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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This is the fibrous sac that encloses the heart
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Pericardium
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The left atrium pumps blood into this chamber
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Left ventricle
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The apex of the heart is made of the wall of this chamber
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Left ventricle
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This is another name for the bicuspid valve
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Mitral valve
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Hemangiosarcoma can sometimes be found in this location
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Right auricle
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This term is used to describe the space dorsal to the soft palate
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Nasopharynx
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Turbinates separate the nasal passages into these spaces
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Meatuses
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This is the opening of the larynx
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Glottis
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These are the connective tissues attached to the arytenoids involved in phonation
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Vocal folds
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These are the 3 conditioning functions of the nasal passages
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Warming, filtering, humidifying
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This is the number of right lung lobes in most species
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Four(3 left lobes)(Horses have no middle lobe)
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This is the term for the location where the trachea splits into mainstem bronchi
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Bifurcation
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The respiratory center is located here
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Medulla (brainstem)
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These are the main muscles of inspiration
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External intercostals and diaphragm
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*These are the main muscles of expiration
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internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles
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This term describes the location where vessels and bronchi enter each lung lobe
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Hilus
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This is the tooth below the gumline
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Root
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This is another term for chewing
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Mastication
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This hard material covers the surface of the crown
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Enamel
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This type of tooth grows continuously through an animal’s life
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Aradicular hypsodont
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*This type of tooth grows continuously for most of an animal's life then stops
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radicular hypsodont
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This number describes the right maxillary arch in the Triadan system
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100(right lower is 400)
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*This number describes the left maxillary arch in the Triadan system
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*200(left lower is 300)
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This structure suspends the intestines from the body wall
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Mesentery
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*The layer of peritoneum that surrounds abdominal organs
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Omentum
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This is the large mixing portion of the monogastric stomach
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Body
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This is the muscular sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum
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Pylorus
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The horse uses these structures for fermentation
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Colon and cecum
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This structure can be found in the lumen of the duodenum at the entry of the pancreatic duct
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Vater’s ampulla
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This is the pacemaker of the heart
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Sinoatrial node
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This is the formula for cardiac output
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CO = SV x HR*(ml/min) = (ml/beat) x (beats/min)
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This ECG wave corresponds to atrial depolarization
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P wave
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This is the term for the time period of chamber relaxation and repolarization
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Diastole
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*This is the term for the time period of active contraction
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Systole
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This is the detailed pathway of blood flow through the heart,starting with the vena cava, including the valves, and ending with the systemic circulation
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Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery,lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, systemic circ.
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This plexus is involved in the control of secretions in the GI tract
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Submucosal plexus
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*This plexus is involved in the controls movement through reflexes
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myenteric plexus
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These glands secrete pepsinogen in the stomach
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Chief cells
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This term is used to describe the pressure a gas exerts in a mixture.
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Partial pressure
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This enzyme is activated by CCK. It then activates trypsinogen to trypsin
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Enteropeptidase
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This type of small intestinal motility mixes the chyme and moves it to the mucosa
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Segmentation
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This is the largest elastic artery
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Aorta
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This type of vessel contains one-way valves
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Veins
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These are the name for the arteries that split at the caudal aorta
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Iliac
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This is the first vessel to branch from the aorta in the cat
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Brachiocephalic trunk
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These are known as the capacitance vessels
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Veins
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This portion of the ruminant stomach resembles a monogastric stomach
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Abomasum
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This chamber is known as the “book stomach” for its many plies
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Omasum
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This chamber has a honeycomb appearance
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Reticulum
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The esophageal groove bypasses these portions of the ruminant stomach
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Rumen and reticulum
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These are the 3 types of volatile fatty acid produced by therumen bacteria
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Acetate, proprionate, butyrate
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Peyer’s Patches are made up of this type of tissue
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Lymphoid
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These two species are both hindgut fermenters
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Horse and rabbit
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This value can be described as the tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate.
