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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel
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Bureaucracy
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French word which means “office” or “desk”
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Bureau
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Greek word meaning “rule” or “form of rule”
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Cracy
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the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific bureaucratic routines
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Implementation
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a quasi-legislative administrative process by which government agencies produce regulations
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Rulemaking
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applying rules and precedents to specific cases to settle disputes between regulated parties
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Administrative adjudication
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a product of civil service reform, in which appointees to positions in public bureaucracies must objectively be deemed qualified for those positions.
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Merit System
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the largest subunit of the executive branch. The secretaries of the fifteen departments form the Cabinet
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Department
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head of a department
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Secretary
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under the head of the department and are responsible for managing one or more operating agency
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Undersecretaries
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an agency that is not part of a cabinet department
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Independent Agency
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a government agency that performs a service normally provided by the private sector
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Government Corporation
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administers the welfare program of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Medicare and Medicaid.
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Department of Health and Human Services (DHS)
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sets standards for food processing and inspecting plants to ensure that those standards are met.
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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Administers the federal school lunch program and food stamps.
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Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Services
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departments, bureaus, or independent agencies whose primary mission is to impose limits, restrictions, or other obligations on the conduct of individuals or companies in the private sector.
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Regulatory Agency
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the stable, cooperative relationship that often develops among a congressional committee, an administrative agency, and one or more supportive interest groups.
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Iron Triangle
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the government’s use of taxing, monetary, and spending powers to manipulate the economy
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Fiscal policy
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a system of twelve Federal Reserve Banks that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks, and credit; regulates member banks; and uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation
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Federal Reserve System
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agencies responsible for collecting taxes. Examples include the Internal Revenue Service for income taxes, the U.S. Customs Service for tariffs and other taxes on imported goods, and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms for collection of taxes on the sales of those particular products
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Revenue Agencies
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this act instituted a number of new protections for taxpayers and aimed to make the IRS agents more “customer-friendly” and limit the agency’s ability to collect money owed through liens on individual income or wages
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Reconstructing and Reform Act of 1998
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a policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints on the conduct of individuals or private institutions
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Deregulation
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a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments
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Devolution
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removing all or part of a program from the public sector to the private sector.
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Privatization
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the claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president
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Executive Privilege
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the effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies
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Oversight
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a widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential
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Equality of Opportunity
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composed of widows, orphans, and others rendered dependent by some misfortune
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Deserving Poor
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able body persons unwilling to work; transients new to the community and others of whom the community did not approve.
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Undeserving poor
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this act created two categories of welfare: contributory and non-contributory
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Social Security act of 1935
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social programs financed in whole or in part by taxation or other mandatory contributions by their present or future recipients
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Contributory Programs
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a contributory welfare program into which working Americans contribute a percentage of their wages, and from which they receive cash benefits after retirement
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Social Security
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a form of national health insurance for the elderly and the disabled
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Medicare
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periodic process of adjusting social benefits or wages to account for increases in the cost of living
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Indexing
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changes made to the level of benefits of a government program based on the rate of inflation
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Cost of Living Adjustments (COLAs)
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social programs that provide assistance to people on the basis of demonstrated need rather than any contribution they have made
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Noncontributory Programs
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a federally and state-financed program for children living with parents or relatives who fall below state standards of need
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Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
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a federal block grant that replaced the AFDC program in 1996
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Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)
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a procedure by which potential beneficiaries of a public-assistance program establish their eligibility by demonstrating a genuine need for the assistance
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Means Testing
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a federally and state-financed, state-operated program providing medical services to low-income people
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Medicaid
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a federal program providing a minimum monthly income to people who pass a “means test” and who are sixty-five or older, blind, or disabled. Financed from general revenues rather than from Social Security contributions
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Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
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a debit card that can be used for food at most grocery stores; the largest in-kind benefits program
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Food Stamps
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noncash goods and services provided to needy individuals and families by the federal government
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In-kind Benefits
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a legal obligation of the federal government to provide payments to individuals, or groups of individuals according to eligibility criteria or benefit rules
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Entitlement
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What are 4 types of policies that are significant for opening opportunity?
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Education, employment, health, and housing policies
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social benefits that private employers offer to their workers, such as medical insurance and pensions
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Shadow welfare state
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government subsidies provided to employers and employees through tax deductions for amounts spent on health insurance and other benefits
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Tax expenditures
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the fact that women are more likely than men to be poor especially single mothers
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Feminization of poverty
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the political philosophy that is skeptical of any government intervention as a potential threat to individual liberty
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Libertarian
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What social policies do the elderly benefit from
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Social security and medicare
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What social policies do the middle class benefit from
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shadow welfare state and tax expenditures
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What benefits do the working poor benefit from
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Earned Income Tax Credit and Food stamps
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What benefits do the nonworking poor benefit from
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TANF, food stamps, and medicaid
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