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413 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology is the science or discipline that studies what?
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Societies, social groups, relationships between people
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What is sociology NOT focused on?
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The individual (this is what psychology is focused on)
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What is the humanistic approach to sociology?
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Using sociology as a means to advance human welfare
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Seeking self–realization, the full development of a cultivated personality, or improvement of the social condition is considered what approach to sociology?
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Humanistic
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What is the scientific perspective of sociology?
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Acquiring objective empirical knowledge (experiences or observations that can be measured or counted)
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Belief that one must be concerned with "what is" and not with "What should be" is what approach to sociology?
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Scientific
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Is it possible to integrate both humanistic and scientific perspectives in sociology?
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Yes – or at least some sociologists attempt to
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What is known as the quality of mind required to understand ourselves in relation to society?
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Sociological imagination
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Expanding the role of freedom, choice, and conscious decision in history, is the aim of what?
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The quality of mind known as the "sociological imagination"
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The sociological imagination expresses which aspect of the sociological perspective?
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Humanistic aspect
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Who do we attribute the idea of the "sociological imagination" to?
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C. Wright Mills
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What is one of the main differences between sociology and the other natural sciences?
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Its explanations cannot be precise enough to express universal laws that are applicable to any thing or event under all circumstances
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What is the defining difference between sociology and the other social sciences?
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The "social"
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Who coined the term sociology? In what year?
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Auguste Comte
1838 |
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What did Auguste Comte say are the three stages of every science?
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Theological stage
Metaphysical stage Positive stage |
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In what stage of development do scientists look to the supernatural realm for explanations of what they observed?
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Theological stage
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In what stage of development do scientists look to the real world for explanations of what they have observed?
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Metaphysical stage
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In what stage of development do scientists search for general ideas or laws?
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Positive stage
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What can be said about Comte and his ideas about a science of society?
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He was ahead of his time
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What influence did Lester War and William Graham have on the general interest of American sociology?
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Began to concentrate on narrower and more specific social problems
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Where did George Herbert Mead originate the field of social psychology?
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University of Chicago
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What areas did Robert Park and Ernest Burgess focus on in the 20th century?
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The city, and social problems such as crime, drug addiction, prostitution, and juvenile delinquency
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Who was the first to advocate grand theory?
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Talcott Parsons
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What concept of society does grand theory form?
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As a stable system of interrelated parts
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Which viewpoint/concern has dominated the thinking of sociologists since the 1970s?
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None
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What theory proceeds from concrete observations to the inference of general conclusions?
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Inductive theory
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What theory proceeds from general ideas, knowledge, or understanding to specific hypotheses?
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Deductive theory
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What approach includes the perspectives of symbolic interaction, dramaturgy, and ethnomethodology?
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Interpretative
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Which approach studies the process where humans attach meaning to their lives?
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Interpretative
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The work of Mead and Blumer gave rise to what approach?
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Interpretative
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What is the notion that humans shape their world and are shaped by social interaction called?
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The social construction of reality
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What is Ervin Goffman's dramaturgical approach?
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Social interaction is a series of episodes or human dramas in which we are "actors" playing roles
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What approach is concerned with questions such as (1) whose interests are expressed within social arrangements? and (2) who benefits or suffers from such arrangements?
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Conflict theory/the conflict paradigm
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What approach/theory are Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills associated with?
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Conflict theory
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Who said that conflict may have positive as well as disturbing effects?
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Coser
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Emile Drukheim and Herbert Spencer inspired what?
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Functionalism (structural functionalism)
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What approach views society as being analogous to a living organism where each part helps to stabilize the whole?
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Structural functionalism
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When did Robert Park and Ernest Burgess focus on social problems in cities?
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Early 20th century (1900s)
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What is a strategy or plan for carrying out research?
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Research method
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What methods use statistical and other mathematical techniques of quantification or measurement in order to describe/interpret observations?
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Quantitative methods
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What methods rely on personal observation and description of social life?
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Qualitative methods
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What research methods sacrifice precision for a deeper grasp of the texture of social life?
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Qualitative methods
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What's the term for applying reason to the internal and external context of social situations in order to understand and interpret them?
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Verstehen
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What is "verstehen"?
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Understanding as a means of characterizing and interpreting/explaining
Done by applying reason to internal and external context of social situations |
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What method of observation is most used in research?
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Survey method
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What are the two ways that information can be collected from a survey?
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Interview
Self–administered questionnaire |
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Gauging characteristics of a population, and collecting info about an event are possible objectives of what?
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Giving an interview or survey
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In which type of survey are researchers interested in understanding causal/correlational relationships between variables?
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Explanatory
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What are the two possible RELATIONSHIPS between variables?
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Correlational or causal
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What are the two TYPES of variables?
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Independent and Dependent
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What must be done when a large population is selected for a survey?
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A sample will be studied, instead of the entire population
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What accurately reflects a population?
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Representative sample
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What gives every member of the population the same chance of being chosen for a study?
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Random sample
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Which type of sampling chooses an "nth" unit from a list for inclusion in a sample?
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Systematic sampling
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Which type of sampling randomly selects people to be studied from each category in the same proportion as exists in the population?
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Stratified sampling
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Which type of sampling uses the differences that already exist in a population as the basis for selecting a sample?
