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222 Cards in this Set
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Farringtons aim |
-document start and end of offending career, from childhood to adulthood -investigate influence of life events, the risks and protective factors involved for predicting antisocial behaviour. Also to look at the inter generational transmission of offending behaviour |
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Farringtons design and method |
prospective longitudinal, interviews search criminal record |
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what was farringtons partcipants |
41 BOYS aged 8-9. Until they were 48. From east london. White working class. 394 still alive at age 48 |
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what were the results of farringtons study |
161 out of 404 had convictions 7% chronic offenders persisters had similar characteristics such as convicted family member, high daring, young mother, low pop,disrupted family, large family |
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what did farrington conclude |
Early intervention age 10 and under issues like accommodation, relationships, education,employment and substance abuse need to be reviewed. |
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What is sutherlands aim |
its a theory of learning from others as a cause for crime |
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identify Sutherland 9 principles Laurel is fighting mad to make lance feel damn powerless, in addition ugly little Roy is exiled |
L-behaviour is learnt I- interaction with other, can't do by self F-friends (peer pressure) M-media T- Techniques learned M-motives/drives L- legal codes F-frequency of interaction Duration of contact P-Priority of criminal contact over non criminal I-intensity of contact A-association with favorable laws U-Unfavorable L-laws R- rewards I-internal mechanism to learning all crimes E- not always explained by needs and value` |
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what is sutherlands theory based on |
-Assumption that devience occurs when people define human situation as appropriate reason to break laws and social norms -Definitions of the situation are acquired from past experiences |
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what is wikstroms design and method |
-cross-sectional study -interviews(self report) -data collection -quantitative and qualitative data |
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what were the participants of wiktrom reseach |
around 2000 year 10 students from the peterboroughs area |
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give some key findings of wikstrom |
-45% males committed at least one of the studied crimes -31% females committed at least one of the studied crimes. -Offenders more likely to abuse substances |
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what were wikstroms explanatory factors |
-family social position -individual characteristics( self control, truancy) -social situations ( family and school bonds) -lifestyle and routine activities -community contexts (disadvantaged neighborhood) |
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what are the three groups of offenders in wikstrom |
-propensity induced ( small group of disadvantaged adolescents commit serious crimes) -situationally-limited (well adjusted, middle class and occasionally offend) -lifestyle dependent ( based on their lifestyle) |
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What was yochelson and samenows aim |
-understand make up of criminal personality -establish techniques that can reduce this personality -to encourage understanding of legal responsibility -establish prevention |
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what was yoch and sam design and method |
longitudinal interviews |
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who were the p's in y&s |
225 criminals convicted by means of insanity and lacked mens rea. |
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what did y &s find |
criminals are... -restless, dissatisfied and irritable -Lack empathy -want to live a life of excitement, at any cost Drop outs went from 225 to 30 9 genuinely claimed to change as result of the freudian based therapy |
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what did y&s conclude |
52 distinguishable thinking patterns established 'errors' in thinking |
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what was Kohlbergs aim |
To find evidence to support progressional stages of moral development |
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who were the p's in Kolbergs study |
58 BOYS from Chicago aged 7,10,13 and 16 working and middle class |
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what was the method and design of kohlbergs |
self report -2h interviews LONGITUDINAL, some boys followed up at 3yr intervals |
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what other countries did kolhberg study |
-uk -mexico -taiwan -turkey -Usa -Yucatan |
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what id Kohlberg find |
younger boys tend to perform stages 1 to 2, Older boys performed better at stage 3 to 4 |
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what are kohlbergs stages of moral development |
-pre conventional morality -conventional morality -post conventional morality
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what is the aim of gudjohnsons and bownes study |
examine relationship between type of offender and the attributions offenders. and cross validate with English sample |
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what was the methodology of g&bow |
use the blame attribution inventory (GBAI) SELF REPORT to measure 3 dimentions of offender attributuion -internal/external -mental element -guilt |
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what was gudjohnson and bownes participants |
80 criminals Northen Ireland 20 violent 40 sex offender 20 property |
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what were the results of gud&bow |
violence 5.8 external HIGHEST FOR EXTERNAL Sexual 2.4 external LOWEST FOR EXTERNAL Irish violent showed lower mental element, lower guilt and higher external scores than English |
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What did gu and Bow conclude |
there is strong consistency with previous findings. which shows consistency in how offenders attribute crimes based on type of crime the difference in countris could be due to Ireland troubles |
