All Subjects - Eppp

Front 1

which brain region is associated with:
1) OCD
2) "satisfaction center"
3) left-right confusion
4) circadian rhythm

Back 1

1) caudate nucleus
2) cingulate gyrus
3) parietal lobe
4) superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) found in the hypothalamus

Front 2

sleep waves
1) which type of wave is associated with relaxed wakefulness
2) which is associated with REM
3) which is associated with slow, deep non-dreaming sleep

Back 2

1) alpha
2) beta
3) delta

Front 3

what types of changes in sleep are seen in depressed people related to:
1) onset of REM
2) % of REM
3) amount of slow wave sleep

Back 3

1) more rapid onset
2) increased
3) decreased

Front 4

1) what condition is associated with XO
2) what does XO mean
3) who does the disease affect
4) what complications are associated - physical, cognitive, both?

Back 4

1) Turner's Syndrome
2) 1 of 2 X chromosomes is missing or incomplete
3) females only
4) physical only?

Front 5

1) What types of complications are associated with Fragile X syndrome?
2) more common in males/females?

Back 5

1) MR and physical & behavioral abnormalities
2) males

(most common inherited cause of MR)

Front 6

Huntington's
1) what brain part is associated
2) what neurotransmitter
3) apparent at about what age

Back 6

1) basal ganglia
2) lack of GABA
3) 35-45

Front 7

1) where is the pain in a cluster headache? Intensity?
2) for a tension headache?

Back 7

1) intense pain behind the eye
2) begins in frontal or occipital area, proceeds to bilateral dull ache

Front 8

bio-feedback - which is the best type for:
1) migraines
2) seizure disorder
3) tension headaches
4) Reynaud's
5) hyperactivity

Back 8

1) thermal
2) EEG
3) EMG
4) thermal
5) EEG

Front 9

1) tx of choice for Raynaud's
2) best tx for migraines
3) tx for tension headaches, HTN, general anxiety

Back 9

1) thermal biofeedback
2) thermal biofeedback + autogenic training
3) relaxation training is AS effective as biofeedback

Front 10

reflexes
1) toes spreading when sole of foot touched
2) digital extension and arching of back when startled
3) automatically grapsing at object placed in hand
4) turning cheek toward where it has been touched

Back 10

1) Babinski (planar)
2) Moro
3) rooting
4) grasp

Front 11

which glad releases growth hormone

Back 11

pituitary

Front 12

hypoglycemia
1) what sxs are assoc w/ acute hypoglycemia?
2) with chronic?

Back 12

1) panic & anxiety
2) depression & psychosis

Front 13

Parkinson's
which neurotrasmitters are involved

Back 13

1) too little dopamine
2) too much ACh

Front 14

Terms for:
1) color blindness
2) synthesis of several senses

Back 14

1) achromatopia
2) synesthesia

Front 15

Three phases of antidepressant tx and corresponding times

Back 15

1) acute - 4-6 wks
2) continuation (prevent relapse) - 4-9 wks
3) maintenance (prevent recurrent) - 2 yrs-lifetime

Front 16

what is an important consideration before prescribing tricyclics

Back 16

risk for suicidality b/c tricyclics are lethal in overdose

Front 17

methylphenidate
1) used to tx
2) contraindication

Back 17

1) ADHD
2) Tourette's

Front 18

Withdrawals sxs:
1) cocaine & amphetamine
2) opioids
3) antipsychotics

Back 18

1) dysphoria, fatigue
2) nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, dysphoria
3) insomnia, nightmares, GI distress

Front 19

withdrawal from benzodiazepines occures in 3 stages.
what sxs are associated with each stage?

Back 19

1) tremors, sweats, agitation, autonomic reactions
2) hallucinations, panic
3) grand mal seizures

Front 20

how is operant conditioning different from classical with regard to new responses

Back 20

operant conditioning allows learning of new response

classical does NOT involve acquisition of NEW response - only connection of existing response to NEW stimulus

Front 21

1) what happens in backward conditioning
2) what does this show about the required elements for conditioning

Back 21

1) US then CS --> no response

2) contiguity (closeness btwn stimuli) is NOT enough

Front 22

what is the strength of the CR in comparison to UR

Back 22

weaker

Front 23

classical extinction
is
gradual disappearance of a CR as a result of ___

Back 23

presentation of CS alone

Front 24

Are the following concepts associated with operant or classical conditioning (or both)?
1) experimental neurosis
2) law of effect
3) extinction burst
4) blocking
5) chaining
6) stimulus generalization
7) escape conditioning
8) fading
9) overcorrection

Back 24

1) CC
2) OC
3) OC
4) CC
5) OC
6) both
7) OC
8) OC
9) OC

Front 25

1) what is spontaneous recovery
2) what does this suggest about learning

Back 25

1) following extinction, relearning of the CR is quicker than original learning
2) once something is learned, it is not forgotten but rather INHIBITED

Front 26

stimulus generalization
1) what is it in classical
2) what is it in operant

Back 26

1) subject responds not only to CS but also to stimuli SIMILAR to CS
2) subject learns to respond to other cues hoping for reinforcement

Front 27

what is experimental neurosis due to

Back 27

difficult stimulus discrimination

Front 28

what is happening in higher order conditioning

Back 28

SECOND neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the CS
-> then this second stimulus also produces the CR when presented alone

Front 29

matching
1) occurs when using what type of reinforcement schedule
2) what does the law predict -- __ will match __

