Alteration In Wbc & Platelets

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The term used to describe the process through which blood cells are made.

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Hematopoiesis/ Hemopoiesis

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Derived from Greek word haina meaning blood and poietin meaning to make.

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Hematopoiesis

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Occurs primarily in the bone marrow but may also occur in spleen

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extra-medullary hematopoiesis

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These cells are self renewing population giving rise to cells with committed differentiation programs and are common ancestors of all blood cells.

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Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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Terms used in process which leads to the formation of granulocytes (Neutrophil, Basophil and Eosinophil) and monocytes.

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Granulopoiesis and Monocytopoiesis(myelopoiesis)

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Granulocytic and monocytic cell are sometimes referred collectively as ______.

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Myeloid cells

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Immunologic functions of myeloid cells:

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✔Neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages – phagocytosis and microbicidal activity✔Basophils – responsible for participation in allergic reactions.✔Eosinophils – parasiticidal activity✔Macrophages – antigen processing and presentation and cytokine production.

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The most dominant leukocyte type in blood of most domestic species.

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Neutrophil

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Species that have higher number of lymphocytes than neutrophils.

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Ruminants

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From Greek word thrombus meaning clot.

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Thrombopoiesis

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Refers to the production of platelets, which have central role in primary hemostasis and also participate in the coagulation and inflammatory pathways.

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Thrombopoiesis

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Life span of platelets in dogs

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approx. 6 days

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Refers to the production of new lymphocytes.

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Lymphopoiesis

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Key effectors of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.

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T lymphoctes and B lymphocytes

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Describes an absolute decrease in white blood cell numbers.

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Leukopenia

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Examples of leukopenia

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- Neutropenia- Lymphopenia/Lymphocytopenia

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Describes an absolute increase in the white blood cell numbers.

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Leukocytosis

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Examples of leukocystosis

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✔Neutrophilia✔Basophilia✔Eosinophilia✔Lymphocytosis✔Monocytosis

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Condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets in the blood.

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Thrombocytopenia

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Condition in which there is excessive number of platelets in the blood.

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Thrombocytosis

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From Greek words Leukos meaning white and penia meaning deficiency.

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Leukopenia

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It is a decrease in the number of white blood cells.

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Leukopenia

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Often caused by decrease number in neutrophils; can be used with “neutropenia” interchangeably.

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Leukopenia

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A condition in which there are too few lymphocytes. It is present as part of Pancytopenia.

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Lymphocytopenia

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Condition in which there is total reduction of number in all blood cell types.

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Pancytopenia

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It is a severe and dangerous leukopenia in which blood cells drops below 500 cell/mm³

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Agranulocytosis

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Other terms for agranulocytosis

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agranulois or granulopenia

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A form of agranulocytosis where the number of eosinophil granulocyte is lower than expected.

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Eosinopenia

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TRUE OR FALSE. Leukocytosis with eosinopenia can be predictor of bacterial infection

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True

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Factors that induce eosinopenia

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stress reactions, Cushing’s syndrome or the use of steroids

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A form of agranulocytosis associated with a deficiency of basophils

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Basopenia

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Less than 0.01 x 10⁹/ L

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Conditions associated with basopenia

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✅Hereditary (rare)✅Elevated levels of glucocorticoids✅Hyperthyroidism or treatment of thyroid hormones✅Ovulation✅Hypersensitivity reactions✅Leukocytosis

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Etiology of leukopenia

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✅Acute viral infection: cold and influenza

✅Failure of Blood cell production ( chemotherapy, radiation therapy, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia)

✅Stem cell transplantation

✅Bone marrow transplant

✅HIV, AIDS and Steroid use

✅Deficiency in copper and zinc

✅Lupus, Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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TRUE OR FALSE. Lymphocytopenia caused by Feline leukemia virus and Feline immunodeficicency virus retroviral infection is treated with lymphocyte T-cell immune modulator.

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True

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Other term for lymohopenia

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Lymphocytopenia

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Common temporary cause of lymphopenia

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common cold

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3 kinds of lymphocytopenia

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✔T lymphocytopenia – usually caused by HIV infection, but may be Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia✔B lymphocytopenia – humoral immune deficiency, caused by medication.✔NK lymphocytopenia – very rare

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Refers to an increase in the total number of white blood cell due to any cause.

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Leukocytosis

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Pathophysiology of leukocytosis

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Conditions in which neutrophilia can be observed

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Physiologically

Drug or toxics

As reactive neutrophilia

Metabolic and endocrine diseases

Malignant hematologic disease

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Conditions in which eosinophilia can be observed

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Infections

Allergic responses

Neoplasms

Connective tissue disorders

Medications

Endocrinopathies

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Conditions in which basophilia can be observed

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Myeloproliferative disorders

Inflammation

Allergies

Infections