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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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name the events that happened right before the reconstruction (1865-76) of the south.
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* civil war ended in 1865 and the south seceded.
* congress passed 13th amendment in 1865; amendment was to end slavery * war meant the end of a rebellion; did not end slavery * confederacy made by the south. |
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why did the south have to be reconstructed?
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*because there was damage such as ruined roads, burnt down plantations...
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who was president during the reconstruction period?
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andrew johnson (1865-68)
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describe him.
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*was VP when lincoln was president
* only pres. who didn't attend school; taught himself who to read & write. * was a small farmer * wasn't a good pres.; only reason why he got into office was bc pres. got assasinated. |
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what was johnson's idea for reconstruction?
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* all white male southerners who wanted to vote should take loyalty oath to union.
* if white male was a top confed. officer or top plantation owner, he was to ask johnson for a pardon in person. * johnson for state's rts; left states to decide on things such as blacks and voting. |
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why was johnson's idea rediculous?
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*bc the white southerners wanted to make everything the same except they didn't call the blacks, slaves anymore.
*they made up black codes |
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in 1866, what was reconstruction like?
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it seemed like the southerners were going to go back to how things were before the war
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where was congress during johnson's plan?
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*they went home after the war
*in late 1866, they acted as congressmen and they despised johnson's ideas! |
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what was the result of johnson's plan?
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* it did not go through since congress and some strong leaders known as radical republicans
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what political party seemed to be running things in office? also name the two main ppl.
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*the radical repubs.
*charles sumner: senator from MA *thaddeus stevens: house of rep; had the idea that blacks should be treated as equals. |
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what did these two men do to johnson's plan?
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since they were both opposed to the blk. codes, they stopped it.
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name the two stage plan they made.
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they wanted to make a constitutional amendment so they decided that it needed to get the job done fast & make sure plan will last for a long time
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what four points were made in the 14th amendement?
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* all citizens will have due process of law which means protection of the law.
* permission to vote and representation in congress. * rebels can't hold political office * union war debts were to be paid, not confederate war debts. |
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what was the purpose of due process of law? also, define it.
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it was to lock down black codes and due process means a reason to be arrested.
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go into detail about the second point of the 14th amend (permission to vote and repres. in cong.)
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* all males should be allowed to vote
* it's not manditory but a privledge * women hated this bc the word 'male' is mentioned in const. for the first time |
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go into detail about the 3rd point of the 14 amend. (rebels can't hold office..)
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* can't hold offices UNLESS congress gives permission
* in 1872, congress passed amnesty act which ended this part of the constit. |
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what law was passed in 1867? name the two things that it did.
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the military reconstruction act;
established five military districts in south and created new constit; couldn't elect any rebel southerners to office and males had the right to vote |
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name the 2nd and 3rd laws that were passed in 1867 and give the purpose of both.
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* command of the army act and the tenure of office act
* purpose of both acts were to cut off some power from the pres. * tenure act was to keep johnson from changing officials * this act needed approval of congress if he ever wanted to change officials |
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describe the little drama that went between, johnson, edwin stanton, and congress.
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*edwin stanton was the secretary of war and johnson wanted to dimiss him but congress said he wasn't allowed to do such a thing since the tenure act had already come into play.
* according to congress, johnson violated act so therefore they wanted to put him on trial. |
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name the two things congress wanted to put johnson on trial for.
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* violated the tenure office act
* his actions made congress look bad. |
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what was the result of this trial?
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congress fell one vote short so johsnon was aquited. therefore, he was still in office and finished out his term...
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describe the elections of 1868 & 1872.
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* ulysses s. grant was commander in general in civ. war.
* in 2nd election, he beat horace greeley (editor of the tribune; advice giver and told ppl "go west, my friend") * grant's presidency was known as the "great bbq" |
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describe the 15th amendment.
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*makes it illegal for states to block the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery).
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what did the states do about the 15th amendment?