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Minute volumeTidal volume x breaths per minute = Minute volume
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This is the term for the space between the outside of the teeth and the lips or cheeks
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Vestibule
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This is the acceptable range of blood pH for most animals
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7.35-7.45
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*This ECG wave corresponds to ventricular depolarization
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QRS
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*This ECG wave corresponds to ventricular repolarization
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T
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In most species, this kidney is positioned more cranial than the other kidney
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Right
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This muscle contracts to empty the urinary bladder
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Detrusor
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Renal corpuscles are located in this layer of the kidney
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Cortex
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This is the collecting area within the kidney
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Renal pelvis
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The ureters enter the bladder at this location
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Trigone
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This species has short spines covering the glans of the penis
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Feline
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Spermatogenesis occurs here
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Seminiferous tubules
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Spermatozoa matures here
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Epididymis
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This is the only accessory reproductive gland in canines
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Prostate gland
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These cells support and protect developing spermatids
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Sertoli cells
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This stage of development implants in the uterus
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Blastocyst
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Most fetal growth occurs during this trimester
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Third trimester
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Rodents have this type of placental attachment
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DiscoidDiscoid (rodents/rabbits/humans/primates)Diffuse (horses/pigs)Cotyledonary (cows/sheep/coats)Zonary (cats/dogs)
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This type of placental attachment is most likely to be retained
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Cotyledonary
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A placentome consists of these two structures
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Caruncle and cotyledon
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Taurine is an essential nutrient for this species.
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Cats
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These are the fat-soluble vitamins
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A, D, E, K
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Dehydration synthesis produces this molecule
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Water
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This is the maximum number of ATP produced from one glucose molecule
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38
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This disease results from excessive fat accumulation in liver cells.
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Hepatic lipidosis
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This is the bony ridge located on the sternum of birds
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Keel
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This structure helps to grind food
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Gizzard
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This gland is located on the dorsal surface of the upper base of the tail
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Uropygial
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This type of feather is the flight feathers of the wings and tail.
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Contour
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A typical mute consists of these parts
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Dark fecal center and ring of white urates
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Urine concentration is expressed as this term
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Urine specific gravity
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Aldosterone is secreted here
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Adrenal cortex
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Oxygen transfer to the cells of the nephron occurs in these vessels
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Peritubular capillaries
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Tubular secretion primarily occurs in this portion of the nephron.
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Distal convoluted tubule
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Name the components of the RAAS
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
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Cats are this type of ovulator
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Induced
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This ligament extends from the cranial aspect of the ovary to the caudal kidney
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Suspensory ligament
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This is the function of the mesometrium.
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Supports the uterus
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This hormone prepares the uterus for implantation and pregnancy
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Progesterone
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This number of quarters of a bovine udder share one milk-secreting system
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Zero
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For passive immunity, colostrum needs to be ingested within this time frame
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24 hours
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Strong uterine and abdominal muscle contractions characterize this stage of labor
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Second
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This hormone is involved in milk production
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Prolactin
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This is the technical term for “drying up.”
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Mammary gland involution
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The reptilian heart has this configuration of chambers
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Two atria and one ventricle
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Amphibians and reptiles cannot generate their own heat and are thus known as this
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Ectothermic
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Reptilian heterophils are analogous to these in mammals
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Neutrophils
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Reptiles use this organ to follow scents
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Vomeronasal
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Ecdysis is under the control of this gland
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Thyroid
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This species normally has cloudy urine
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Equine(and rabbits)
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This term describes the production and passage of no urine
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Anuria
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An acrosome contains these substances.
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Digestive enzymes
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This is the term for an animal that produces multiple ova/cycle
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Multiparous
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These are the two stages (processes of ATP production) of mitochondrial aerobic respiration
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Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
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This is the path a filtrate would follow from renal artery to renal pelvis.
