Alterations In The Reproductive System

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painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory cycles; chief symptom is pelvic pain associated with the onset of menses

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dysmenorrhea

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amenorrhea

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lack of menstruation

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failure of menarche and the absence of menstruation by age 14 with no development of secondary sex characteristics

OR

absence of menstruation by age 16 regardless of secondary sex characteristics

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primary amenorrhea

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absence of menstruation for a time equivalent to 3 or more cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated

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secondary amenorrhea

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menstrual irregularity or abnormal bleeding patterns; usually caused by anovulation due to age, stress, or endocrinopathy

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abnormal uterine bleeding

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multiple cysts grow on the ovaries caused by androgen excess, chronic anovulation, or inappropriate gonadotropin secretion

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polycystic ovary syndrome

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the cyclic recurrence of distressing physical, psychological, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities

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premenstrual syndrome

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an acute inflammatory process caused by infection

may involve one or more of the following: uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries

most often caused by STIs

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pelvic inflammatory disease

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infection of the vagina caused by sexually transmitted pathogens, bacterial vaginosis, or candida albicans; development of this is related to skin integrity and pH

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vaginitis

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nonspecific term used to describe inflammation of the cervix before the indentification of pathogens

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cervicitis

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inflammation of the vulva; can be caused by contact with soaps, detergents, lotions, hygenic sprays, shaving or menstrual pads

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vulvitis

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inflammation of one of both of the ducts that lead from the introitus (vaginal opening) to the Bartholin glands

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bartholinitis (bartholin cyst)

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descent of the bladder and anterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal

in severe cases, they bulge outside of the introitus

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cystocele

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bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal

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rectocele

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herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectovaginal septum; usually associated with other pelvic relaxation disorders

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enterocele

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-cele

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hernia

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entero-

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intestine

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descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal

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uterine prolapse

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produced when a follicle or follicles are stimulated but no dominant follicle develops and completes the maturity process

most common during the reproductive years

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benign ovarian cysts

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a mass of endometrial tissue that contains a variable amount of glands, stroma, and blood vessels; usually originate at the fundus or the uterus

most are asymptomatic but some cause intermenstrual bleeding

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endometrial polyp

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benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the myometrium

the most common benign tumors of the uterus

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leiomyomas/uterine fibroids

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type of cancer that is considered an STD

caused by HPV

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cervical cancer (see outline for more info)

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type of cancer diagnosed using a Pap smear

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cervical cancer

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rarest female genital cancer

generally asymptomatic

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vaginal cancer

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cancer of the vulva

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vulvar cancer

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most prevalent gynecologic malignancy

treatment usually involves a hysterectomy

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endometrial cancer (see outline for more info)

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type of cancer that is largely a silent disease

cause is unknown

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ovarian cancer (see outline for more info)

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male causes of impaired fertility:

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diminished quality/production of sperm

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female causes of impaired fertility:

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tube obstruction, disrupted ovulation, endometriosis (functioning endometrial tissue outside of the uterus)

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inflammation of the urethra
(usually caused by a sexually transmitted organism)

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urethritis

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narrowing/blockage of the urethra caused by scarring

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urethral stricture

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the foreskin is retracted and cannot be moved forward to cover the glans

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paraphimosis

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condition in which the foreskin cannot be retracted back over the glans

(foreskin is too tight)

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phimosis

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"bent nail syndrome"

a fibrotic condition that causes lateral curvature of the penis during erection

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peyronie disease

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uncommon condition of prolonged penile erection (not associated with sexual arousal)

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priapism

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inflammation of the glans penis usually associated with poor hygiene and phimosis

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balanitis

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carcinoma of the penis (rare in the U.S.)

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penile cancer

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abnormal dilation of a vein within the spermatic cord

classically described as a "bag of worms"

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varicocele

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collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

most common cause of scrotal swelling

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hydrocele

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painless diverticulum of the epididymis located between the head of the epididymis and the testis

(cyst that develops in the epididymis)

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spermatocele

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one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum

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cryptorchidism

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the testis rotates on its vascular pedicle, interrupting its blood supply

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testicular torsion

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an acute inflammation of the testes caused by systemic infection or epididymitis

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orchitis

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symptoms include a painless testicular mass and a dull ache in the lower abdomen

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cancer of the testes (see outline for more info)

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inflammation of the epididymis (usually caused by a sexually transmitted organism)

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epididymitis

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nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland

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benign prostatic hyperplasia

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inflammation of the prostate

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prostatitis

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type of cancer diagnosed using a digital rectal exam, PSA, and ultrasound

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prostate cancer (see outline for more info)

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persistant and sometimes excessive secretion of milky fluid from the breast of a woman who is not pregnant or nursing

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galactorrhea

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palpable lumps in the breast that fluctuate with the menstrual cycle and may become progressively worse until menopause

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benign breast disease

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leading cause of death for women age 40-44

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breast cancer

(see outline for more info)

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What are the clinical manifestations of breast cancer?

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painless lump
palpable nodes in the axilla
nipple retraction
persistant rash over the breast
ulceration of skin
edema of arm

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the overdevelopment of breast tissue in a male

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gynecomastia

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reportable diseases do not include ________ & _________

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human papilloma
herpes

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what kind of STIs are considered incurable?

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viral

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Name 4 complications of STIs.

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pelvic inflammatory disease
genital cancer
neonatal mortality
HIV

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STI in which the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted and replaced by an overgrowth of bad bacteria

symptoms include discharge with a fishy odor

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bacterial vaginosis

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bacterial STI with a low incidence in the U.S.

women are usually asymptomatic

causes men to develop an inflamed, painful genital ulcer

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chancroid

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the primary cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy

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chlamydia

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the leading cause of blindness in the world

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chlamydia

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bacterial STI that is often asymptomatic

causes symptoms of UTIs in women

causes urethritis and epididymitis in men

causes eye infections in neonates

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chlamydia

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adolescents age 15-19 are at high risk of developing this STI

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gonorrhea

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symptoms of this bacterial STI include urethral/anorectal infections, vaginal discharge, spotting, heavy menses

women may be asymptomatic

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gonorrhea

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bacterial STI that is often confused with syphilis, herpes, and chancroid

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LGV

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bacterial STI that begins as a skin lesion and spreads to the lymphatic tissue

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LGV (see outline for more info)

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incidence of this bacterial STI is decreasing due to the use of penicillin

can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy

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syphilis

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symptoms of this bacterial STI occur in 5 stages (incubation, primary, secondary, latent, late/tertiary)

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syphilis

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vaccine for cervical cancer

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Gardasil

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most common STI in the U.S.

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HPV

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symptoms of this viral STI are soft, skin colored warts; may occur in clusters

may be asymptomatic

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HPV

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the incidence of this viral STI is reaching epidemic status in the U.S.

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genital herpes

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this viral STI is treated with oral acyclovir to decrease virus replication

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genital herpes

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caused by the parasite phthirus pubis

causes mild to severe itching

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pediculosis pubis

"crabs"

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caused by the parasite sarcoptes sacbiei

causes intense itching

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scabies

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caused by the parasite trichomonas vaginalis

causes pain during intercourse, dysuria, and spotting

most men remain asymptomatic

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trichomoniasis

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in this type of cancer, premalignant lesions occur 10-12 years before invasive cancer

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cervical cancer