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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adrenal glands
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Located on top of the kidneys and separated into the cortex and adrenal medulla
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adrenal cortex
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outside portion of the gland
secrets 2 types of steroid hormones: Mineral corticoids and glucocorticoids Also produces many steroid-based hormones for the body like testosterone |
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glucocorticoids
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Increase blood glucose concentration and have an even greater effect on the fat and protein metabolism
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mineral corticoids
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Effect the electrolyte balance in the blood stream
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aldosterone
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Major mineral corticoid that acts in the distal convoluted (coiled) tubule and the collecting duct to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ and H+ secretion
It creates a net gain in particles in the plasma, that results in an eventual increase in blood pressure has same effect but to a lesser extent on sweat and salivary glands and intestines Effects of hormone on target cells is to increase the rate of production os sodium-potassium pump proteins |
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cortisol
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Glucocorticoid that increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glucogenesis in the liver
Glucogenesis is the creation of glucose and glycogen mainly in the liver from amino acids, glycerol, and/or lactic acid It degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids to be used for cellular energy Also it causes a moderate decrease in the use of glucose by the cells Also it causes the degradation of nonhepatic (not relating to the liver) proteins Stress hormone that secretions in times of stress is misunderstood by proposed to be for anti-inflammatory properties and diminishes the capacity of the immune system to fight infection |
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catecholamines
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Tyrosine derivatives synthesized in the adrenal medulla that include Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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aka adrenaline and noradrenaline
Have similar effects on target tissues when compared to their effects on sympathetic nervous system but they last much longer Are vasoconstrictors of most internal organs and skin but vasodilators (increase blood flow) of the skeletal muscle Effects consistent with "fight or flight" response with these hormones, and in result considered stress hormones Epinephrine stimulates the heart but destimulates the smooth muscle of the gut |
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Where are peptide hormones manufactured?
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All peptide hormones are manufactured in the RER typically as a preprohormone that is larger than the active hormone
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Anterior pituitary (AP)
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aka adenohypophysis
located beneath hypothalamus that contains its own releasing and inhibitory hormones that are activated by nervous signals that release the hormones into the capillary beds of anterior pituitary |
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hGH
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Human growth hormone
peptide hormone; stimulates growth in almost all cells in the body special b/c only AP hormone to not have a specific target "growth" is increasing number of mitosis episodes, cell size, protein synthesis, use of fatty acids for energy, amino acid transport across the cell membrane, and finally increase in translation and transciption with the growth signals comes a decrease in the use of glucose for energy and breakdown of proteins and amino acids |
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ACTH
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
AP peptide hormone stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids via the 2nd messenger system using cAMP ACTH is stimulated by many types of stress Glucocorticoids are stress hormones |
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TSH
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
aka thyroptin peptide hormone Stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 with 2nd messenger system using cAMP Increases thyroid size, number, and rate of secretion of T3 and T4 T3 and T4 have a (-) feedback effect on TSH release in both the AP and hypothalamus A competitive inhibitor of TSH binding to the TSH receptor on the thyroid would lead to a rise in TSH blood levels in the efforts to increase TSH in the system to the correct the inhibition. Also competitive inhibitors can be displaced by increasing concentrations of enzyme substrate |
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FSH
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Follicle-stimulating hormone
peptide hormone produced in AP Stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles. Administration of FSH to humans and animals induces "superovulation", or development of more than the usual number of mature follicles and hence, an increased number of mature gametes FSH is also critical for sperm production. It supports the function of Sertoli cells, which in turn support many aspects of sperm cell maturation FSH blockage would prevent spermatogenesis by interfering w/ sertoli and leydig cells that produce androgen |
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LH
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produced in AP
peptide hormones called gonadotropins that stimulate the gonads - in males, the testes, and in females, the ovaries LH stimulates theca cells secrete androgen which is then converted in estradiol by granulosa cells in the presence of FSH In the testes, LH binds to receptors on Leydig cells, stimulating synthesis and secretion of testosterone. n females, ovulation of mature follicles on the ovary is induced by a large burst of LH secretion known as the preovulatory LH surge. Residual cells within ovulated follicles proliferate to form corpora lutea, which secrete the steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol. The name luteinizing hormone derives from this effect of inducing luteinization of ovarian follicles and the most influential hormone in the ovulation process |
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Prolactin
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produced in AP
peptide hormone that promotes lactation or milk production by the breasts Prolactin inhibited before birth due to progesterone and estrogen Mainly inhibited by hypothalamus Secretion of prolactin inhibits menstrual cycle |
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Insulin
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Peptide hormone released by the Beta-cells of the pancreas and associated with energy abundance in the form of high energy nutrients in the blood.