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Renal artery –afferent glomerular arteriole–glomerular capillary –Bowman’s space –proximal convoluted tubule –descending loop of Henle –ascending loop of Henle –distal convoluted tubule –collecting duct –renal pelvis
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This is also known as the neurohypophysis
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Posterior Pituitary
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This is also known as the adenohypophysis
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Anterior Pituitary
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This is also known as the Hypophysis
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Pituitary gland aka the Master Gland
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This describes the response of a gland to rising hormone levels produced by it
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Negative feedback
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Hormone that stimulates spermogenesis in the male
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FSH(stimulates oogensis and estrogen in females)
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The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary
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Oxytocin, ADH (antidiuretic)
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The 7 hormones released from the anterior pituitary
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GH (Growth hormone)MH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)FSH (folicle stimulating hormone)LH (lutenizing hormone)PL (prolactin)
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Specific target for ACTH
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Adrenal cortex
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An overproduction of parathyroid hormone
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Is thyroid hormone hydrophobic or hydrophilic
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Hydrophobic
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Active form of thyroid hormone
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T3 (triidothyronine)(T4 - tetraiodothyronine/thyroxine is a prohormone, reservoir)
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The thyroid gland produces these two hormones
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thyroid and calcitonin
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Most common thyroid disorders in dogs and cats
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Dogs; HypothyroidismCats; Hyperthyroidism
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Aldosterone is involved in regulating these
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Electrolytes
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Structures that produce erythropoietin
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kidneys
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Two types of diabetes
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Mellitus and Insipidus(Mellitus - blood sugar. Type 1 - dog. Type 2 - cats)(InSIPidus - rare, unable to conserve WATER)
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Depending on stage of pregnancy, these two structures produce progesterone
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Corpus luteum and placenta
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3 classes of hormone produced in the adrenal cortex
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Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones
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THere are this many heme molecules per hemoglobin molecule
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Four
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Term for red blood cell aging
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senescence
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With anemia, hematocrit does this
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decreases
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the name for red blood cell production
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erythropoiesis
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Most extravascular hemolysis occurs here
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spleen
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another name for a neutrophil
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Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)
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Official term for a low WBC count
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leuko(cyto)penia
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These cells become macrophages once they enter tissue
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monocytes
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Primary phagocytic chemical in neutrophils
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hydrogen peroxide
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term for noting immature neutrophils in a blood sample, which typically indicates infection
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left shift
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First step in hemostasis
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Platelet adhesion
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Whole blood minus cells but WITH clotting factors
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plasma(Without clotting factors - serum)
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There are this many clotting factors
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13 enzymes including fibrin
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Breed commonly affected by von Willebrand disease
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Doberman (extended or excessive bleeding)
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D-Con causes a prolonged result for this clotting time first
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PT
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Body's first line of defense
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Skin
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Structures found on epithelial surfaces and (unlike LNN) do not have a capsule
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Tonsils
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Name for coating of bacteria with complement proteins
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Opsonization
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Areas of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine
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Peyer's patches
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These are two types of NK cell receptors that bind to MHC receptors
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KAR, KIR
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These are most of the lymphocytes in peripheral circulation
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T lymphocytes
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B Cells mature in this location
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bone marrow
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These cells specifically produce and store antibodies
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Plasma cells
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This type of antibody is the first to be produced in response to an antigen
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IgM
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These lymphocytes function to keep adaptive immune response in check
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Regulatory T cells
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The white pulp of this organ is part of the lymphatic system
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Spleen
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This is lymph from the digestive tract
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chyle
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Three peripheral/palpable lymph node locations
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(Sub)Mandibular, prescapular, popliteal
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This carries lymph into the vena cava
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Thoracic duct
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this is similiar to the thymus and is where B cells mature in birds
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bursa of fabricius
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This is the process of neutrophils squeezing between endothelial cells
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Diapedesis
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This cytokine (chemical messenger) is produced by a virus infected cell to protect neighboring cells
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interferon
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hypersensitivity reaction involves antigen-antibody complexes
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type III
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professional antigen presenting cells use this type of cell receptor
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MHC II
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these tissue hormones are involved in many body functions, typically only travel a short distance, and are named A through I
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Prostaglandins
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3 Difference mechanisms for the development of jaundice
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biliary obstruction, increased RBC destruction, decreased conjugation (liver disease)
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This is the master endocrine gland
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Pituitary
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These two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus
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Anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin
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Dwarfism results from a deficiency of this hormone
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Growth hormone
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This is also known as the adenohypophysis
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anterior pituitary (Neuro=posterior)
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This pancreatic hormone raises the blood glucose level
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Glucagon
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This is lymphatic drainage from the digestive tract
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Chyle
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Hemostasis is another term for this process
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Blood clotting
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This metal binds oxygen in hemoglobin
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Iron
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This white blood cell is typically involved in allergy and parasitic infections
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Eosinophils
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Increased RBC destruction can lead to this clinical pigmentary change
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Jaundice/icterus
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This is the process by which neutrophils are attracted to a site of infection
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Chemotaxis
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This type of cell is the primary mediator of humoral immunity.