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Stratified sampling
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What is the name for the group of subjects that the researcher selects to be studied?
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Experimental group
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What does the researcher measure his or her results of the experimental group against?
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A control group
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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The mere presence of a researcher affects a subject's behavior
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What is the term for the fact that the presence of a researcher affects a subject's behavior?
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The Hawthorne Effect
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Who identified the Hawthorne effect?
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Elton May
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When was the Hawthorne effect discovered? And by whom?
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1930s – by Elton May
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What did Elton May discover in Chicago in the 1930s?
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The Hawthorne effect
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What is the name for observation from a distance without involvement in the group or activity?
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Unobtrusive observation
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Is it necessary for the researcher to be far away during unobtrusive observation?
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No
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What is the term for observation by a researcher who is a member of the group or a participant in the activity?
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Participant observation
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What can researchers do to make the subjects act more naturally during participant observation?
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Conceal their identities as researchers
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What is the term for analysis of old records and documents in the hope of discovering something new?
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Secondary analysis
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What would a researcher do if he or she wants to gain a better understanding of relations between people in the past?
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Conduct secondary analysis
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What are the two main types of content analysis?
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Quantitative or qualitative
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Percentages, rates, averages, and describing variation of contents with means, modes, and medians are considered what type of analysis?
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Quantitative analysis
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A researcher uses concepts and employs reason to capture the contents of materials observed during what type of analysis?
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Qualitative analysis
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What is the first stage of research?
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Defining the problem
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In which stage of research are the questions, issues, or topic of concern defined?
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First stage – "defining the problem"
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Once the problem is defined, what is the next stage of research?
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Identifying and reviewing literature relevant to the problem
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Once relevant literature has been reviewed, what is the next stage of research performed?
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Formulating a hypothesis
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What is the term described by a tentative statement about what one expects to observe?
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A hypothesis
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Once a hypothesis has been formulated, what is the next stage of research?
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Selecting and implementing a research design to test the hypothesis
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What is another way to describe a plan for collecting and analyzing information?
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Research design
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What is the final stage of the research process?
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Drawing a conclusion
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What is the purpose of drawing a conclusion?
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To determine whether or not one's hypothesis is confirmed
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Other than determining whether the hypothesis is confirmed, what is another large purpose of the final stage of conducting research?
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To present one's findings in an organized way that describes and explains what one has observed
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Explaining one's observations is the aim of which stage of the research process?
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Final stage – Drawing a conclusion
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What are the 5 main ethical problems of conducting sociology research?
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1. What harm is likely?
2. Is privacy being invaded? 3. Do subjects have a right to being informed? 4. Does it matter how the results will be applied? 5. When, if at all, is deception in research justified? |
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Deception, privacy, being informed, application, and harm are all subjects of what problems in sociology research?
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Ethical problems
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What is the term for the process through which we learn or are trained to be members of society?
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Socialization
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Sociologists believe that WHAT cannot develop in the absence of the social environment?
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The Individual
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What is the term for the initial socialization that a child receives through which he or she becomes a member of society?
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Primary socialization
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What is the term for the experience of socialization into new sectors of society by an already socialized person?
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Secondary socialization
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What is the process by which personality is acquired?
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Socialization
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Socialization is the essential link between which realms?
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Individual and Social Realms
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What does socialization allow to happen across generations?
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To continue across generations
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What is the result of the content of socialization varying from person to person?
(as well as the random impact of relatively different social and cultural environments) |
Every person is different
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What do sociologists and psychologists agree on in regards to instincts?
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That they have been lost in the course of human evolution
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What is considered the most basic social institution?
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Family
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Where does a child learn the importance society gives to race and gender?
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School
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Where does a child come to define him or herself as independent from his or her family?
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Peer Groups
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What agent of socialization becomes more influential then the family to a child during adolescence?
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Peer Groups
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What agent of socialization makes communication between large numbers of people possible?
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Mass Media
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What agent of socialization do books, radio, television, and motion pictures fall under?
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Mass Media
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What are Family, School, Peer Groups, and Mass Media?
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Agents of Socialization
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What is the name for the process of discarding behavioral practices and adopting new ones as part of a transition in life?
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Resocialization
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What is the name for an isolated place where people resocialization can take place?
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Total institution
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Mental hospitals, the military, and prisons are what kind of places?
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Total institutions
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Freud was from what country?
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Austria
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Freud founded what area of study?
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Psychoanalysis
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What represents the unconscious strivings for immediate gratification?
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The Id
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According to Freud, the mechanisms of identification and repression allow one to form what?
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The human personality
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What is Freud's name for the most conscious aspect of personality?
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Ego
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According to Freud, what 3 things for the human personality?
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Id, Ego, Superego
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What part of the personality controls and checks the id?
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Ego
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What part of the personality provides limits and direction?
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Ego
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Who defined the personality in terms of 3 different parts?
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Sigmund Freud
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What was Cooley's term for the process of self–formation?
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"The looking–glass–self"
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What did Charles Horton Cooley theorize?
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That the self–concept was formed in childhood and reevaluated every time the person enters a new social situation
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Who said that there are 3 stages in the process of self–formation?
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Cooley
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What are the 3 stages of the "looking–glass–self"?