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they went around it and made it hard for illiterate ppl to vote since they were forced to take a literacy test; a poll tax and the grandfather clause (if grandfather didn't vote, you can't either) was also enforced
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when did the US supreme court outlaw the grandfather clause?
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1915
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what was the result of the 15th amendment?
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* 14 ppl of color in south were elected in the HOR.
* 2 elected into senate * no blacks were gov. cept in LA |
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who was warmoth?
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a LA gov. that was convicted
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who was lt. gov. pinchback?
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served as gov for one month.
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what anti-black terriorist group was formed?
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ku klux klan; founded in 1867
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what did they do?
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*they terrorized blacks and the whites who helped the blacks.
*attacked blks bc they just didn't like them, attacked whites who helped the blks. |
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name the two kinds of people who helped the blacks.
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*northerners= carpetbaggers; white northherners who traveled with a suitcase made of carpet material.
*southerners= scalawagers |
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what was the KKK act of 1871?
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*if KKK member got arrested, they were charged with violating a person's civil rts and they were violating amendments.
*they were to be tried in a federal court. |
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what was happening in the 1870s?
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*war ended 5-6 yrs ago.
*ppl getting weary of war; started to wonder if reconstruction was really going to work. |
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Freedemen's Bureau of 1865.
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helped ex-slaves; gave them food, helped them to become literate; this act ended in 1872.
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Amnesty Act of 1872
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*gave pardons to everyone who fought on the confed.
*had the rt. to vote and could become full citizens |
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panic of 1873.
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*lots of banks shut down
*econ. in bad shape *native americans and white ppl had rivalries *labore union protests galore. |
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election of 1876.
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*rep. party won (rutherford hayes)
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why was the election of 1876 controversial?
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*there was a voting irregularity
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what did the south democrats want to do to the south?
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they wanted to run it themselves
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what did hayes do to the union troops?
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he withdrew them from the south and ended reconstruction in 1877
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what legacy lived on after reconst.?
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*the legacy of slavery lived on; prejudice injustice remained in the south.
*segregation occured *when slavery ended, the status of question fell on everyone. |
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what does jim crow mean?
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segregation
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what was happening to the poor in the south?
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*there were very little programs for the poor
*illiteracy rates were high |
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what is a sharecropper?
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it means sharing the profits for crops.
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who owned most of the land after the civil war?
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the whites.
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but why couldnt some whites buy land?
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bc some were poor
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what contract did the landowner make with the poor?
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he would get them to work the land; half of the money would go to worker, other half would go to the landowner.
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__% of land in LA was cultivated by sharecroping.
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58%
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what was the problem with sharecropping?
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it can't happen if there are no seeds...
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what was the crop lien system?
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person would go to landowner to ask for seeds/tools or storekeeper and make arrangements for credit.
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what was the problem with the crop lien system?
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the workers would start out in debt but once paid, they pay what they bought back; if can't pay, they keep working until they can..kinda like slavery...hmm.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson.
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1896; US supreme court upheld the 'separate but equal' principle; case was about transportation; in reality facilities were not made equally; case overturned in 1954 with Brown vs. Board of Edu.
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what do some say about the civil war?
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they said that the west caused it bc they didn't know if west was going to be slave or nonslave states.
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what was not a big deal in the west?
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slavery
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who founded the west/
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anglos and euro. amer. came in the west as well.
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why did they blacks come to the west?
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bc they left the south since reconstruction ended and jim crow laws were taking affect.
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who were the exodusters?
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african americans who pushed west to get away from south.
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___% of cattledrive cowboys were black.
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25%
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who were the buffalo soldiers?
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blacks in the military (cavalry); helped US in wars against indians.
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where did the mexicans live?
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in the SW such as AZ,CA,etc.; granted full citizenship after the mexican-am. war (one with polk)
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when did the chinese americans come to the states?
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when the gold rush was happening in CA
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who came before everyone else and was already well-established?