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What was Raines aim |
to take a multi-factorial approach to understanding antisocial and aggressive behaviour in children with biological focus |
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what was rains methodology |
Review article |
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what did raine compare |
brain imaging studies and children antisocial and aggressive studies |
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wha did raine find |
low resting heart rate is good predictor of individual who will seek excitement to raise arousal levels creating FEARLESS TEMPERAMENT offending behaviour peaks at adolescence. Birth complications, poor parenting, physical abuse, smoking and drinking during pregnancy also add to risk |
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what did Raine conclude |
early intervention can be used to reverse biological effects |
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what was Brunners aim |
explain behaviours of large family in Netherlands where males who have syndrome borderline mental retardation and abnormal violent behaviour. |
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who were the p's in brunner |
family f 5 males from Netherlands |
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what was brunners method and designe |
data collected from analysis of urine samples over 24h period. |
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what did brunner find |
males had deficiency in enzyme called MAOA. It was a point mutation on chromosome responsible for production of MAOA |
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what did Brunner conclude |
MAOA is involved in serotonin metabolism and if a genetic condition causes deficiency it can alter behaviour. So criminal behaviour can be genetic |
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what was Daly and wilsons aim |
find if homocide rates would vary as a function of local life expectancy in chicago which is a city that is very diversein social, ecnomic areas |
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what was daly and wilsons methodology and designe |
correlational study using surveys, police records, school records and local demographic records from census |
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who were the p's in Day and wilsons study |
males from chicago |
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what did Daly and wilson find |
life expectancy proved a best predictor for neighbourhood-specific homocide rates. Males in chicago where life expectancy was low would discount their future and so participate in high dring activities. SHORT TIME HORIZON also abstinence from school negatively correlated with homicide rates. |
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what did daly and wilson conclude |
males who didn't believe they would live long more likely to participate in daring behaviour. short time horizon |
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what is Bruces aim |
investigate the relative recognisability of internal and external features of a facial composite |
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what was the method and design of Bruces study |
3 Lab experiments self report independent measures design |
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what were the experiemts |
1.) 10 celeb, 40 composites. 3 sets, one internal, one external and one complete set. asked to place composite next to celeb 2.) photo line up. faces or foils. pick the celeb face from the line up that matched the composite that they were given either internal, external or both. |
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what did bruce find |
1.) whole face and external sorted 35% correctly internal only 19.5% 2.) external identified easier 42% than internal 24% |
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what did bruce conclude |
p's did well with external features. |
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what was loftus's aim |
to provide support for weapon focus effect |
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what was the method and design of loftus study |
Lab experiment self report questionaires photo lineup |
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what were the two conditions in loftus experiment |
cheque or gun in person B hand at Taco Time restaurant |
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what did loftus find |
questionnaire no significant results the line up showed that in control 38.9% identified pB 11.1% in weapon group more eye fixation on the gun |
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what did loftus conclude |
people spend loger fixating gaze on important information |
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what is fishers aim |
test Cognitive Interview in the field |
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what was the design and methodology of fishers study |
field experiment longitudinal |
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who were the p's in fishers study |
16 detectives from Robbery Divisions from dade county florida. min 5 year experience |
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what as the procedure of fisher |
phase 1 all interviews gathered for 4 months. 88 interviews. phase 2 one group of detectives were given 4 sessions of training for CI. Then 7 months more of recording interviews. Results analysed by uni of California who were blind |
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what did fisher find |
trained detectives found 47% more info than before. 63% more than untrained accuracy of info not different |
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what is Manns aim |
test police officers ability to detect lies |
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what was Manns method and designs |
field experiment self report |
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who were the p's in Manns participants |
99 kent police officers. 24 female and 75 male. 78 detectives, 8 trainers, 4 traffic officers and 9 uniform response officers |
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what was the basic procedure of Mann |
saw 14 suspects interrogation video. And then pick who is lying and who is telling truth. They then had to identify what ave it away |
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what did Mann find |
lie accuracy as 66.2% truth accuracy as 63.6% most frequent cue were gaze, movements, vagueness, contradictions and fidgiting |
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what is inbaus aim |