Back 29

1) concurrent
2) proportion of response will match proportion of reinforcements

Front 30

what happens in blocking

Back 30

effect of one CS overshadows effects of another CS

CS -> US elicits CR
CS + CS2 -> US elicits CR
CS2 alone does NOT elicit CR

Front 31

what theory predicts that the more suprising the US, the more conditioning will occur

Back 31

Rescorla-Wagner theory

Front 32

1) what does the tension-reduction hypothesis predict
2) what does research show

Back 32

1) ETOH use reduces stress
reinforces ETOH use
increases likelihood of ETOH use
2) research shows theory is oversimplistic

Front 33

1) Watson's white rat experiment demonstrated what concept
2) can explain the formation of what type of disorder

Back 33

1) stimulus generalization
2) phobia

Front 34

1) who is connected with the concept of neurotic depression
2) what is it linked to
3) what is the tx

Back 34

1) Wolpe
2) anxiety
3) systematic desensitization

Front 35

Sensate focus
1) used to tx
2) what behavioral concept is associated
3) how does it work

Back 35

1) premature ejaculation & vaginismus
2) counter conditioning
3) pair anxiety-provoking situation with pleasurable physical sensation

Front 36

1) aversive conditioning pairs __ and __
2) how effective in terms of relapse? generalizability?
3) for ETOH, what is the most effective aversive stimulus

Back 36

1) target (maladaptive) behavior and aversive condition
2) high relapse; low generalizability
3) nausea (more than shock)

Front 37

how is covert sensitization related to aversive conditioning

Back 37

it is imagined aversive conditioning

Front 38

how are flooding and implosive therapy similar? different?

Back 38

similar - both are classical extinction
different - flooding is in vivo, implosive is imagined

Front 39

Flooding
which is most effective:
1) short duration or long exposure
2) high anxiety or low anxiety

Back 39

1) long exposure (short duration can INCREASE sensitivity)
2) low anxiety

Front 40

1) What is the Law of Effect
2) with whom is it associated

Back 40

1) positive consequences increase behavior
negative ones have little or no effect
2) Thorndike

Front 41

1) what is happening in operant extinction
2) what is the initial phase in operant extinction

Back 41

1) decrease or eliminate behavior by withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior
2) extinction burse

Front 42

what is the difference btwn a primary and secondary reinforcer

Back 42

1) primary is unconditioned (toys, food)
secondary is conditioned (token, money)

Front 43

schedules of reinforcement
1) 4 main types
2) subtypes

Back 43

1) continuous, intermittent, concurrent, non-contingent
2) intermittent types:
fixed interval
variable interval
fixed ratio
variable ratio

Front 44

For reinforcement on an intermittent schedule, what rate of responding is associated with each:
1) fixed interval
2) variable interval
3) fixed ratio
4) variable ratio

Back 44

1) low rates of responding (stops after reinforcement)
2) responds at a steady but relativey low rate
3) high, steady rate of responding - brief pause following reinforcement
4) highest response rate
most resistant to extiction

Front 45

what types of behaviors result from non-contingent reinforcement

Back 45

superstitious, odd, ritualistic behavior

Front 46

what determines when a behavior is under stimulus control

Back 46

when behavior is based on a stimulus (cue) that tells whether a response wil be reinforced or not

Front 47

chaining
1) each response serves as both a __ for the previous response
AND
a __ for the next response
2) final response in a chain is a __

Back 47

1) secondary reinforcer; positive discriminative stimulus
2) primary reinforcer

Front 48

how is stimulus generalization different from response generalization

Back 48

stimulus - similar stimulus elicits same response

response - discriminative stimulus elicts responses similar to original response

Front 49

escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning
1) escape and avoidance behaviors are maintained by __
2) which also involves classical conditioning? what is this type of learning called where both operant and classical are used?
3) what is the difference
4) which behaviors are highly resistant to extinction

Back 49

1) reinforcement
2) avoidance
two-factor learning
3) escape - increasing behavior allows escape (neg reinforcement)
avoidance - onset of negative reinforcer is preceded by a cue, and target behavior is elicited by the cue alone
4) avoidance

Front 50

what is happening in satiation

Back 50

reinforcer loses reinforcing power

Front 51

thinning is the process of reducing proportion of reinforcement from __ schedule to __ schedule (in maintenance)

Back 51

continous; intermittent

Front 52

1) what is fading
2) what is shaping

Back 52

1) gradual removal of prompts while teaching a new response
2) reinforcing successive approximations to desired behavior

Front 53

1) 3 types of differential reinforcement
2) incorporates use of which two behavioral concepts

Back 53

1) DRI - diff rein of incompatible behaviors
DRA - of alternative behaviors
DRO - of other behaviors

2) positive reinforcement and extinction

Front 54

for punishment to be effective:
1) on what schedule should it be delivered
2) what intensity
3) when
4) what other factor can increase efficacy

Back 54

1) continous schedule (consistency)
2) moderate intensity
too strong -> avoidance, aggression
too weak -> habituation
3) immediately
4) differential reinforcement (reinforcement for alternative behaviors)

Front 55

1) what behavioral concept is associated with restitution for negative effects of behavior
2) what type of intervention does it often involve

Back 55

1) overcorrection
2) positive practice (with physical guidance)

Front 56

which type of reinforcement schedule is easier to extinguish:
continuous or intermittent

Back 56

continuous