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the native ams...they were divided into many different tribes.
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what did congress pass in 1862?
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the homestead act
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why was this passed?
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bc the russians/euros wanted native american territory in the west.
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what rules were in the homestead act?
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160 acres of land offered to anyone who:
*cultivated the land for five years, then filed land claim *or cultivated land for six months then pay $1.25 per acre. *offer made to both sexes. |
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what did james oliver invent?
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the iron 'sod-buster' plow in 1868
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what did joseph glidden invent?
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barbed wire in 1873
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what did congressman Newlands make?
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the newlands reclaimation act in 1901; was about irrigation.
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what was the purpose of barbed wire?
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to protect ppl's property such as water, animals, crops, and such..
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who had disputes over land?
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small & big ranches and cattle & sheep ranchers
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who were the cattle ranchers?
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anglos, euros., brit ppl
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who were the sheep ranchers?
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mexicans
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why did the cattle/sheep ranchers fight?
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it was for ethnic reasons
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Fence Cutters War in TX (1883-84)
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large ranchers cut the wire in order to steal property such as cattle
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name two outlaws of the west.
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tom horn & john wesley hardin
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what was the result of the fence cutters war?
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territorial law made in tx where it was against the law of fence cutting.
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___% of settlers were male, ___% were female.
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75;25
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in 1890, about ____ women were running/owning their own farms
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250,000
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esther morris
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went to wyoming and had a ranch
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what was the land called before anyone claimed it?
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the wilderness
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___ is land that ppl work on in order to have it as their official land.
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territory
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___ is land that is owned officially.
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state
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what was granted in wyoming in 1869
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women's suffrage.
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what was women's suffrage also called?
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from the top down which means granted by territorial legislature not through a grassroots movement.
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esther became the first woman to ...??
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assemble the peace; wyoming became a state in 1890 and women were allowed to vote there.
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what happened in colorado in 1893?
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women were allowed to vote there too.
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carrie chapman catt
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was involved in women's suffrage; organized popular 'grassroots' movement; she went to idaho and est. women's rt to vote there as well in 1896
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what state permitted women to vote in 1896?
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utah; state known for the amount of mormons in the state; allowed to vote so utah mormons can maintain their power
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how did the homestead act affect the native ams.?
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they were losing land bc whites took it from them
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native ams were ___
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communal = whole tribe cooperated in activities and lived together
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semi-nomadic indians.
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indians who took turns moving to diff. homes; wars started if a tribe accidentally stepped ft. in another indians' territory.
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what was the religion of the native ams?
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polytheistic
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where was the apache tribe and name some important ppl that were in the tribe.
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*southwest
*geronimo = captured, escaped, and eventually died; did not want to settle *new perce & chief joseph from idaho were defeated in the 1880s. |
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what were the sioux tribe also called and what land did they own?
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also called the Lakota Sioux; SD, Montana, WY, and black hills
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name two important chiefs of the sioux
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crazy horse and sitting bull (1870s)
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Little Big Horn River
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settlement onside of river (1876); ppl decided to attack; custer and men wanted to attack the sioux; this battle is called custer's last stand or battle of little big horn...of course crazy horse and sitting bull were in fight.
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what did the US supreme court in the 1880s declare with the native americans?
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native ams on reservations were not citizens instead they were "wards" of federal gov.
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congress passed a law called the ___ ___ ___ in 1887..what was the purpose of it?
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Dawes Severalty Act; wanted to divide tribal lands and have private ownership instead; if kept it up for 25 years, the can become full citizens; sometimes native ams were forced to give up their lands by aggression or money; wanted to stop cummunal living
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Bureau of Indian Affairs (1880s).
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*all children on reservations got taken away and sent to boarding schools; tried to americanize them and if they got caught speaking their native language, they got punished.