it is a theory of interrogation techniques |
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identify the 9 stages of interrogation. Damon Salvatore never ignores Stephan advice and always dies |
1.) Direct confrontation
2.) shift blame 3.) never deny guilt 4.) ignore excuses 5.) sincerity 6.) alternative options 7.) alternate question 8.) admit guilt 9.) document the confession |
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what is Gudjonssons aim |
document case of false confession of youth who was pressured by interrogation process |
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what was Gudjonssons method and design |
Case study longitudinal |
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what happened in Gudjohnssons case study |
17 year old FC was a suspect of a murder of two old women in their home. 14 hour interrogations and mentions of his infertility stressed FC into confessing to the crime although he was innocent. Send year in jail. He was of sound mind and was a stable extrovert. he eventually was released as someone else confesses |
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what did gudjohnsson conclude |
this was a case of coerced compliant false confession, he gave in to pressure. Other false confessions include coerced internalisation confession where person becomes temporarily convinced they did it. Then there is voluntary confession, where the confess without pressures |
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what was Canter et als aim |
test reliability of top down typology and looking at organised and disorganised crimes. |
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what was canter et als method and design |
content analysis using multi-dimensional scaling of 100 cases. cross checks with the crime classification manual. |
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what did canter find |
twice as many disorganised than organised crimes. smallest-space analysis failed to separate two variables |
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what did canter et al conclude |
most crimes have some element of organisation to them. It would be better to look at individual personality |
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what did canter and heritage aim |
to identify behaviour patterns and similarities in offenders |
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who were the p's in canter and heritage |
27 sex offenders, 66 offences. |
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what was canter and heritages methodology and design |
it was a content analysis. data analysed by smallest-space analysis |
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what were the results of canter and heritage |
there are 5 central variables to rape -vaginal intercourse -impersonal lang -surprise attack -victim clothing disturb -no reaction to victim offender see the victim as sex objec than person |
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what was the aim of canters study |
document a case of using offender profiling |
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what was the methodology and design of caters study |
Case study of John duffy the railway rapist |
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what happened in this case |
25 offences in london railwaystations john duffy was very low on suspect list offender profile showed he was a marauder Cnater made profile saying he was probably in relationship with no children, lived in kilburn and keeps to himself and has sexual experience. It was found these characteristics matched John Duffy |
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what was pennington and hasties aim |
to investigate if story order effects the verdict.Ans to what extend to story order impact confidence for decision |
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what was the methodology of pennington and Hastie |
LAB
Independent measures questionaire |
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who were the p's in penington and Hastie |
130 students who were paid to take part |
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what was the procedure of pennington and Hastie |
all jurors heard case of commonwealth of Massachusetts v Caldwell through audio. Either in prosecution in story order or defense in story order or both or none. They then were asked to give verdict and rate confidence of 5 point scale |
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what did pennigton and Hastie find |
story order helped support each side individually. If defense was in story order guilt was 31% if prosecution was in story order the guilt verdict was 59% |
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what did Pennington and Hastie conclude |
the primary and recency effect was controlled. Penn and H are confident they found a persuasive device of presenting information to the jury |
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what is the aim of cutlers study |
To investigate the effect of hearing expert witnesses on the verdict |
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what was cutlers methodology |
LAB self report questionaire |
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who were the p's in cutlers |
538 psych undergrads |
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what was the procedure of cutler. |
watch mock trail of robbery videotape. split into groups 4 IV's -witness ID condition(poor or good) -Witness confidence (100% or 80%) -for or testimony (descriptive/statistical) -Expert Opinion( how likely to be correct) |
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what were the results of cutler |
On verdict -when WIC is good then this impacts verdicts, Expert witness and descrptive testimony increased this effect On memory -85% of jurors remembered the testimony, memory isn't to blame. memory of expert testimony also recalled 50% of the four stages of weapon effect (perception,encoding,storage and retrieval). 80% recalled at least one stage Juror confidence -when WIC Was good then confidence was high, effect was stronger with 100% confidence of witness |
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what did cutler conclude |
expert witness improved the jorors knowledge but WIC was biggest attention. |
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what was pickles aim |
-look at effect of inadmissible evidence such as prior conviction or verdict and to look at the effect of judges legal explanation impact verdict and to look at how witness credibility impacts jurors ability to ignore inadmissable evidence |
