels
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Ragtime
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an original musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918. Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or "ragged," rhythm
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Transcontinental Road
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a railroad line built in the United States of America between 1863 and 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska with the Pacific Ocean at Oakland, California on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay opposite San Francisco
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Promontory, Utah
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the location of Promontory Summit where the United States' Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed on May 10, 1869
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C.F. Dowd
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first proposed the Earth be divided into 24 time zones
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Railroad Time
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the time at each point within a time zone, with noon as when the sun was directly overhead
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Chicago/Minneapolis/Abilene/Seattle/Denver
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towns that began along and due to the formation of railroads
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George M. Pullman
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built a factory in 1880 that manufactured sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie
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Pullman, IL
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a town in which most of the residents worked for Pullman's company
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Butler, PA
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In 1902, the Standard Steel Car Company opened one of its largest railcar manufacturing facilities in Butler. It was here that some of the first all steel rail cars were built
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Credit Mobilier
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scam invented by stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad that allowed companies to build railroads at three times the cost, then pocket the profits
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Schuyler Colifax
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vice-president accused of involvement in the Credit Mobilier
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Congressman James Garfield
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Accused of involvement in the Credit Mobilier, later became president despite accusations
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The Grange
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farmer's organization founded in 1867
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Abuse of Government Land Grants
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the railroads sold extra land to other businesses rather than settlers, fixed rates, and charged more for short hauls, for which there was no alternative
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Price Fixing
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an agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand
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Granger Laws
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laws "to establish maximum freight
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Munn v. Illinois Decision of 1877
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court decision which upheld Granger Laws seven to two
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Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
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reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities
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Panic of 1893
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a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures
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Andrew Carnegie
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a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, and entrepreneur who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He was also one of the most important philanthropists of his era
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Carnegie Steel Company
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company run by Carnegie that went on to maufacture more steel than all of Great Britain
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Horizontal Integration
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a process in which companies producing similar products merge
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Vertical Integration
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a process by which a manufacturer buys out his suppliers to lower manufacturing expenses
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Social Darwinism
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a process in which larger companies sell a product for less than its value, monopolizing the business, then hiking prices to a irrational but alternativeless level
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Herbert Spencer
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used Darwin's biological theories to explain the evolution of human society
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Monopoly
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a situation in which one company owns all of the business in its field in an area, allowing them to sell their product at any rate; good for the company, usually bad for everybody else
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Holding Company
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a corporation that did nothing but buy out the stock of other companies
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J.P. Morgan
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banker, owner of United States Steel
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U.S. Steel
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one of the most successful holding companies, became the world's largest business
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Standard Oil
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company headed by John D. Rockefeller that used a trust to gain control of the Americanoil industry
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John D. Rockefeller
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owner of Standard Oil, regarded as the wealthies man in history
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Trust Agreements
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owners gave up stock to trustees; in return, the owners got a share of all dividends
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Robber Barons
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term used to describe industrialists who drove their competitors out of business using unfair advantages
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Price Under Cost of Production - Then Hike Prices
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tactic used by industrialists to drive competitors out of business
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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act that made it illegal to make a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries
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Southern Economic Stagnation
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the North owned 90 percent of the South's businesses; therefore, the South's economy came to a screeching halt
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Sweatshops
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workshops in tenements rather than factories
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National Labor Union
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first large-scale organization of laborers, founded by William H. Sylvis in 1866
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Colored National Labor Union
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organization for colored people, created by refusal to admit to NLU
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Uriah Stephens
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organized Noble Order of the Knights of Labor
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Noble Order of the Knights of Labor
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Local union linked with NLU
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Craft Unionism
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labor organization made of skilled workers of different trades
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Samuel Gompers
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led Cigar Makers' International Union to join other craft unions in 1886
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American Federation of Labor
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focused on collective bargaining, led by Gompers
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Eugene V. Debs
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formed American Railway Union
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American Railway Union
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first industrial union (included skilled and unskilled workers)
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Socialism
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form of government in which the government owns all large businesses, small ones are still private
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Karl Marx
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formulated extreme socialism, known as communism
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Industrial Workers of the World/"Wobblies"
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miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers, led by William "Big Bill" Haywood
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William "Big Bill" Haywood
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led IWW
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Sugar Beet and Farm Laborers' Union of Oxnard
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1,000 Japanese and Mexican workers who led a successful strike in 1903
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State Federation of Labor
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supported a union of Japanese and Mexican workers
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Great Strike of 1877
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strike waged by workers of B&O Railroad, fought second wage cut in two months
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Haymarket Affair of 1886
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protest against police brutality, fueled by impact of Great Strike
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The Homestead Strike
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strike at Carnegie Steel in Homestead, Pennsylvania
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Henry Clay Frick
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Carnegie Steel's president, proposed wage cuts that fueled Homestead Strike
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Pinkertons
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guards hired to protect Carnegie Steel to allow the hiring of scabs
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Pullman Company Strike of 1893
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strike caused by massive job and pay cuts
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Mary Harris Jones
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led 80 mill children to the house of Theodore Roosevelt to restrict child labor
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United Mine Workers of America
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union formed by Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
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Pauline Newman
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formed International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union at age 16
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International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
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union formed by Pauline Newman that fought poor working conditions in garment workers' shops.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911
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fire that engulfed three floors of a major factory, killing 146 women; stirred public outrage against factory working conditions
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"yellow-dog" contracts
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contracts that obligated a worker not to join a union.
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Political Machine
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offered service to voters in return for political or financial support
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City Boss
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controlled activities of the political machine
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Precinct Captains
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worked on streets to gain voters' support
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"Big Jim" Pendergast
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worked his way up from precinct captain to city boss by aiding Italian, African-American, and Irish voters in his ward
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Graft
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illegal use of political influence for personal gain
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Kickback
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illegal payments for political services
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Tammany Hall
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New York City's powerful Democratic political machine
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William M. "Boss" Tweed
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head of Tammany Hall
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Thomas Nast
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famous political cartoonist in the 1870s, raised public outrage against Tammany Hall
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Patronage
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giving government jobs to people who helped get a candidate elected
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Civil Service
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government administration, went to most qualified persons
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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president elected in 1876, used clever tactics to pass civil service reform
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Roscoe Cooking
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political boss enraged by Hayes's firing of officials of customhouse
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Stalwarts
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Roscoe Cooking's supporters
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Reformers
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people who supported reform, anti-Stalwart
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James A. Garfield
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Ohio congressman who ran for president as an independent
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Chester A. Arthur
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vice-president nominee, one of Conkling's supporters
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Charles Guiteau
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mentally unbalanced lawyer who shot Arthur twice for turning him down for a job
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Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
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authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates' performance on an examination
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Grover Cleveland
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president who tried to lower tariff rates, but was rejected by Congress
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Tariffs
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tax on imports or exports (trade tariff), or a list or schedule of prices for such things as rail service, bus routes, and electrical usage (electrical tariff, etc.)
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Benjamin Harrison
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grandson of president William Henry Harrison, wanted to raise tariffs
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McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
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raised tariffs on manufactured goods to their highest level yet
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Wilson-Gorman Tariff Law of 1894
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became law without the president's signature
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