Released when blood levels of carbohydrates or proteins are high. Affects carbs, fat, and protein metabolism In the presence of insulin, carbs are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles, fat ins stored in adipose tissue, and amino acids are taken up by the cells of the body and made into proteins the net effect of insulin os to lower blood glucose levels Insulin binds to a membrane receptor making many different cell types, mainly except neurons, become highly permeable to glucose and amino acids In addition, intracellular metabolic enzymes are activated with Tr and Tl even being affected |
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Glucagon
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peptide hormone released by alpha-cells of pancreas that affects are nearly opposite to insulin
Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen (glucogenesis) in the liver via the 2nd messenger system by cAMP In higher concentrations, glucagon breaks down adipose tissue increasing fatty acid levels in the blood the net affects of glucagon is to raise blood glucose levels |
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Somatostatin
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aka growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)
peptide hormone released by delta-cells of pancreas Also secreted in stomach and intestine |
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Parathyroid
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Four small endocrine glands attached to the back of the thyroid
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PTH
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Parathyroid hormone
peptide hormone the increases blood calcium by increasing osteocyte absorption of calcium and phosphate from the bone and stimulates proliferation of osteoclasts Increases renal calcium reabsorption and renal phosphate excretion Increases calcium and phosphate uptake from the gut by increasing renal production of the steroid dihydroxycholecaliferol (DOHCC), derived from Vit. D Secretion of PTH is regulated by the calcium ion conentration, and the parathyroid glands shrink and grow accordingly |
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Posterior Pituitary
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aka neurohypophysis b/c it is composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings extending from the hypothalamus
Hormones of PP are synthesized in hypothalamus in neuron cell bodies then transported down axons to PP gland |
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Oxytocin
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small peptide hormone
Increases uterine contractions (motions in the uterus) during pregnancy and causes milk to be ejected from breasts synthesized in neural cell bodies of the hypothalamus, then transported down the axons to the poster pituitary where they are released in the blood |
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ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone
aka vasopressin peptide hormone produced in PP/hypothalamus causes the collecting ducts of the kidney to become permeable to water, reducing the amount of urine and concentrating the urine ADH also increases blood pressure due to effects of fluid in the body and how the fluid is reabsorbed Coffee and beer are ADH blockers that increase urine volume |
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Testosterone
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Steroid hormone released by stimulation from LH and is the primary androgen (male sex hormone)
stimulates the germ cells to become sperm and responsible for the development of secondary sex characterisitcs such as pubic hair, enlargement of larynx, and growth of penis and seminal vesicles Stimulates closure of epiphyses of long bones, ending growth of stature Inhibits GnRH, so in result inhibits LH and FSH since those are the hormones that GnRH stimulates. Androgens and athletes: Infertility caused by decreased endogenous testosterone is unlikely to the increased of amount of exogenous testosterone taking its place |
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Inhibin
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peptide hormone (glycoprotein) secreted by Sertoli cells that acts on the pituitary gland to inhibit FSH secretion
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Thyroid
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Gland found in the neck below the thyroid cartilage or Adam's Apple
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Triiodothyronine and thyroxine
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aka T3 and T4
Lipid soluble tyrosine derivative hormone containing iodine atoms that diffuse through the membrane and act in the nucleus of the cells of their effector They increase the basal metabolic rate (resting metabolic rate) Secretion of T3 and T4 controlled by by TSH, and in result the anterior pituitary |
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Calcitonin
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Large peptide hormone released by the thyroid gland
Acts to slightly decrease blood calcium levels by decreasing osteoclast activity and number. Calcium levels can be effectively controlled in humans in the absence of calcitonin Calcitonin builds bone mass |
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Progesterone
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decreasing levels during luteal phase of menstrual cycle cause degeneration of corpus luteum in the ovary
Prepares and maintains uterus for pregnancy so in result prevents the sloughing off of the uterine wall during pregnancy (NOT FSH, HCG, or estrogen) |
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HCG
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
peptide hormone produced by the placenta to prevent degeneration of corpus luteum and maintains its secretion of estrogen and progesterone Acts very and most similar to the hormone LH Tested in the blood and urine for sings of pregnancy |
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estrogen
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produced in ovaries for growth of mother's sex hormones and causes LH surge
Given to some post-menopausal women to with osteoporisis b/c estrogen inhibits osteoclasts activity and increase bone density |
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Development of germ layers
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Endoderm- inner lining of digestive tract and associated organs
Ectoderm- Skin, hair, nails, eyes, CNS Mesoderm- everything else (heart, bone, skeletal muscle, etc..) |