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what was pickles methodology |
Lab mock trial questionaire, self report independent design |
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who were pickles p's |
236 bali sate uni psych students |
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what was the procedure of pickeles reseach |
audiotape questionnaires on verdict, estimate probable guilt and how the knowledge of prior conviction caused them to believe defendant guilt and rate credibility of witness P's either heard inadmissable evidence or not or without explanation or with explanations. |
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what were the results of pickle |
-those who heard inadmissable evidence with no explanation ignored it. -those who heard it but were given explanation gave less guilty verdicts but were clearly not able to disregard it -no evidence found on credibility of witness |
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what did Pickle conclude |
Calling attention to inadmissable evidence makes information stand out. This is the "backfire effect" |
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What was castellows aim |
to test whether attractiveness of the defendent is seen to give less guilty views and vice versa for the procecution side (victim attractiveness)
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what was the methodolgy used in castellow |
Lab Mock trial questionaire |
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what was the sample in castellow |
71 male and 74 female psych students |
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what was the procedure of castellow |
read a sexual harassment case. Attached is the images of the defendant and victim. The defendant was previously rated attractive or unattractive by a panel. They p's were asked on the guilt of the defendant and then they were asked to rate the defendant and victim on 11 bipolar scales e.g Dull/exciting or warm/cold |
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what was the result of castellow |
-physically attractive people rated positively on scales -56% guilt of attractive defendant and 76% on unattractive defendant -77% guilt of attractive victim and 55% guilt of unattractive victim -both genders of p's equally influenced by attractiveness |
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what did castellow conclude |
that the Halo effect was occurring where attractive defendant seen positively so they seem less likely to commit such horrid crimes. The victim attractiveness in sexual harrasment case made defendant guilt rise. Defense advised to dress smart due to the halo effect |
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what was pendrod and cutlers aim |
examine several factors that jurors consider when evaluating eyewitness evidence |
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what was the method and design of penrod and cutler |
experiment mock trial independent measures design |
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who were penrod and cutlers p's |
undergrad, eligible and some experience in jury service |
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what wast the procedure in penrod and cutlers study |
vid tape of robbery trial eyewitness played key role either 80% confidence or 100% confident of ID of robber 9 other variables either high or low including disguise,weapon focus,retention retrival (time to give testimony) |
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what was penrod and cutlers result |
no impact of disguise no impact on retention retrival but 63% weapon focus had small impact of 1% only variabe that had greatest imapct was WIC with a 7% difference between 80% and 100%` |
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what did Penrod and C conclude |
witness confidence is poor predictor of witness accuracy although jurors trust WIC. |
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was Ross aim |
to find out if the use of protective shields and videotapes impact a guilty verdict and to investigate how use of these devices impact reaction of jure, credability inflation or deflation |
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what was the methodology of ross |
mock of real case where 9 year old sexual harrassed while recieving bath from father professional actors |
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wha was the sample in ross |
300 uni students, white middle class, 100 in each group |
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what was the procedure of ross |
3 versions, one open court, one protective shield and one videolink. p's watched one version for 2h. expert witness on either side.judge instructions were given to the jury to not regard these devices as evidence p's gave verdict in each case and rated credability of child witness and defendant |
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what were the results of Ross |
no significant difference in each condition was sig dif between male and female p's. Females giving higher guilt than male. Credability didn't deiffer over the three conditions but gender showed big dif. |
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what was ross's conclusion |
in a follow up study the video link was cut the moment the child testifies. This showed a sig dif where open court more likely to convict. Overall the use of these devies don't impact the defense side. |
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what are hasties 3 stages of decision making |
-orientation period questions arise, relaxed discussion,opinions arise -open confrontation fierce debate, force on minority to conform, details focused on, group decision established -reconciliation tension released from humor smooth over conflicts |
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what is Asch aim |
to investigate majority influence on conformity in and unambiguous task
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what was asch methodology |
Lam experiment |
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what did asch do |
unambiguous task of line x compare to AB and C. The naive p is surrounded by confederates who choose obviously wrong answer. |
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what did asch find |
that all individuals conformed in one out of three occasions. majority little than three don't have effect |
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what did Asch conclude |
