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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lief ericson |
A viking adventurer from Scandinavia, landed in north american |
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The three most advanced civilizations in the western civilization |
Mayas, Incas and Aztecs |
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What did the Crusades do? |
Roman popes influenced european kinds and noblemen to lead a series of crusades to drive Muslims from the holy land |
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Reconquista |
A crusade to drive the moors from the region of Granada |
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Middle class |
merchants, traders, craftsmen, and men of other professions who were neither extremely poor or rich |
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The four greatest nations to emerge in Western Europe |
England, France, Spain and Portugal |
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Renaissance |
revival of learning, ''rebirth'' |
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How did Renaissance help navigation? |
Helping with more accurate maps and improved rudders for the steering of ships. Also created: Astrolabe, used for latitude and a compass, used for directions |
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Most important invention during the Renaissance |
Movable-type printing press |
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Johann Gutenberg |
German printer introduced the movable-type printing press in 1440 |
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First book ever printed |
bible |
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Martin Luther |
Man who started reformation in 1517 and protested false doctrines of the Roman Catholic church by nailing 95 thesis |
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Prince Henry the Navigator |
Founded navigation school, built observatory to study the position of the sun and stars and designed the caravel |
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Portugal |
Leads the desire for new trade routes and advances in the science of navigation encouraged voyages of exploration |
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Christopher Colombus |
First wanted to sail across the Atlantic to Asia, but ended up discovering America. |
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Christopher Columbus's Assumptions |
1) Believed that the earth was much smaller than it actually is 2) He underestimated the percentage of the earth covered by water |
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Who gave Columbus permission to his expedition? |
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, after Portugal rejected him |
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What year did Columbus get permission? |
1486 |
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Year the Spanish succeeded to drive the Moors out of Granada? |
1492 |
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The three small ships? |
La Niña, La Pinta y La Santa Maria |
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When did Columbus set sail to America? |
August 3, 1492 |
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Year Columbus finally found land? |
October 12, 1492 |
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What land did Columbus find and what did he name it? |
Bahamas, Columbus named it San Salvador |
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Amerigo Vespucci |
The first to realize that Columbus had discovered a new continent. America was named after him |
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Pope Alexander vi |
He ended the rivalry between Spain and Portugal and drew an imaginary Line of Demarcation |
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What year was the line of Demarcation set? |
on 1493 |
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Pedro Cabral |
Landed on the coast of Brazil on 1500 |
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Ponce de leon and year |
1513, he was the conqueror and governor of Puerto Rico. The first Spanish landing on the mainland of North America |
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Vasco de Balboa and year |
in 1513, Crossed the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean |
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Ferdinand Magellan and year |
1519, A Portuguese sailor, embarked on an epic 3 year voyage around the world |
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Hernando Cortes and year |
1521, conquered the Aztecs of Mexico. |
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Francisco Pizarro and year |
1533, Conquered the Incas of Peru |
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Cabeza de Vaca and year |
1528-1536 discovered and explored southern Texas and parts of New Mexico and Arizona |
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Francisco Coronado and year |
1540, discovered Grand Canyon |
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Hernando de Soto and year |
1541, Discovered the Mississippi River |
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Juan Cabrillo and year |
1542, A Portuguese explorer, explored coast of California |
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Pedro Menendez and year |
1565, founded St. Augustine, the first permanent european settlement in the present-day United States |
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Phillip ii of Spain |
With his claimed and actual possessions in the New World, he probably controlled more of the earth's surface than any other man in history |
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Spain vs England |
Divided by religion (Protestant England and Catholic Spain) had a religious and economic rivalry |
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Queen Elizabeth i |
England threatened the flow of wealth of Spain, under her rule, she interfered by sending out seadogs |
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1588 |
Philip had assembled the ''Invincible Armada'' that will sail up the English Channel, pick up troops from Netherlands and invade England |
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Who intervened Philip's plan? |
God |
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The defeat of the Armada affected Spain how? |
By marking the beginning of Spain's decline |
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Northwest Passage |
a supposed water route through North America to the Pacific |
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Giovanni de Verrazano and year |
1524, Explored the eastern coast of North America for France |
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Jacques Cartier |
Discovered the St. Lawrence River |
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Huguenots |
French Protestants that established Charlesfort and Fort Caroline |