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(1) we imagine how we appear to others
(2) we wonder whether others see us in the same way as we see ourselves, and in order to find out, we observe how others react to us (3) we develop a conception of ourselves that is based on the judgments of others |
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What is the general theory of the "looking–glass–self"?
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That we acquire a conception of ourselves from the reactions of others
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Who is the economist turned social psychologist who theorized about the self–concept in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
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Charles Horton Cooley
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Which American philosopher and social psychologist devised a theory of the "Me" and the "I"?
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George Herbert Mead
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What is the difference between George Herbert Mead's "Me" and "I"?
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The Me is the image one forms of oneself from the standpoint of others
The I is the individual's reaction to a situation as he sees it from his unique standpoint |
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Mead stated that the ability to anticipate the reactions of others and to adjust our behavior accordingly is an outcome of what?
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Socialization
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During what period did both George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley make their contributions to sociology?
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Late 1800s – Early 1900s
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Who pointed out that socialization allows us the ability to anticipate the reactions of others and adjust our behavior accordingly?
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Mead
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Who coined the term "role–distance" and what does it mean?
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Coined by Erving Goffman
Describes the gap between who we are and who we portray ourselves to be |
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Jean Piaget observed that cognitive development does not occur unless what happens?
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Unless he or she is confronted with real life experiences that foster such development
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During what stage are infants unable to differentiate themselves from their environment?
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Sensorimotor stage
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In what developmental stage does a child begin to use language and other symbols?
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Preoperational stage
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What developmental stage precedes the preoperational stage?
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Sensorimotor stage
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In what developmental stage can a child begin to grasp a situation from another person's point of view?
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Concrete operational stage
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True or False – children in the concrete operational stage are able to think in logical terms and attach meaning or significance to an event?
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True
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In which stage does a child develop the capacity for thinking in highly abstract terms of metaphors and hypotheses?
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Formal operational stage
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Who was the PSYCHOLOGIST who proposed a theory of 4 progressive stages to differentiate levels of a child's cognitive development?
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Jean Piaget
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What country was Jean Piaget from?
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Switzerland
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During what century did Jean Piaget form his theory of cognitive development?
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19th century (1800s)
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Who created an eight–stage path of psychosocial development lasting across a person's entire lifetime?
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Erik Erikson
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What are the hallmarks of all 8 of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
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1. Nurturing
2. Autonomy or doubt and shame 3. Intitiative and self–confidence or guilt 4. Focus shifts from family to school; feels industrious or inferior 5. failure to establish sense of self results in identity confusion 6. ability to form relationships results in intimacy or isolation and loneliness 7. contribution to others becomes self–generative – mature adulthood complete 8. find sense of continuity and meaning to life despite impending death; avoiding despair |
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Who was Lawrence Kohlberg inspired by?
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Piaget
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Larence Kohlberg concluded that children go through 6 stages of what?
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Moral reasoning
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What has Lawrence Kohlberg been criticized about for his model of human development?
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For basing it on the male experience and assuming that women are incapable of reaching the higher stages of moral reasoning
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Who responded to Kohlberg's discrimination against women in his model of human moral development?
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Carol Gilligan
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Who said that women bring a different set of values to their judgments of right and wrong?
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Carol Gilligan
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Was it men or women that Carol Gilligan said make their moral decisions based on the best solution for everyone involved?
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Women
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What did Gilligan say caused the different approaches between men and women to resolving ethical problems? What was her further conclusion?
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The differing roles men and women have in society
Conclusion: no essential difference between inner workings of psyches of boys and girls |
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What is defined as a blue–print according to which the members of a society or a group go about their daily lives?
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Culture
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What consists of common beliefs, customs, skills, traditions, and knowledge that members pass on to one another?
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Culture
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Culture represents all objects of thought and experience, materials, and nonmaterial when what is used as the reference?
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Individuals communicating meaning and value to one another
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When is socialization complete?
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Never
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The things that people attach meaning to and use are considered what type of culture?
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material culture
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What composes nonmaterial culture?
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The abstract terms that human beings create for the purposes of life
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Who creates symbols?
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Humans
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What is the term for something that has a certain meaning or value attached by the person or persons who use it?
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Symbol
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What includes: symbols, sounds, events, and objects to which people attach meaning and significance?
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Culture
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What 2 things are unique to humans?
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Symbols and spoken language
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What's the name for the rules or expectations that govern or to which people orient their behavior?
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Norms
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What ideas make things so important that humans are willing to fight, work, or die for them?
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Values
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What are considered usual customs and conventions of everyday life, but do not contain a moral component?
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Folkways
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How do folkways differ from values?
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Values have a moral component, but folkways do not
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What are so significant to a society or community that when violated they are met with criticism, anger, punishment, or institutionalization?
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Mores
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What are mores?
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Ethically significant norms that members of a community feel very strongly about when violated
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What are cultural universals?
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Basic elements essential to individual and collective survival found in all cultures
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What is the term expresses the variety of all things humans have devised to met their needs?
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Cultural variability
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What is the word for the tendency to judge other cultures by one's own standards?
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Ethnocentrism
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What term defines the attitude that one's own cultural values are the only good and true values?