that the results obtained are based on two reasons to conform to majorities -need to belong to a group -need to be right Those with low self esteem are more likely to want to belong to a group that be strong enough to oppose the group |
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what is Nemeth and Watchlers aim |
to see how percieved autonomy and consistency has on a minority influence |
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what was the methodology in nemeth and wachtlers reseach |
Lab mock trial |
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who were the p's in nemeth and wachtlers study |
group of 5 p's one is stooge. adult sample of students |
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what was the procedure in nemeth and wachtler |
compensation case where the obvious amount is very high but stooge argues $3000. percieved Autonomy is created when stooge chooses seat at end of rectangle table. In other groups experimenter tells everyone where to sit.The stooge adopts a very consistent and confident personality suggestign$3000 when its obviously $10000-$25000` |
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what were the results of nemeth and wachtler |
confederate exerts influence when he consistent and is perceived as autonomous when he chose his seat. Head of table gives the impression of confident. |
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what did nemeth and wachtler conclude |
the long table repercussion can be applied to classrooms. The person on the end seen as more influential. |
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what is beckers aim |
to use HMB to explain mothers adherence to drug regime for asthmatic children |
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who were beckers sample |
111 mothers with asthmatic children who rely on their parents to administer medication |
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what was beckers methodology |
A correlation between beliefs reported during Interviews (self report) and compliance with self report and some blood tests |
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what did becker do? |
each mother interviews for 45 min asked questions linked to HMB like perceived seriousness of asthma attack and perceived susceptibility of children having asthma attack. |
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what did becker find |
positive correlation between mothers belief in perceived susceptibility and seriousness of asthma attack and compliance negative correlation between costs like distruption to daily activities and compliance two demographic variables found in compliance and thats marital status and mothers education |
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what did Becker conclude |
HBM is useful model to explain different levels of compliance |
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what is Rotters methodology |
Review article
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what was rotters sample |
six pieces of reseach |
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what did rotter find |
p's who thought they had control over a situation were ore likely to behave in a way that would allow them to cope than those who had external locus of control |
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what did rotter conclude |
locus of control can effect many behaviours not just health for exaple in James study it was found that male smokers who had higher internal locus of control didn't relapse |
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what was baduras and adams aim |
to asses the self efficacy of patients undergoing systematic desensitisation for snake phobia
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what was ban and adams methodology |
controlled quasi experiment |
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who were the p's in ban and adam |
10 snake phobics who replied to advert |
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what was the procedure of bad and adam |
-pre-test assesment of p's response to boa constrictor with oral rating 1-10. self efficacy expections measured on rating scale -systematic desensitisation occurs -post test assesment where measured p behaviour and belief of self efficacy in coping |
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wha did band and adam find |
higher post test self efficacy correlated with higher interaction with the snake |
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what did band and adams conclude |
desensitisation ehanced self efficacy which led to belief in being able to cope with snake phobia |
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what was cowpes aim |
to test effectiveness of advert campaign which demonstrates prevention and containment of chip pan fires |
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what was cowpes methodology |
quasi experiment effectiveness measured by fire brigade reported fires |
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what was the sample in cowpe |
people living in the TV broadcasting areas. -tv areas of harlech,tynes tees and Granada were focused on for a second year |
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what was the procedure of cowpe |
2 adverts inattendence and overilling shown for year. Then a following year in tynes tees, granada and harlech. questionaires sent to some households |
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what did cowpe find |
that the highest reduction was in Granada with 33% reduction. The yorkshire area awareness wet fro 62% to 90%` |
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what did cowpe conclude |
adverts are effective onless they are overexposed to it in which it loses effectiveness |
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what was dannenbergs aim |
to review impact of the passing of a law requiring children to wear bike helmets |
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what was the methodology in dannenbergs study
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natural experiment
self report questionaire responces |
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who were the sample in Dannenberg |
children from47 schools aged 9-10 12-13 and 14-15. from montgomery, howard county and baltimore |
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what was the procedure of dannenberg |
questioanires given about bycucle use, ownership of helmet, knowledge of law, peer pressure, |
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what were the findings from dannenberg |