*christianity was encouraged; native ams. did not have a say so in relighion; forced into being christians *also told that they weren't citizens and it's not protected by the constitution. |
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what secret new religion was adopted in 1889?
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the ghost dance religion
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who was the holyman and who was he?
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wokova; had a vision that everyone was going to die but native americans would be reborn and live like they did before the settlers came in.
*in order to make religion happen he said to go back to indian ways and if they did, they would be protected by bullets. |
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what was happening with the ghost dance religion?
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the US army tried to put a stop to it and forbade it.
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who was kicking bear?
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part of the sioux tribe; wanted to fight with the white men immediately so the native americans can achieve their practice.
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what happened in 1890?
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tribes were called to gather
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who was big foot?
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part of sioux tribe; him and tribe tried to get to the meeting place but he was ill along with his other men...
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what did big foot and his men set up?
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a camp at wounded knee.
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what did the soldiers want to do with the camp?
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they wanted to disarm them and put them on reservations.
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what ended up happening when they tried this?
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one deaf man didn't know what was going on so when soldier asked to disarm; he went crazy and shot everyone..this was called the battle of wounded knee or the massacre in 1890.
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what was the result of the battle?
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most native americans ended up living in reservations; no battles after that.
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what did the 1890 US census declare?
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the frontier was gone. all land was claimed by somebody such as the gov., oil companies, farmers, etc.
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Fredrick Jackson Turner
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he proposed his "frontier thesis" which really defined the way america was developed; had a high abundance on land, animals, lots of things...
*his main point was that america had an abundance |
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what happened in the 1920s with the black hills?
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a white man had an idea that he would carve a monument (mt. rushmore).
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what did the black hills used to be?
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indian territory but gold was found and they were forced to leave the lands.
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what did industrialization do for ppl?
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it changed the way ppl worked
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what system did ppl go by before industrialization?
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an apprenticeship.
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why did the apprenticeship disappear?
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transportation began to improve; used the technique of mass production; specialization of tasks also being used which lead to the division of labor; numerous ppl made stuff..not just one person. also, machines came into play.
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after 1870, there was a rise in???
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big business and labor: oil, steel, investment banking ( all major industries)
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Rockefeller.
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had the standard oil co.
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Carnegie
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Carnegie steel ; US steel
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JP Morgan
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company was JP Morgan and Co. (investment broker)
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when there was intense competition, what would happen between the Cos.?
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price wars
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what was Rockefeller interested in to control price wars?
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economic concentration and combination instead of intense competition; pools, trusts, and holding cos....types of agreements on wages, prices, quota, etc...
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holding Cos
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company that owns other Cos.
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what are two ways to organize a holding co.?
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horizontal and vertical integration
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horizontal integration.
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companys own the same kind of cos. in different locations
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vertical integration.
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control of production chain
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social darwinism
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"survival of the fittest" thomas huxly said this originally.
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what are the two justifications of big business
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social darwinism and philantropy
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wealth
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well-deserved mark of responsible, pwrful ppl
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philosophy
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"laissez faire" let business alone -- no gov. interference
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what were the two objections of social darwinism?
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ppl not just brutes in the jungle and business happy to let govt. "interfere" with tax breaks, loons, etc.
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what did rockefeller contribute?>
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money to the univ. of chicago and rock. foundation
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carnegie?
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public libraries and carnegie hall, NYC
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morgan?
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no charity
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what objections are there?
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*guilt money
*huge profits *what about workers? |
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horatio algers
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author of "rags to riches" "struggling upward"
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what were some working problems?
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*speeding up = rushed to make more stuff even though ppl lost limbs
*broken time = when boss called time ...such as 15 mins. before the hour ended and worker didn't get paid for the hr. *blacklist = list that ppl are on if boss didn't approve of worker; couldn't get jobs anywhere else; had to move away. |
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name and describe the two types of immigrants.
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* old wave = came to US up to 1890; came from Northern and Western Europe; English Irish, German, Scandinavians.
