Allosterism, Enzyme Regulation

Front 1

What does an allosteric inhibitor do? Give an example.

Back 1

An allosteric inhibitor decreases enzyme affinity for a substrate. An example is ATP.

Front 2

Which allosteric inhibitor is part of the TCA cycle in mitochoncria that prouduced ATP?

Back 2

citrate.

Front 3

For a cell to have a particular enzyme activity, what two things must a gene have?

Back 3

presence and expression.

Front 4

A cells activity depends on these four things

Back 4

1. substrate specifity,
2. Km,
3. concentration of reactants,
4. allosterism (activating or inhibiting)

Front 5

Name five enzyme regulating processes.

Back 5

1. Post-translational modification,
2. Binding regulatory molecules,
3. Protein-Protein interactions
4. Targeted Degregation
5. Protein Phosphorylation

Front 6

this mechanism for enzyme regulation turns enzymes on and off, an example is protein phosphorylation

Back 6

Post-translational modifications

Front 7

Binding of regulatory proteins may also do what to enzymes and other proteins?

Back 7

signal their molecules

Front 8

Enzymes in a complex with regulatory subunits that affect the activity of the enzyme is called what?

Back 8

Protein-Protein interactions

Front 9

The specific degregation of proteins is another way that cells can regulate enzymes expressed by cells is called what?

Back 9

Targete degregation.

Front 10

How many processes does Protein Phosphorylation involve?

Back 10

Two.

Front 11

What two distinct processes does protein phosphorylation involve?

Back 11

1. Enzymes called kinases transfer phosphate from ATP to protein substrate,
2. Enzymes called phosphatases cleave phosphate from the protein to return the protein to original state and release inorganic phosphate.

Front 12

Which steps have kinases and phosphatases in protein phosphorylation?

Back 12

Kinases are in the first step, phosphatases are in the second step.

Front 13

Phosphorylation provides a mechanism for what?

Back 13

reversible modification of proteins to regulate their functions.

Front 14

Does phosphoylation happen only in multicellular organisms?

Back 14

No, this protein mechanisms enzymes is found in bacteria and algae as well.

Front 15

What are the products of protein kinases?

Back 15

phospholated protein and ADP

Front 16

What are six examples of protein kinases given?

Back 16

PKA, PKC, CaM kinase, cdk, MLCK, src

Front 17

What are PKA, PKC, CaM kinase, cdk, MLCK, src protein kinases?

Back 17

1.PKA: cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
2.PKC:Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent kinase
3.CaM kinase: calmodulin-dependent kinases
4.cdk: cyclin-dependent kinase
5.MLCK: myosin light chain kinase (role in contraction of smooth muscle cells)
6. src: transforming gene from avian sarcoma virus

Front 18

How many kinases in the human Kinome?

Back 18

500 kinases.

Front 19

How are protein phosphatases ordered?

Back 19

Type 1, 2A, 2B

Front 20

What are the two products of protein phosphophatases?

Back 20

dephosphorylated protein and Pi

Front 21

Okadeic acid (shellfish/red tide) and microcystins (produced by toxic blue/green algae)are newly discovered toxins and liver carcinogens are also what?

Back 21

Phosphatase inhibitors

Front 22

What has wider substrate specificity than protein kinases?

Back 22

Protein Phosphates.

Front 23

What has wider substrate specifity than protein kinases?

Back 23

Protein Phrosphatases.

Front 24

What has wider substrate specifity than protein kinases?

Back 24

Protein Phrosphatases.

Front 25

In specific sequences on the surface of protein hydroxyl-containing amino acids in specific sequences are what?

Back 25

Phosphorolation sites in proteins

Front 26

Kinases do what two things?

Back 26

utilize ATP by attaching it to a protein amino acid and recognizes substrates

Front 27

Kinases are made from what groups?

Back 27

A) Ser/Thr
B) Tyr
C) Both Ser/Thr and Tyr

Front 28

Ser/Thr kinases are what?

Back 28

Short akile groups only differing by the CH2 group

Front 29

Tyr kinases are what kind of group?

Back 29

Big Bulky groups.

Front 30

What does "dual specificity" in kinases mean?

Back 30

The kinases are both Ser/Thr and Tyr. (they are both short akile groups with differing CH2 groups and big bulky groups)

Front 31

What are the specificites of kinsases?

Back 31

Ser/Thr, Tyr or both

Front 32

Specificity is determined by what two things?

Back 32

the protein expresse in the cell and the local area of the cell

Front 33

What reflects the expressed protein?

Back 33

The cells phenotype

Front 34

What is often the same from cell to cell for a protein to be expressed?

Back 34

kinases

Front 35

What is the same for a protein to be expressed in a cell?

Back 35

second messangers/activators (cAMP, Ca^2+, DG ext.

Front 36

Cells use their priming to react to kinases as what happens?

Back 36

Phosphorolation of the cells.

Front 37

Substrate proteins that a cell expresses gives rise to what?

Back 37

the cell's specific response

Front 38

Many genes need to be turned on for critical steps in this complex mechanism, such as the critical central pathway, 4 kineases and the lots of genes involved

Back 38

Phosporylation cascades

Front 39

Phosphorylation cascades allows for what kind of network?

Back 39

hiarchal network

Front 40

glycogen->glucose->pyrate mechanism does what?

Back 40

In phosphorylation cascades it activates one an inactivates the other pathway back tracking like veins and arteries.

Front 41

What are two purposes of phosphorylation cascades?

Back 41

1. initiation of cell growth
2. control of glucose metabolism

Front 42

In phosphorylation cascades the breakdown of glycogen in the process of glycolysis forms what, to do what?

Back 42

ATP is formed in glycolysis to initate cell growth.

Front 43

the synthesis of glycogen is also called what?

Back 43

gluconeogenesis

Front 44

What is the difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Back 44

glycolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to form ATP,
gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen

Front 45

turn on glycolysis and inhibit gluconeogenesis (or vice versa) so

Back 45

active and inactive enzymes swootch on and off during phosphorylation