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B lymphocyte
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This type of antibody is involved in allergies.
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IgE
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A monocyte becomes this type of cell when it enters tissue.
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Macrophage
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B cells were originally named for this anatomic site where they mature.
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Bursa of Fabricius
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This node conducts electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles
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Atrioventricular node
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Cardiac output is determined by these two factors
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Stroke volume and heart rate
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The main mass of ventricular contraction correlates with this ECG wave
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R Wave
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Blood is ejected from a chamber during this phase of the cardiac cycle.
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Systole
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Hemangiosarcoma can sometimes be found in this specific area of the heart.
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Right auricle
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Phonation begins in this area
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Larynx
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These scroll-like bones are located in the nasal passages
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Turbinates
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These are the 3 conditioning functions of the nasal passages
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Warming, filtering, humidifying
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This is the number of right lung lobes in most species
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Four(horses 3)
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Increased respiratory rate and depth causes this change in blood CO2.
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Decreases
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The right mandibular arch contains teeth in this series in the Triadan System
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400
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These glands secrete hydrogen and chloride in the stomach
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Parietal cells(G cells - gastrinChief cells - pepsinogen)
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The esophageal groove bypasses these portions of the ruminant stomach
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Rumen and reticulum
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These are the 3 types of volatile fatty acid produced by the rumen bacteria.
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Acetate, proprionate, butyrate
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This line is the border between the glandular and nonglandular portions of the equine stomach
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Margo plicatus
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This species has grossly lobulated kidneys
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bovine
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These molecules do not pass into the glomerular filtrate
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Proteins
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The ureters enter the bladder at this location
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Trigone
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Tubular reabsorption primarily occurs in this portion of the nephron
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Proximal convoluted tubule
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These two hormones are involved in conserving water
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ADH and Aldosterone
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Dogs have this type of placental attachment
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Zonary
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Fertilization typically occurs in this location
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Oviduct
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Passage of the placenta characterizes this stage of labor.
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Third
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A placentome consists of these two structures.
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Caruncle and cotyledon
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This stage of development implants in the uterus
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Blastocyst
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The reptilian heart has this configuration of chambers
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Two atria and one ventricle
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This is another name for the “preen gland.”
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Uropygial
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Reptilian heterophils are analogous to these in mammals.
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Neutrophils
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Birds have this number of air sacs
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9 (4 paired and one single)
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This type of feather functions in tactile sensation
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Bristle
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Triglycerides are composed of these subunits
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3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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A catalyst does this to the activation energy of a reaction
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Decreases
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Describe the 4 major components of the body’s response to low blood pressure and theiranatomic sites of origin
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Renin (kidney), Angiotensinogen (Liver), ACE (Lung), Aldosterone (Adrenal cortex)
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