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When, where was the first permanent French settlement? |
1608, Quebec (Canada) |
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Samuel de Champlain and year |
established Quebec and was ''Father of New France.'' |
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Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet and year |
1673, explored the central Mississippi River, Marquette was a Jesuit missionary and Joliet a fur trader |
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Robert Cavelier de la Salle |
1682, claimed entire Mississippi Valley for France and named it ''Louisiana'' |
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New France |
France claimed most of Canada |
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Why was the english colonization of the New World more successful than French colonization? |
1) Never established permanent homes 2) lacked self-government 3) lacked religious freedom 4) lacked economic freedom |
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John Wycliffe |
Translated the Bible into English for the first time ''Morning Star of the Reformation'' |
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William Tyndale |
Gave England the first printed English Bible |
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Henry VIII |
Broke England's ties with the Roman church |
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Queen Elizabeth i |
Let England have easier access to the Bible |
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Magna Carta |
1215, King John signed it , helped prepare England for limited government |
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Parliament |
Paved way for more representative government |
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John Cabot |
1497, explored coast of North America from Labrador to Virginia. First explorer in the modern age to set foot on the mainland of North America |
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''Newfound land'' |
Gave England her first and only solid claim to territory in the New World |
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Sir Martin Frobisher |
1576, Queen Elizabeth I sent him to find a ''Northwest Passage'' |
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Sir Francis Drake |
1577, embarked on a 3 year voyage that was to make him the first Englishman to sail around the world |
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Nova Albion |
New England |
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Dissenters |
those who opposed the official church, two largest groups were Catholics and Puritans |
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Separatists |
withdrew and formed their own churches |
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Absolute authority |
''Divine right of kings'' |
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Three Reasons for english colonizations |
religious, economic and political freedom |
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Economic freedom |
1)inflation 2)Enclosure Movement 3)Unemployment |
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People involved in English Colonization |
1) sovereigns 2)businessmen 3)settlers |
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Sir Humphrey Gilbert |
1578, reached Newfoundland and claimed it for Queen Elizabeth |
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Sir Walter Raleigh |
1584, Sent expedition, reached Roanoke, North Carolina and named it Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I |
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John White |
1587, Sent 100 settlers to establish a settlement on Chesapeake Bay, but settled at Roanoke |
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Virginia Dare |
the first english child born in the present day united states |
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Two companies that received a charter to colonize Virginia? |
Plymouth Company and London company |
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The first permanent english settlement in the New World? |
Jamestown |
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Why did the common-store fail? |
because it was a communal system, everyone benefitted from the common storehouse but few contributed to it |
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Who saved Jamestown from failure? how? |
John Smith by establishing a policy based on the biblical principle that any who would not work should not eat |
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John rolfe |
Taught Virginia colonists how to grow tobacco |
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indentured servants |
one whose passage to America was paid by an established colonists. |
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Private enterprise |
capitalism |
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royal colony |
colony owned and controlled directly by the king adimistered by his royal governors |
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What representative body in Virginia acred as an advisory body to the governor? |
House of Burgesses |
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Bacon's Rebellion |
Rebelled against Berkeley and fought the Indians without Berkeley's permission |
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Congregationalism |
the theory of church government which says that every body of believers should be independent and self-governing |
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Pastor John Robinson |
Leader who led part of the Scrooby congregation to Leyden, Holland. |
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Adventurers |
agreed to finance the expedition in exchange for a share in the pilgrim's profits |
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John Carver |
first governor of Plymouth Colony |
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William Bradford |
wrote History of Plymouth Plantation ( the first American history book) |
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How did the free enterprise system save Jamestown and Plymouth from early failure? |
self-governing colony |
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Squanto |
Indian that learned English in England and came back to America to help Pilgrims as a guide and interpreter. |
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What legislative body did the Pilgrims establish to pass laws, carry out provisions of the law and judge cases arising under the law? |
general court |
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What precedents did the Pilgrims set for religious and political freedom? |
separation of church and state, religious toleration |
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Miles Standish |
served as commander-in-chief of the Pilgrim0s military defense force |
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John Alden and Priscilla Alden |