Response rate was just over half before law 11.4% usage after legislation 37.5% which is highest of all the three counties |
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what did dannenberg conclude |
although large amount of people didn't comply there was a sig dif betwwen the leg countie and the no leg counties |
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what was the aim in Janis and Feshback |
to investigate emotional and behavioural consequences of fear appeal |
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janis and feshback sample? |
a 9th grade class aged 14-15 |
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what was janis and feshbacks method and design
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lab
independent measures design self report |
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what was the procedure in janis and feshback |
-questionnaire week before lecture -15 min lecture either strong fear, moderate fear, minimal or control -questionnaire straight after on emotional response -questionaire one week later to see longterm effects on behaviour |
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what did Janis and Feshback find |
that the minimal fear appeal had greater longterm improvement at 36% increase. where as strong fear longterm was 8% the strong fear appeal was seen more in a positive light but was deemed very gory |
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what did Janish and Feshback conclide |
that fear appeal is good but it must be suitable for the audience |
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what is bulpitts aim |
to review patients on adherence in hypertensive patients |
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what was the methodology of bulpitt |
review article |
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what was the proceure in bulpitt |
the antihyperensive drugs have side effects and hypertensive is asymptomatic. The reseach identified physical,social and psychological impacts to patients |
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what did bulpitt find |
the side effects were dizziness, impotence and lack of cognitive function that impacted the patients. In one study 8% males discontinued there drug regime |
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what did bulpitt conclude |
costs overweigh the benefits of reducing long term effects of the asymptomatic problem |
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what was Lustmans aim |
assess the efficacy of the anti depessant fluoxetine in treating depression by measuring glycaemic controls |
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what was lustmans methodology |
randomised controlled double blind study |
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who were the p's in lustmans study |
60 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes diagnosed with depression |
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what is the procedure in lustman |
patients were randomly assigned to either the fluoxetine or placebo patients were measured for depression using psychometric tests. There adherence was measured using GHb levels which indicated glycaemic controls |
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wHat did lustman find |
patients with fluoxetine had lower levels of depression and lower GHb showing improvement in adherence |
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what did lustman conclude |
measuring GHb is effective way of measuring adherence to prescribed regimes. Greater adherence seen in patients who were less depressed. Reducing depression improved adherence |
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what is watt's aim |
to see if using funhaler can help improve adherence by introducing positive reinforcement |
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what was watts methodology |
field experiment but also quasi used self report to measure adherence |
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design of watt |
repeated measures design |
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what was watts procedure |
child given normal breath-a -tech inhalers for a week parents given questionnaire next week child given funhaler and parents given questionnaire witth mathced questions funhaler has whistle and spinner |
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what is watts finding |
38% more parents medicated child the previous day with funhaler than with regualr inhaler |
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what did watt conclude |
reasons for none adherence are usually boredom or forgetfulness. Funhaler introduced positive feedback to encourage adherence |
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what was johannsons aim |
to measure take a combined approach to measure stress responce in two types of workers |
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what was the methodology in johannson |
quasi experiment independent measures design |
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who were the p's in johannson |
24 swedish sawmill workers 10 maintance 14 high risk workers who were depended on for knowledge and had to meet demands |
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what was the procedure of johannsons study |
P's told to record caffeine and nicotine baseline taken of body temp, catecholamine (adrenaline) in urine, self report ratings. |
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what were the findings from johannson |
urine samples showed that high risk group stress response increased throughout the day where as control rised, peaked then decreased. from self report high risk felt rushed and irritated |
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what was the conclusion from johannson |
the repetitive machine paced work is demanding lead to higher stress response. |
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what was aim of Kanner |
compare the hassles and uplifts scale and berkmans life events scale as predictors of psychological symptoms |
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what was the methodology of Kanner |
repeated measures design. P's completed the hassels and uplifts scale and life events scale. They assessed stress using hopkins symptoms checker and bradburns morale scale. longitudinal |
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who were the p's in kanner |
100 people from california mostly white, protestant and educated |
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what was the procedure of kanner |