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Ethnocentrism
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What is it called when social scientists attempt to be objective in their observations by not imposing their own meaning on observed events, or by focusing only on the reason why an element exists?
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Cultural relativism
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What is the term for unique cultures and cultural organizations within a larger culture?
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Subcultures
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The amish are an example of what kind of culture?
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Subculture
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What pose a threat to a culture's existence with its differing values, beliefs, and ways of life?
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Countercultures
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What characterizes countercultures?
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Distinctive values and norms, as well as unconventional behavior
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Cults, the Ku Klux Klan, as well as other white supremacist groups, are examples of what?
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Countercultures
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What is the definition of society in the broadest sense?
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Human association
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What does the concept of sociocultural evolution refer to?
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The tendency for society to become more complex over time
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What does the ecological approach focus on?
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On how much variation in cultural and social elements of the system can be attributed to the environment
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Where are the last hunting and gathering societies located?
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Africa and Malaysia
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What are horticultural and pastoral societies characterized by?
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The domestication of animals and the use of hand tools to cultivate plants
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Under the ecological approach, what are the 5 types of societies?
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1. Hunting and Gathering
2. Horticultural and Pastoral 3. Agricultural 4. Industrial 5. Postindustrial |
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What society is irrigation featured in?
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Agricultural
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Complex machinery and energy sources are used for production in which type of society?
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Industrial
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What society evolved the use of automobiles, trains, and electronic communication?
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Industrial
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Which society focuses on the creation, processing, and storage of information?
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Postindustrial
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What country was Karl Marx from?
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Germany
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Who believed that all of human history and society can be traced to the material circumstance of humans in relationship with nature?
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Karl Marx
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According to Karl Marx, the division of labor allows a society to do what?
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Produce a surplus beyond that necessary to satisfy basic human needs
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When the class system is simplified down to 2 classes, what are those 2 classes?
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Capitalist owners and working proletariat
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When the class system is simplified down to 2 classes, what does Marx predict would happen?
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Workers would organize a successful revolution and eliminate private property
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Did Marx ever completely define the term class?
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No
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What does Marx' use of the term "class" suggest the group of people have in common?
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A relationship to the means of production
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Marx' use of the term "class" related what to all other relations of society?
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The economic relations of production
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What country was Emile Durkheim from?
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France
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What century was Karl Marx from?
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1800s (19th century)
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Emile Durkheim worked during the turn of what century?
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1800 to 1900 centuries
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What did Durkheim argue is the source of moral life and mental life and why?
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Society because it limits our insatiable desires and gives meaning to our lives
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What are the two religions that Durkheim compared, and what did he say about them?
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Said that Catholicism was a more strongly integrated church than Protestantism
– Protestantism permitted greater freedom of thought and judgment – Protestantism had fewer common beliefs and practices |
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What country was Max Weber from?
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Germany
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What does verstehen roughly mean?
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Understanding
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Who was the sociologist who set out to explain why certain phenomena are unique to western civilization?
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Max Weber
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What things did Weber determine to be decisive in producing the spirit of the modern form of industrial capitalism?
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– Protestant ethic
– Value placed on work by God – Saving and investing for salvation |
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What are the two types of understanding that Weber determined?
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(1) Immediate comprehension of an act
(2) comprehension of the meaning underlying an action by grasping the sequence of motivation within the social context of the action |
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According to Weber's view of society, what does every culture have?
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A structure that can be described and analyzed
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What is social structure?
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The way people's relations in society are arranged to form a network
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What's the term for a person's position in a society or in a group?
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Status
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What's the term for the behavior of a person occupying a particular position?
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Role
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What's the term for a number of people interacting with one another in ways that form a pattern and who are united by the feeling of being bound together and by "a consciousness of kind"?
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Group
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What's the term for organized systems of social relationships that emerge in response to the basic problems or needs of every society?
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Institutions
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What forms the patterns of interaction in a society?
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The culture
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What consists of the patterns of interaction in a society?
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Social structure
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What is formed when the elements necessary to individual and collective survival become organized into institutional spheres?
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They form the economic system, political structure, family system, educational processes, and belief system
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What kind of status is automatically conferred on a person with no effort or choice made on their part?
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Ascribed status
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Race and sex are types of what kind of status?
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Ascribed status
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What is the opposite of an ascribed status?
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Achieved status
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What kind of status is assumed mainly through one's own doings?
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Achieved status
|
|
|
What is the status with which a person is most identified?
|
Master status
|
|
|
What is a master status?
|
Most important status a person holds, affecting almost every aspect of his or her life
|
|
|
What is the name for all of the statuses a person occupies?
|
Status set
|
|
|
What is the term for a situation where different and conflicting expectations exist with regard to a particular status?
|
Role strain
|
|
|
What occurs when a person occupies multiple statuses that contradict one another?
|
Role conflict
|
|
|
What is the name for a relationship formed on the basis of an agreement or an accommodation of interests?
|
Association
|
|
|
What is the term for an assembly of people or things?
|
Group
|
|
|
What is the name for a relationship formed on the basis of a subjective feeling of the parties "that they belong together"?
|
Communal relationship
|
|
|
What is the term for an association of self–selected equals?
|
Peer Group
|
|
|
In which type of social group do the members have relatively equivalent ages, interests, and social positions or statuses?