Held various political offices in the colony |
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what English king vowed to rule without parliament |
Charles i |
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what company provided the puritans with an opportunity to find religious freedom in america |
Massachusetts Bay Company |
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who was chosen to be the governor of the puritan colony |
John Winthrop |
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explain what john Winthrop meant when he called Massachusetts bay a city upon a hill |
the eyes of all people shall be upon us |
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who made up the general court |
the freemen of the colony |
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what major error did the puritans make concerning church and state |
the failure to clearly separate church and state |
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1630 |
11 shops carrying a total of 700 passengers sailed for Massachusetts |
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''Great Migration'' |
25,000 Puritans emigrated to the New World |
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Puritan work ethic |
The belief that work is a gift from God and a way to glorify him |
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Yankee |
term that referred to their hard work, industry and keen businesses |
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What was considered the first written constitution? |
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut |
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Name the first settlement in Rhode Island? |
Providence |
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What book did Roger Williams publish about the Indian language? |
''Key into the Language of America" |
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Contrast the relationship between church and state in the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Rhode Island |
The colonies of Massachusetts Bay had church and state as the same thing, while the colonies of Rhode Island kept the two separate, allowing for all kinds of people. |
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What denomination played a large role in the establishment of Rhode Island and its system of government? |
Baptists |
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What colonies were included in the New England Confederation? |
Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven |
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What was the greatest triumph of the New England confederation? |
Separation from England |
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Name the organization under which the New England colonies, New York, and New Jersey were united in the 1680s. |
The Dominion of New England |
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Thomas Hooker |
1635; brought a group of fellow Boston Puritans to newly founded Hartford, Connecticut. |
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Roger Williams |
A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state, he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. |
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Anne Hutchinson |
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
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Sir Edmund Andros |
An early colonial English governor in North America, and head of the Dominion of New England. |
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What colony was founded as a haven for English Catholics? Who became its first governor? |
Maryland; Leonard Calvert |
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What act in Maryland granted freedom of worship to anyone "professing to believe in Jesus Christ"? |
Toleration Act of 1649 |
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Explain why the "Grand Model" plan for a feudal system in Carolina was doomed to failure. |
(1) For several years, Carolina did not have enough settlers to put the scheme into operation (2) Feudalism was based upon scarcity of land, and land in America was abundant. (3) Social class in America was judged not by birth, as in Europe, but by accomplishment. |
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Who acted as agent in the purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians? |
Peter Minuit |
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How did New Netherland become New York? |
When on the brink of war between England and Holland, King Charles II gave it to his brother, the Duke of York, and renamed it after him. |
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How did the land of Pennsylvania receive the name? |
William Penn inherited a debt to his father from the king, which he convinced the king to pay back in the form of land. The king renamed the currently titled area of Sylvania to PennSylvania in honor of Penn's father. |
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For what religious group was Pennsylvania a haven? |
The Quakers |
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What does Philadelphia mean? |
"City of Brotherly Love" |
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Who founded Georgia? When? How was this colony unusual? |
James Oglethorpe; 1733; It was the last of the colonies |
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How did the founding of Georgia differ from the founding of the other colonies? |
It was not settled for profit |
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proprietary colonies |
Colonies in which the proprietors (who had obtained their patents from the king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval. |
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George Calvert |
the first Lord Baltimore |
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Cecilius Calvert |
Lord Baltimore & owner of new colony, Maryland |
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Ablemarle Sound |
The original settlement area of the North Carolinas |
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Charles Town (Charleston) |
most active seaport in the south |
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Henry Hudson |
He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. He also had the Hudson Bay named for him |
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New Netherland |
A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York. |
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New Sweden |
Swedish fur-trading community established with the assistance of the Dutch on the Delaware River in 1638 and absorbed by New Netherland in 1655 |
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patroon system |
A Dutch system where families that came to the new world got a peice of land if they brought over 50 people |
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Peter Stuyvesant |