* new wave = 1890-1920s; southern and eastern europe; Italians, Jews, Slavs |
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why did these ppl want to come to america?
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there was lots of trouble in euro. and in america there were job opportunities
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where did most of them come from and what were their plans?
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most came from rural areas; they had the idea that they were going to make money, then move west but most ended up staying
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what was the problem the immigrants were facing in the city?
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they attempted to raise livestock in the city; couldn't adjust to city life
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what religion were the new wave ppl?
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catholics and jewish
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what did they see as a bad thing?
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diversity
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National Origins Act of 1924
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it was to control the immigrants; applied to asians and euros since the WASPS were worried about these two groups the most.
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what did this act do to the euros.?
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they established quotas of 2 percent of nationality's population in 1890; this method was a way to manipulate immigration. in 1924, when labor work was reduced only a certain number of euros. can come in.
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what did they do with the asians?
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they cut off immigration with them all together.
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what other group came to the US to work?
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the mexicans
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name the three models of assimilation
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1. anglo-conformity ("strainer")
2. melting pot ("stew") 3. cultural pluralism ("salad"...meaning many cultures) |
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what was anglo-conformity? name the two stages
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all immigrants should conform to anglo model.
* two stages: 1. behavioral assim. = wear am. clothes, conform to work schedule, buy am. products 2. structural assim. = enter the social and political structures of the US such as churches, clubs, etc. |
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what was the melting pot?
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take all nationalities and melt them together; produce a new thing
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cultural pluralism?
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let each culture persist but all stick together.
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first generation.
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foreign born; cohort = grp of ppl who were there for the same events (9/11 attacks, JFK assasination)
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second generation.
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american born of foreign born parents
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third gen.
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american born with american born parents with foreign born g.paws
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chain immigration
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when an imm. resides in US for a specific reason
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what was Remigration called
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birds of passage
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what did it mean?
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returning to homeland; in 1880s, 20% went back to hms. and in 1910, 40% went back
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*What time period did The Jungle take place?
*Where was the Rudkus family from? *What kind of immigrants were they? *Where did they go? *Why did they go there? |
*Early 1900s
*Lithuania (eastern europe) *new wave because of where they're from and year they came. *First NY, then Chicago *Went to Chicago bc they knew a guy named Szedvilas who had settled there. |
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Who is Szedvilas?
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*deli owner; followed the philosophy of horatio algers (rags to richies cept it was rags to respectability.)
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How does the story first begin?
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at a wedding reception located in the backroom of a saloon; it was jurgis and ona's wedding.
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what kind of ppl were at the wedding and how was their behavior like towards america?
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first and second generation ppl were there. they were going thru the behavioral stage of anglo-conformity.
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Describe Jurgis's father.
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Antanas was Jurgis's father. He was an elderly fellow who tried so hard to find a job; he finally does but he gets a kickback in his paychecks so he didn't get all of his salary. Shortly after that he got ill and died.
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who was little antanas?
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Jurgis's son; he dies as well bc he drowned in the mud in front of his house. neighborhood was in awful condition.
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who was stanislovas?
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he was the cousin; he helped carry beer for workers and one day he went down to a basement to keep warm and try the beer; he passed out and rats ate him.
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who was Marija?
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she was a cousin too; turns to prostitution and did drugs.
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who was Ona?
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Jurgis's wife; worked in a meat packing plant. Foreladys boss had a brothel and she had to be in it in order to keep her job; she turns out pregnant again and wasn't sure if jurgis, connor, or any of her customers were the baby's daddy.
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who was the midwife?
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Madame Haupt; tires to help Ona and the child but both die.
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What was Chicago known for at this time?
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It was the center of meatpacking industries (vertical integration); Durham and Co. and Jones and Co. were well known industries.
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Who was Freddie Jones?
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a drunk with tons of money since his father owned Jones and Co.; gave Jurgis $100 but he had it taken away when he went to go break his $100 by the saloonkeeper since he thought Jurgis stole the money.