|
Peer Group
|
|
|
What is the term for a number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time?
|
Aggregate
|
|
|
What is an aggregate?
|
A number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time
|
|
|
What is the term for a number of people with certain characteristics in common?
|
Social category
|
|
|
What is a social category?
|
A number of people with certain characteristics in common
|
|
|
What is the term for a collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly fashion?
|
Social group
|
|
|
What is a social group?
|
A collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly fashion
|
|
|
What do social group relationships have in common?
|
(1) members are aware of one another
(2) members are mutually responsive to one another |
|
|
Who distinguished between primary groups and secondary groups?
|
Charles Horton Cooley
|
|
|
What characterizes a primary group?
|
Intimate bonds
Direct interaction Warm, intimate, personal |
|
|
What characterizes a secondary group?
|
Anonymous interaction
Impersonal bonds Short duration of the group Few emotional ties |
|
|
What did Charles Horton Cooley do?
|
Distinguish between primary and secondary groups
|
|
|
What does gemeinschaft refer to?
|
Small communities characterized by tradition and common ancestry or geographic proximity
|
|
|
What does gesellschaft refer to?
|
Contractual relationships of a voluntary nature of limited duration and quality
Based on rational self–interest For achieving a goal |
|
|
Who distinguished between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft?
|
Ferdinand Tonnies
|
|
|
What did Ferdinand Tonnies do?
|
Distinguish between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft
|
|
|
Between gemeinschaft and gesellschaft, which one would be considered more "selfish"?
|
Gesellschaft
|
|
|
What does the addition of a third person, forming a triad out of a dyad, serve as?
|
As a mediator or nonpartisan party
|
|
|
What did George Simmel make the distinction between?
|
Dyads and Triads
|
|
|
Who made the distinction between dyads and triads?
|
George Simmel
|
|
|
Who developed the technique of interaction process analysis?
|
Robert Bales
|
|
|
What did Robert Bales do?
|
Develop the technique of interaction process analysis
|
|
|
What does interaction process analysis do?
|
Observe and classify ongoing activity in small groups
|
|
|
What did J. L. Moreno do?
|
Develop sociometry
|
|
|
What is sociometry?
|
Technique focused on establishing the direction of interaction in small groups
|
|
|
What is the technique for establishing the direction of interaction in small groups? Who came up with this technique?
|
Sociometry
J.L. Moreno |
|
|
What properties affect the functioning of social groups?
|
1. Size
2. Extent of association 3. Social network that comprises all of their relationships they are involved in and belong to |
|
|
What are the 7 factors in the interaction process?
|
(1) differentiation between characteristics of the role structure with task or instrumental roles
(2) front stage and backstage behavior (3) principles of exchange (4) competition between individuals and groups (5) cooperation (6) compromise (7) conflict and the reduction of conflict |
|
|
Which are the groups that "we" belong to? Which are the ones a person feels competition or opposition toward?
|
in–groups
out–groups |
|
|
What is the social group that provides the standards of how we evaluate ourselves?
|
Reference groups
|
|
|
An individual's compliance with group goals in spite of conflict with individual goals is called what?
|
Group conformity
|
|
|
What is the phenomenon where group members begin to conform to one another's views?
|
Groupthink
|
|
|
What is a danger of groupthink?
|
Decisions may be made from a narrow view
|
|
|
What are the five types of leaders?
|
Instrumental and Expressive
Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez–Faire |
|
|
Which kinds of leaders are task–oriented?
|
Instrumental
|
|
|
Which kinds of leaders are social–emotional?
|
Expressive
|
|
|
Which kind of leader gives a lot of orders?
|
Authoritarian
|
|
|
Which kind of leader sees a consensus on the course of action?
|
Democratic
|
|
|
Which kind of leader mainly lets the group be and does not provide much direction or organization?
|
Laissez–Faire
|
|
|
What is the type of social relationship or arrangement that is closed to outsiders or limits their admission?
|
Organization
|
|
|
What are the 5 characteristics of a formal organization?
|
(1) formality
(2) hierarchy of positions (3) large size (4) complex division of labor (5) continuity beyond membership |
|
|
What is the name of an organization with the goal to perform complex tasks efficiently
|
Bureaucracy
|
|
|
What is the characteristic institution of modern society?
|
Bureacracy
|
|
|
What organization focuses on paid officials with various obligations to the organization?
|
Bureaucracy
|
|
|
What did Bensman and Rosenberg learn about bureaucratic officials in 1976?
|
They are "people–pushers"
Their advancement depends as much on their likability as their objective qualifications |
|
|
Who described the self–rationalization of bureaucratic officials which leads to conforming to external standards on which to base one's appearance?
|
Karl Mannheim
|
|
|
What does Parkinson's Law state?
|
In any bureaucratic organization, "work expands to fill the time available for its completion."
|
|
|
What does the Peter Principle state?
|
"in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence."
|
|
|
What do Parkinson's Law and the Peter Principle criticize?
|
Bureaucracy
|
|
|
Who formed the Iron Law of Oligarchy?
|
Robert Michels
|
|
|
Who did Michels believe generally has sway over an organization?
|
A small number of specialists
|
|
|
What is the term for a departure from a norm?