Director general of Dutch New England from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664 |
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New Jersey |
New JerseyFounded when the Duke of York took Netherland, calling it "New Jersey" after the island of Jersey on the english channel. |
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Delaware |
Delaware became its own state later when Pennsylvania had grown to immense in size. |
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Largest city in colonial America |
Philadelphia |
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What group of colonies became known for having many churches? |
The England Colonies |
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What was the official church of the southern colonies? |
Member of the Anglican Church |
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List and describe the three social classes in colonial America? |
Top- wealthy plantation owner, etc. Middle- small, independent farmers, etc. Bottom- slaves and indentured servants |
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How did social classes distinctions in America differ from those in Europe? |
America- based on accomplishmentsEngland- based on lineage |
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Scots-Irish |
The second largest group of immigrants |
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Congregational churches |
Puritans |
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New England colonies |
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island |
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Middle colonies |
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware |
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Southern colonies |
Maryland, Virgina, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia |
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What was the occupation of at least 90% of the colonists? |
Farming or agriculture |
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Who blazed the trail that later became known as the wilderness road? |
Daniel Boone |
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What connected larger cities, enabling mail to be carried more easily? |
Past Roads |
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Name four colonial industries |
Lumber industry, shipbuilding, Fishing and whaling, Fur trading on the frontier |
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What system of manufacturing was done in the home? |
Domestic System |
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Why were the trade routes traveled by colonial ships called triangular trade routes? |
because they had to stop at two distant ports before returning |
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''bread colonies'' |
Middle Colonies because of grain |
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Quitrent |
a small, fixed annual fee |
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Headright system |
a parcel of land was given to each settler or to the one who paid for the settler's passage to the New World |
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Boonesborough |
A fort Daniel Boone built and became a town |
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Why were American colonist vitally interested in education? |
Freedom can only survive among educated people capable of ruling themselves. |
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What was the first institution of higher learning in British North America? |
Harvard College |
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What law provided for the establishment of the first public education system in America? |
Ole' Delude Satan Act of 1647 |
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What kind of schools were first established in the middle colonies? What replaced them? |
Latin Grammar Schools; Private Academies |
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How did education in the southern colonies differ from that of the other colonies? |
In the south, schools weren't practical because of the farming. |
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What academy was founded by Benjamin Franklin? What did it later become? |
Philadelphia Academy; University of Pennsylvania |
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What printer's trial set an important precedent for American freedom of the press? |
John Peter Zenger |
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Cambridge |
A town near Boston, named after Cambridge, England. |
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Hornbook |
A paddle-shaped board which had a printed paper attached containing the alphabet and usually the Lord's Prayer or a Scripture verse. The paper was protected by a thin, transparent sheet of animal horn. |
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New England Primer |
Published by Benjamin Harris in 1690, a textbook that would be widely used for over a hundred years |
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John Eliot |
''Apostle to the Indians," translated the Bible into the language of the Algonquin Indians |
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Algonquin Indians |
Received a translation of the Bible from John Eliot |
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Subscription libraries |
Only those who contributed to their support could barrow books |
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Poor Richard's Almanac |
Written by Benjamin Franklin, shared bits of wisdom with the common people about meteorological and astronomical information, along with simple proverbs and sound advice couched in good humor |
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Boston News-Letter |
America's first regularly published weekly newspaper, started in 1704 |
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New-England Courant |
The first privately published newspaper in America, started in 1721 |
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Name the royal colonies. |
.Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Georgia |
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What are the two bodies of a bicameral legislature? |
Upper and lower house |
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How did the colonial legislature differ from English Parliament? |
Colonial- people representing a small area English- people representing the whole nation |
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Who was the chief executive officer of the colony? |
the governor |
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Proprietary colonies |
Were granted by the king to individual proprietors or owners; Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware |
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Self-governing colonies |
Were granted charters allowing them to rule themselves; Rhode Island and Connecticut |
