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88 Cards in this Set
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Academy
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Founded by Plato in c. 369 BC
public gymnasium at Athens, sacred to the hero Academus, north-west of the Dipylon gate. It gave its name to the school founded there by *Plato (1) in the early 4th cent. |
he Early Academy is the phase of doctrinal Platonism under Plato himself (d. 347) and his successors *Speusippus, *Xenocrates (1), *Polemon (2), and Crates.
The ‘New Academy’ is the phase, from c.269 to the early or mid-1st cent. BC (its further subdivision, Sext. Emp. Pyr. 1. 220, is a later imposition), in which the school, initially under *Arcesilaus (1), interpreted true Platonism as scepticism. |
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Achaean League
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Refounded in 280 BC - mostly small cities, self protection
251 BC Sikyon joins, breaks ethnic basis for league engineered by Aratos After Corinth, others join. By early 2nd c. most cities in Pelo are members. How? Members are free - confederacy (koinon) not empire Politics are completely different from empire! But foedus means treaty - koinon goes back to earlier ethnos and common festivals Common weight standard, coins, agreement for disputes, army led by elected general |
its general, Aratos of Sikyon, led 100 men to defeat Macedonian garrison in Corinth and declare it 'free' in 243
Polybius 2.43 Intervention between Rome and Macedon by Ptolemy IV during 2nd Punic War 215 BC Achaean League ish stuff Rome Brings an end to Achaean League in 146 BC as a political enitty Independence of Greece comes to an end then too |
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Aetolian League
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Normally hostile to Macedon, they became allies of Rome against *Philip (3) V of Macedon in 212 or 211 BC, Rome's first allies in mainland Greece. After a period of estrangement they allied themselves with Rome against Philip once again (199 BC), but such was their feeling of ill-treatment at the hands of the Romans in the aftermath of Philip's defeat at *Cynoscephalae (197 BC) that they went on to make common cause with the Seleucid king *Antiochus (3) III. This proved their downfall, and in 189 the Aetolians were compelled to accept a treaty as subject allies of Rome. The confederacy was not dissolved, but external influence was gone and problems of debt and civil conflict soon ensued.
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More shipping (more shipwrecks) - the most shipwrecks are Hellenistic
but pirates! - very much around the Hellenistic world, there are actually literally pirate/bandit states! Etolian league is a pirate state |
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Alexander the Great
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sweet dude
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Beginning of a modernity if not modernity - SO MUCH CHANGE
This is why when you read a lot of Hellenistic historians work on this period they say, it's just like the modern X Y or Z - it seems more modern than 4 or 5th c. BC This change/modernity begins with Alexander upening up the Near East and culture/economy are changing |
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amphora
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jar, held wine
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A way to study the Hellenistic economy - Stamped amphorae were stamped on the neck of the jug with things like levels of quality of wine. The location of these archaeological artifacts can help us understand circulation and trade.
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Antigonus Gonatas
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son of Demetrius the 'besieger' grandson of Antigonus I the one eyed
King of Macedon |
king of Macedonia (c.277/6–239 BC), son of *Demetrius (4) I and Phila, nicknamed ‘Gonatas’ (meaning unknown). He served under his father in Greece in 292, commanded his possessions there from 287, and took the royal title on Demetrius' death in 282, though he failed to gain Macedonia until 277/6. Before then his military ability won widespread recognition, not only in Macedonia, through a major victory near Lysimacheia in 277 over *Celts who had overrun Macedonia and Thrace. Cassandreia still resisted him for ten months but his dynastic alliance with *Antiochus (1) I, whose sister Phila he married, ended Seleucid competition. *Pyrrhus occupied western Macedonia and Thessaly in 274 but his death in 272 removed this threat. In Greece Demetrius' old naval bases--*Piraeus, *Chalcis, *Corinth, and *Demetrias--guaranteed Antigonus' influence, and although an alliance led by Athens and Sparta and supported by *Ptolemy (1) II Philadelphus tried to eject the Macedonians (in the ‘*Chremonidean War’ of c.267–261), Athens finally had to capitulate. Subsequently Antigonus, in alliance with *Antiochus (2) II, took the offensive in Ptolemy's preserve, the SE Aegean--a naval victory near *Cos (perhaps 254) caused a modest spread of Macedonian influence which was reinforced by Antigonus' son *Demetrius (6)'s marrying Antiochus II's sister Stratonice. In Greece Antigonus became notorious for controlling cities by supporting tyrants, a practice which saved garrison troops but provoked serious local opposition, especially in the Peloponnese, where the *Achaean Confederacy exploited dissatisfaction to extend its influence, even taking Corinth in 243. Nevertheless Demetrias, Chalcis, and the Piraeus remained Macedonian. In Macedonia Antigonus seems to have aimed at restoring the court tradition of *Philip (1) II. In particular his own intellectual interests, fostered in his youth in southern Greece, led to frequent visits to Pella by historians, poets, and philosophers. The larger cities of the kingdom--at least *Amphipolis, *Pella, Cassandreia and *Thessalonica--encouraged by the stable conditions, acquired some limited rights of self-government, which were widely recognized before Antigonus' death. Antigonus also helped establish his dynasty by regulating the succession. His son Demetrius (6) played a major part, from the 260s onwards, both in military and civil capacities; some historians even think he used the royal title in Antigonus' last years. Antigonus' long period of rule--37 years--and cautious policies provided a desperately needed consolidation for Macedonia. Characteristic for his later reputation is his reported comment, even if not authentic, that kingship is honourable servitude.