|
Deviance
|
|
|
What is deviance?
|
A departure from a norm
|
|
|
What is the term for the mark of disgrace which sets a deviant apart from other members of society?
|
Stigma
|
|
|
In most cases, what happens to people with deviant behavior?
|
Their deviant behavior is not discovered
|
|
|
What is deviance relative to, as far as the person doing the defining is considered?
|
It is relative to the social status of the person doing the defining, and whether or not that person is in a position to label the behavior as "deviant"
|
|
|
What process achieves social control?
|
Socialization
|
|
|
What becomes necessary when conformity is not achieved through the informal, as well as formal and organized ways of rewarding conformity?
|
Negative sanctions
|
|
|
What are two functions of deviance?
|
(1) Unify the group by identifying limits of acceptable behavior
(2) Safety valve to let people express discontent with social norms without threatening social order |
|
|
What gives definition to deviance?
|
Social norms + conformist views and values + the status quo
"its opposite" |
|
|
What is primary deviance?
|
Behavior violating a norm
|
|
|
What is secondary deviance?
|
Behavior that results from the social response to such deviance
|
|
|
In connection to what type of deviance does stigma symbolize a moral blemish?
|
Secondary deviance
|
|
|
What did Cesare Lombroso conclude in 1875 in relation to deviance?
|
That deviance is inherited and criminals had body measurements closer to apes than non–criminals
|
|
|
What did William Sheldon study in 1941?
|
The relationship between body type, psychological state, and criminal behavior.
|
|
|
What is a recent theory of deviant behavior which links the unconscious, superego, and id?
|
That deviant behavior is due to the unconscious making itself known to a superego that lacks the strength to overcome the id
|
|
|
What are the two sociological explanations of deviance?
|
(1) they treat deviance as a special category of behavior and the deviant as deserving of special consideration
(2) they tend to look within the social structure or in a social process of labeling and how persons come to be defined as deviant |
|
|
What did Merton and Durkheim see deviance as a result of?
|
Weak, inconsistent, or even nonexistent social norms
|
|
|
In reference to deviance, goals, and means, what does the "conformist" do?
|
Seek to continue the acceptance of goals and means
|
|
|
In reference to deviance, goals, and means, what does the "innovator" do?
|
accept goals while seeking new and/or illegitimate revenues for the attainment of goals
|
|
|
In reference to deviance, goals, and means, what does the "ritualist" do?
|
Turns the means into an end – more concerned with adhering to rules than to personal achievement
|
|
|
In reference to deviance, goals, and means, what does the "retreat" do?
|
rejects means and ends by dropping into drug use, mental illness, alcoholism, homelessness
|
|
|
In reference to deviance, goals, and means, what does the "rebellious" do?
|
rejects means and ends by seeking to replace both with alternatives
|
|
|
Where did Edwin Sutherland (1939) conclude that criminal behavior is learned?
|
In primary groups
|
|
|
What is the term for the introduction of symbolic meaning or value to actual or imagined blood ties?
|
Kinship
|
|
|
What is the name for the family one is born into?
|
Family of orientation
|
|
|
What is the name for the family one creates in adulthood, sometimes while married?
|
Marriage of procreation
|
|
|
What is the name for the family of parents with their children?
|
Nuclear family
|
|
|
What is the name for the family which also includes those indirectly linked by blood?
|
Extended family
|
|
|
What is the family called when the father is vested authority?
|
Patriarchy
|
|
|
What is the family called when the mother is vested authority?
|
Matriarchy
|
|
|
What is lineage through the father called?
|
Patrilineal
|
|
|
What is lineage through the mother called?
|
Matrilineal
|
|
|
What kind of marriage does the United States practice?
|
Exogamy
|
|
|
What is the term for marriage outside certain specific groups?
|
Exogamy
|
|
|
What is the term for marriage within certain specific groups?
|
Endogamy
|
|
|
What is the term for having one spouse at a time?
|
Monogamy
|
|
|
What is the term for having more than one spouse at a time?
|
Polygamy
|
|
|
What are the three types of polygamy?
|
Polygyny, Polyandry, and Group Marriage
|
|
|
What is the practice of a man having several wives at once?
|
Polygny
|
|
|
What is the practice of a woman having several husbands at once?
|
Polyandry
|
|
|
What is the practice of two or more men being married to two or more women at once?
|
Group Marriage
|
|
|
What is the term for when newlyweds reside with the husband's extended family?
|
Patrilocality
|
|
|
What is the term for when newlyweds reside with the wife's extended family?
|
Matrilocality
|
|
|
What is the term for when newlyweds live in a new place not near the husband's or wife's families?
|
Neolocality
|
|
|
What are the practices of transmission of property to the eldest son, and youngest son, respectively?
|
Eldest son – primogeniture
Youngest son – ultimogeniture |
|
|
What is the correlation between power, descent, and residence?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the opposite of economic rationality?
|
Traditionalism
|
|
|
What does economic rationality sanctify?
|
Progress, practicality, and profits
|
|
|
What is the term for the manner in which work is divided among individuals and groups specialized in particular economic activities?
|
Division of labor
|
|
|
The People's Republic of China is an example of what kind of economic system?