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Who was Mike Scully?
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machine politician; had control over the meatpacking industries.
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What did Pres. Teddy Roosevelt do after he read The Jungle?
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He read the book in 1906 and when he was done, he told congress that all food needed to be checked; he passed the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906.
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Explain what Roosevelt and the Reformers did.
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*They were Progressives in 1900-1920.
*They wanted to fix the spoil system which was the idea of favors for political support. *They wanted to perform a civil service which might eliminate the spoil sys. |
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What is pork-barreling?
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the pork is the govt's money and goodies; the barrel has full of it and misuse of gov. funds.
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Graft?
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illegal actions; crimes and kickbacks.
an example would be saloon keepers paying politians to keep quiet about illegal gambling or prostitution in the backroom. |
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Why did Jurgis join a union?
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Because the industries were giving him problems; by this time he learned English so he could communicate with his fellow workers and stand up for himself.
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What is a "yellow dog" contract?
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when a person has to sign a contract saying that they cannot join a union.
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What's a closed shop?
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it's a union shop; closed to non-union ppl. the advantage is that they actually have a voice with employers.
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What was the attitude of gov.?
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*It was a capitalist society; business ppl rule everything and there shouldn't be unions.
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What was cousin Marija interested in?
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Unions; This resulted in loss of her job bc of union activity she participated in.
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Who did Jurgis get in a fight with and why? What happened after the fight?
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Connor bc he forced Ona to join a brothel; He got blacklisted and went to jail.
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What does the author believe in?
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Socialism; the workers should take over
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what were two big problems for farmers?
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RRs bc they got charged for them and there was no income tax, instead the main taxes were property taxes and farmers struggled with that.
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name the three solutions they came up with.
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1. grange movement
2. alliance movement 3. populist party |
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*what was the grange movement made up of?
*where was this movement located? *what was their big emphasis? *what else did the movement do? *what did the farmers noticed by the 1880s? *how many ppl were in this move.? |
*small orgs, each a grange of course.
*midwest and south. *social and educational, build a grange hall so ppl can get together and someone can lecture about the latest technology. *cooperated on projects and formed farmers cooperatives like they would try to pull money together and establish things together; bartering (trade) involved as well. *they needed to elect ppl into govt. and wanted to more forceful. *one million. |
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*where was the alliance movement located?
*what was different about this movement? *what was similar to the grange move.? *what did they help each other with? *how many ppl were in this move.? *what kind of ppl were in this? *who was mary lease? *what did ppl realize in 1890s? |
*midwest and south.
*this move. was more political; each farmer org. was an alliance and they were militant. *still social and educational *bank problems; banks would take ppl's farms when banks went bad and if farmer took out loan. *five mil.; one mil were black..and no there was no intergration. *whites, blacks, women *involved in alliance and women's suffrage. *they began to think in terms of political parties so they created the Populist Party...held a convention in omaha in 1892 and formed that party as well as a pop. platform (which are a list of goals or ideas on a agenda) |
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*what did the populist party want to regulate?
*what type of money system did they want? *what else did they want? *what did they do for the laborers? |
*RRs, banks, and utilities such as gas, water, and electricity.
*wanted the "silver standard" which is a loose money supply rather than a gold standard, a tight money supply..only the rich wanted such a thing. *graduated income tax, direct election of US senators (legislators used to pick them but now they wanted the ppl to vote for senators) *called for shorter working hours. |
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what happened in 1896 election...describe the nominees.
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*the populist party picked william jennings bryan (made the "cross of gold speech")
*he was against the gold standard because it was only for the rich *democrats nominated him as well so vote was split when election began *republicans voted for mckinely and he ends up winning the election. |
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what happened to the populist party after the election?
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*ppl eventually went dem. cuz the pop. party lost the split vote with them
*they tried to become active again in 1900 but most ppl were either dems. or socialists. |
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Describe the Progressives.