all tests sent out one month before start. ps filled in hassles rating for 9 months life events rating for 9 months HSCH and bradburn morale every month for 9 months |
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what were the findings of kanner |
hassles consistent from month to month life events correlated positively hassles and negatively with uplifts in males women showed that the more life evetns the more hassles and uplifts hassles positively correlated with HSCL symptoms |
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what did kanner cl=oclude |
hassles are more powerful predictors than life events. Hassles contribute to symptoms regardless of what life events occur |
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what was the aim of geer and maisel |
to see if percieved control or actual can reduce stress to aversive stimuli |
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what was the methodlogy of geer and maisle |
Lab experiement independent measures |
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what was the sample in geer and maisel |
60 undergrads from NYC |
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what was the procedure in geer and maisel |
CAR CRASH VICTIM IMAGES SHOWN group 1 with actual control over the images press button and it goes group 2 yoked to 1 with predictability had a bell that signified 10 sec warning of image to come. group 3 control. no control or predicability stress measured using galvanic skin responce GSR |
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What was the finding from geer and maisel |
predictability most stressed of the groups actual control had least stress |
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what did geer and maisel conclude |
p's showed less GSR reaction showing less stress. Control could remove images so felt less stressed |
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Holmes and Rahe aim |
to create SRRS social readjustment rating scale .a method of measuring stress by life events |
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what was the methodology of holmes and rahe |
questionnaire deigned self report study |
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who were the p's in holmes and Rahe |
394 diverse people
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what was the procedure of holmes and rahe |
the p's rated 43 items of life events such as death of a spouse or christmas using marriage as 50 arbitrary value |
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what was the result of holmes and rahe |
the SRRS was created no big differences between different ages,ethnicity and religions. However less correlation between black and white males |
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what did holmes and Rahe conclude |
some of the events are ordinary like Christmas and others are extraordinary like going to prison. There are western value and materialism and conformitism involved that can be consideredd ethnocentric |
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what was meichembaums aim |
to compare SIT with systematic desinsitisation |
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who were meichembaums sample |
21 students who claim to have anxiety |
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what was the method and design of meichembaum |
matched pairs design. Self report used to gather information of anxiety |
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what was the procedure of Meichembaum |
each p tested using anxiety adjective checklist and IQ. each p given baseline. Split into 3, SIT , SD and waiting list. 8 sessions each |
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what was the results of meichembaum |
Both therapy better that control SIT showed greatest reported reduction in anxiety |
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what did meichembaum conclude |
SIT is effective cognitive way of reducing anxiety |
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what was budzynskis aim |
To see if biofeeedback is an effective way of reducing stress related tension headaches and is not a placebo effect |
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what was budzinskis method and design |
LAB EXPERIMENT using EMG physiological approach self report on tension headaches psychometric tests MMPI for depression |
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what was budzynskis sampel |
18 p's who replied to advert in Colorado. screened to find cause of tension headaches |
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what was budzynskis procedure |
3 groups, group A had 16 normal biofeedback and relaxation session with EMG. Told clicks were muscle tension group B had 16 relaxation but psuedo feedback. B told to concentrate on clicks group C no treatment but still came in to appoitments so they stayed in the study after group A and B gave EMG and questionairs and MMPI for 2 weeks p kept score of headache rating from 0-5. Also complete MMPI |
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what did budzynski find |
group A muscle tension sig dif to B group A headaches reduced others did not in the follow up Group A still rported low level headaches |
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what did budzynski conclude |
Biofeedback is effective way of reducing symptoms like headaches so it is an effective way of managing stress |
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what was waxley-morrisons aim |
look a how a womans social relationships help here response to breast cancer and here survival |
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who were the sample in waxler-morrison |
133 women with breast cancer |
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what was the methodology of waxler-morrison |
quasi experiment self report and 18 interviews longitudinal prospective |
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what was the procedure of waxler-morrison |
patients completed questionaires on social networks, education,family life, contact and support, church membership etc, details of survival were retrieved from medical records |
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what did waxler-morrison find |
that 6 main aspects were common in survivors -marital status -support and contact from friends and family -total support -social network -employment |
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what did waxler-morrison conclude |
The support from others support survived and so the assuption is made with stress, That interaction with other and support groups can help reduce stress. |