|
Socialist
|
|
|
What is the primary sector of the economy involved in?
|
Extraction of raw materials and natural resources
|
|
|
Hunting, gathering, farming, and mining are activities of which sector of the economy?
|
Primary sector
|
|
|
The techniques and activities involved in manufactured goods are part of what sector of the economy?
|
Secondary sector
|
|
|
Which sector of the economy consists of assistance and services?
|
Tertiary sectory
|
|
|
What is the name of the system for the direct exchange of equivalent goods or services?
|
Barter system
|
|
|
In which system of exchanging goods and services is value determined by supply and demand?
|
The free–market system
|
|
|
How is value determined in the free–market system?
|
By supply and demand
|
|
|
What did Max Weber believe was fundamental to all forms of authority?
|
The consent of the govern – a belief in the right of those of positions of power to command
|
|
|
What did Max Weber say were 3 types of authority?
|
Traditional, rational–legal, and charismatic
|
|
|
According to Max Weber, which form of authority is based on long–held and sacred customs?
|
Traditional authority
|
|
|
According to Max Weber, which form of authority is based on the framework of a body of laws that have been duly enacted?
|
Rational–legal authority
|
|
|
According to Max Weber, which form of authority is based on the extraordinary, uncanny, and supernatural powers of abilities that have been associated with a particular person?
|
Charismatic
|
|
|
What type of authority dominated in pre–industrial times?
|
Traditional authority
|
|
|
Which type of authority is typically found being exercised within modern formal organizations?
|
Rational–legal authority
|
|
|
What are the three types of government?
|
Authoritarian, Totalitarian, and Democratic
|
|
|
In which form of government do rulers tolerate little, if any, opposition to their authority?
|
Authoritarian
|
|
|
In which form of government do rulers have no recognizable limits to their authority?
|
Totalitarian
|
|
|
In with form of government does power lie with the people, and whose participation in government is considered a right?
|
Democratic
|
|
|
Organizations seeking to influence political decisions that may affect their members are called what?
|
Interest groups
|
|
|
What do we call the people who are the advocates, or the "voice" of special interest groups?
|
Lobbyists
|
|
|
Who published "The Power Elite" in 1956?
|
C. Wright Mills
|
|
|
C. Wright Mills called the class of people containing military leaders, politicians, and business leaders what?
|
The power elite
|
|
|
Who attempted to learn about the class described by Mills, and learned that these "power elite" have a lot in common on top of being extremely wealthy, holding high–level positions, and attended the same schools?
|
G. William Domhoff
|
|
|
Who rejected the notion that the power holders are a unified group?
|
David Riesman
|
|
|
How did Riesman say that the system of rule is made up of?
|
It is made of various sectors of power, each serving as a potential buffer against any one group gaining control of the whole system
|
|
|
What term means a theory, creed, or body of dogma that seeks to comprehend the universe and man's place in it, god or the gods, as well as the supernatural realm?
|
Religion
|
|
|
Codes of ethics, personality, historical condition, and theodicy are all linked with what?
|
Religion
|
|
|
What is the term for the religious explanation for the distribution of good and bad fortune, allowing believers to have faith under any circumstances?
|
Theodicy
|
|
|
In religion, what class of things are deemed unalterable?
|
Sacred
|
|
|
In religion, what class of things are deemed alterable?
|
Profane
|
|
|
In religion, what class of things are capable of being understood?
|
Profane
|
|
|
What did Emile Durkheim see as validating the existence of society?
|
Religion
|
|
|
By studying the relationship between thought and action in different religions, what relationship did Max Weber determine between religious beliefs and work ethic?
|
That a belief in predestination and a bond between god was compatible with an accumulation of capital as proof of salvation
|
|
|
What is the name for a small religious organization centered around a charismatic leader?
|
Cult
|
|
|
What sets a sect apart from a cult?
|
Sects do not require charismatic leaders for continuity
|
|
|
Which religious organization claims universal membership over those born into it?
|
Church
|
|
|
The religious ethics of the Confucian, the Hindu, the Buddhist, the Christian, and the Muslim belong to what?
|
The category of world religions
|
|
|
What is the term used to describe "a system of life regulation"?
|
World religion
|
|
|
What do the eastern religions tend to focus on, which the western religions do not?
|
Soul searching and solving the riddle of life's ultimate meaning
|
|
|
Who showed that a belief in predestination and in an unbridgeable gulf between god and man emphasized personal responsibility for one's own salvation, and a work ethic conducive to the accumulation of capital?
|
Weber
|
|
|
What is the usual result of society treating people differently on the basis of their age, sex, race, religion, sexual orientation, or education?
|
Social inequality
|
|
|
What is the term representing the structured inequality in society based on people's location in the social hierarchy?
|
Social stratification
|
|
|
What does a social hierarchy of ranked statuses result from?
|
Social stratification
|
|
|
What kind of social position generally reflects personal ability or effort?
|
Achieved social position
|
|
|
What kind of social position is either received at birth, or involuntarily placed upon them later in life?
|
Ascribed social position
|
|
|
What is the term for the ability of a given individual or group to move through the social strata?
|
Social mobility
|
|
|
What are the two types of social mobility?
|
Relative or absolute
|
|
|
What is it called when a son's education, occupational prestige, and income exceeds that of his father's?