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*were also called social reformers
*middle class WASPS; thought they were the leaders & proud of being anglos *blacks and native ams were progressives too *both genders in progrs. *ppl mostly in their 40s; most college educated even women |
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what were their biggest targets?
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*political machines hated them bc they were corrupt; most poli. grps. were run by immigrant grps.
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what did the progressive believe in?
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*leaders of the city should be edu. and busin. like
*believed in the scientific approach to social problems |
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what was the first step to solving social problems?
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* study the problem.
* there was a concern about drinking on the job bc ppl would go to saloons and machines to get drunk and that's where poll machines were. * formed a committee of experts. |
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step two?
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*expose the facts to public
*"muckrakers" = ppl who constantly spoke/wrote about stuff negatively and never looked to see the positive |
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step three?
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*pass laws to fix problems
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step four?
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*enforce laws
*laissez-faire (let it be) = old philospohers followed this; now they wanted to use gov. to solve probs. *democracy and free ent. were two imp. things *wanted to restore balance, they thought they were so sure as to what america really wanted |
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what did step three and four have in common?
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they were pwrs. of the gov.
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how many amendments did the progressives managed to get through?
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four
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what was the 16th amendment?
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*graduated income tax of 1913
*grad. inc. tax more fair than sales tax bc it was collected from all kinds of classes |
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17th?
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*direct election of the US senators of 1913
*ppl got to vote who senators were instead of legislatures |
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18th?
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*prohibition of alcohol
*repealed in 21st amen. |
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19th?
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*women's suffrage of 1920
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what did the progressive want to increase?
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*popular participation
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how did they do this?
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*initiative (ppl can propose laws; right to petition and ppl vote on it)
*referandum (voters can reject laws) *recall (voters can remove elected officials) |
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explain what the purpose of civil serivce exams were.
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*tested ppl to make sure they were qualified for a job
*problem: who makes up the exam?, is it really any good?, and who is gonna do better on the writing part? |
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what was the Hepburn
Act of 1906? |
regulated RR's
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Federal Reserve Act 1913?
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created 12 fed. banks and lend money to smaller banks; set interest rates
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what action did the progressives take on labor laws?
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*child labor laws and factory safety laws were trying to be passed
*tried to regulate how old a child can work |
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what action did the prog. take on education?
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*if child atteneded school, they didn't work
*they had to go to school til they were 12 *had "americanization programs" (make them learn engl.,take am. courses) |
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what moral reforms were made?
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*18th am. = prohib.
*settlement housing *women's suffrage |
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who fought for prohib?
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* WCTU
*Frances Willard was the pres. *her motto: "do everything" ---------------------------- *Anti-saloon league *wanted to get rid of saloons *"pressure grp" *political action committee was another name for press group |
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describe the settlement houses
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*community centers for poor neighborhoods
*volunteers ran these *Jane Addams founded the first sett. house called Hull House founded in 1889 in chicago & made it a common center *Florenece Kelley founded the national consumers league |
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why didn't women want to vote at first?
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*women didn't want to vote at first bc they thought they would turn corrupt.
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what did the progressive do for women's suffrage?
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*set up two groups:
-NAWSA = Stanton, Anthony, and Catt were the leaders - moderate, dignified; would try to convince pres. that women should vote *NWP - Alice Paul was the leader - more radical and militant - bunch of women chained themselves to gates of whtie house til they got women's right to vote; got arrested but as soon as they got out, they chained themselves again |
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what was the society of american indians?
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it was to improve health and education for them
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what did the african americans do?
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*they were comodationists
*booker t. washington urged ppl to work hard in eco. force then politics *tuskegee institute = where blks. should go to get edu. first then they can get into politics *W.E.B. DuBois = activist; pushed for civil rights (NAACP)..dealt with court cases and wanted to get rid of the "seperated but =" ruling. |