|
Absolute social mobility
|
|
|
Race and ethnicity, gender, age, and sexual orientation can be used as a basis for what?
|
Systems of stratification
|
|
|
Is race a biological phenomenon or a social one?
|
Social
|
|
|
What refers to a population known and identified on the basis of their common language, national heritage, and/or biological inheritance?
|
Ethnicity
|
|
|
What is it called when a belief system assumes that innate characteristics translate into one gender being superior to another?
|
Sexist
|
|
|
The different roles we assign to people depending upon their age, is called what?
|
Age stratification
|
|
|
Criminalization of same–sex unions is a result of which type of stratification?
|
Gender stratification
|
|
|
Who are typically discriminated against due to gender stratification?
|
Homosexuals
|
|
|
Davis and Moore argued what about stratification?
|
That some stratification is necessary
|
|
|
Why did Davis and Moore explain that social stratification is inevitable?
|
Some members of society will have more of the qualities necessary than others, and the greater awards and status will guarantee that those most able will be in the most demanding positions
|
|
|
Who argued that the elimination of class structure would enable men and women to regain their humanity through the creation of a genuine or true community?
|
Marx
|
|
|
What did Weber find when he studied social stratification in a multitude of societies?
|
That stratification was a source of conflict and change that he could not foresee ending
|
|
|
Ralf Dahrendorf believed what about Karl Marx?
What did he studied in turn? |
That Marx placed too much emphasis on class
He focused on the struggle among groups such as unions and employers |
|
|
What does Randall Collins focus on in reference to social stratification?
|
The way that groups acquire educational credentials as a way to acquire jobs and maintain social position
|
|
|
Collective behavior generally lacks what kind of backing?
|
Institutional backing
|
|
|
Mass hysteria, panics, crazes, fads, fashions, and rumors are types of what?
|
Collective behavior
|
|
|
What is the name for a collective strong emotional response to tension and anxiety in a group?
|
Mass hysteria
|
|
|
What is the name for a collective overwhelming feeling and awareness of needing to escape a dangerous situation immediately?
|
Panic
|
|
|
The way people act when a fire breaks out in a movie theater is an example of what kind of collective behavior?
|
Panic
|
|
|
What is the type of collective behavior where people become obsessed with wanting something because "everyone else seems to have it"?
|
Craze
|
|
|
What is the type of short term obsession with a behavior that is unexpected and widely copied?
|
Fad
|
|
|
What is the name for the collective behavior regarding styles and attitudes towards dress, hair styles, music, etc?
|
Fashions
|
|
|
Which lasts longer, a fashion or a fad?
|
Fashion
|
|
|
What is the term for a piece of unconfirmed public information that may or may not be accurate?
|
Rumor
|
|
|
What is typically the source of a rumor?
|
The source is typically anonymous
|
|
|
What is the name for a relatively large number of people in close proximity to one another, reacting at once to a common interest or focus?
|
Crowd
|
|
|
Spectators at a football game, participants at a parade, and rioters are examples of what type of collective behavior?
|
Crowd
|
|
|
What is the name for a group of people who are concerned with a problem or phenomena, without necessarily being together in the same place at the same time?
|
Mass
|
|
|
Which is more spontaneous, a mob or a riot?
|
Mob
|
|
|
Which tends to involve more people and last longer – a mob or a riot?
|
Riot
|
|
|
What is the name for the "passive crowd" responding to a social situation in an orderly and predictable way?
|
Audience
|
|
|
What is the term for the actual opinions people have about a given issue?
|
Public opinion
|
|
|
What is the term for attempts to affect and change what the public sees and how the public perceives an issue?
|
Propaganda
|
|
|
Contagion, convergence, and emergent–norm theories have attempted to make sense of what?
|
Unconventional collective behavior
|
|
|
Gustave LeBon developed what theory?
|
Contagion theory
|
|
|
What is the theory that a crowd exerts a powerful influence on its members, turning individuals into part of the collective mind of the crowd?
|
Contagion theory
|
|
|
What theory contends that motivations of a crowd is a result of the convergence of individuals with particular motivations?
|
Convergence theory
|
|
|
Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian developed what theory in 1987?
|
Emergent–norm theory
|
|
|
What theory argues that crowds are influenced by certain individuals who construct a new norm, which the rest of the group then follows?
|
Emergent–norm theory
|
|
|
What does emergent–norm theory argue?
|
That crowds do not necessarily begin with individuals of the same motives and ideas
Instead, a small number of individuals create new norms which the rest of the crowd then follows |
|
|
What is it called when members of a population have opinions and beliefs that they act on in a way which shows their opposition to a particular movement?
|
Countermovement
|
|
|
What is the name for the process whereby the ideas of those involved in a social movement come to be known and accepted?
|
Institutionalization
|
|
|
What is the name of the process where the original goals of a movement are rejected or set aside in favor of the goal of preserving formal structures?
|
Goal displacement
|
|
|
At what levels does social movement occur?
|
The public level of government policy
The private level of real concrete action |
|
|
What is the name for formal organizations that are specifically created for the purpose of channeling either dissatisfaction and discontent into change, or satisfaction and contentment into conservation of tradition?
|
Social movement organizations
|