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Antigonus Monophthalmus (“the One-Eyed”)
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one of Alex's successors - not a Macedonian royal
59 years old, a commander in 334 failed attempt to grab entire empire - eliminated instantly by the others |
Macedonian noble, was prominent under *Philip (1) II and governed Greater Phrygia for *Alexander (3) the Great (334–323). Victorious in three battles over Persian refugees from *Issus (332), he remained unchallenged in his satrapy until he fell foul of the regent *Perdiccas (3) whom he denounced to *Antipater (1) in Macedon (322), unleashing the First Coalition War. For his services he was given command of the campaign against *Eumenes (3) and the remnants of the Perdiccan factions. In 319 he defeated both groups spectacularly, and Antipater's death, on the heels of his victories, encouraged him in his supremacist ambitions. He supported *Cassander against the regent *Polyperchon, and took the war against Eumenes (Polyperchon's appointee as royal general) into central Asia. The victory at Gabiene (316) gave him control of territory from the Hindu Kush to the Aegean, but his success brought immediate war with his erstwhile allies: Cassander, *Lysimachus and *Ptolemy (1) (315). The ‘Peace of the Dynasts’ (summer 311) briefly ratified the status quo, but it was a dead letter from the first. *Seleucus (1) I invaded Babylon in 311 with Ptolemy's support, provoking full-scale war, and Ptolemy resumed hostilities in 310. Antigonus directed his attention to the Greek world, broadcasting his predilection for freedom and autonomy, and ultimately reactivated the Corinthian League (see CORINTH, LEAGUE OF) of Philip II as a weapon against Cassander (303/2). Athens welcomed him and his son, *Demetrius (4) with open arms and exaggerated honours (307), and in the following year the two had themselves proclaimed kings (basileis; see BASILEUS). But the achievements belied the propaganda. The invasion of Egypt (306) was abortive, as was Demetrius' year-long siege of *Rhodes (305/4). Finally the coalition of 315 was reforged. At *Ipsus (in *Phrygia) the combined Antigonid forces were defeated decisively and Antigonus died in battle. His ambitions had been too patent, his resources inadequate to contain the reaction they provoked.
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Antikythera Mechanism
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The device is remarkable for the level of miniaturization and for the complexity of its parts, which is comparable to that of 18th century clocks
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The Antikythera mechanism (pronounced /ˌæntɪkɪˈθɪərə/ AN-ti-ki-THEER-ə), is an ancient mechanical computer[1][2] designed to calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–01 from the Antikythera wreck,[3] but its complexity and significance were not understood until decades later. It is now thought to have been built about 150–100 BC. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.[4]
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Antiochus III Megas (“the Great”)
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Ptolemy IV v. Antiochus III the Great
P - 70000 infantry, 5000 cavalry, 73 elephants S - 62000 infantry, 6000 cavalry, 103 elephants P win because they have less elephants - elephants don't work particularly well! There are generally problems with them! Ptolemies are building up major army in Memphis, hiding it, while at the same time trying to be diplomatic with S P wins and then come home and like almost have to face uprising when they get home Egyptians feel like they were deciding force and said hey! We don’t need these E. Austin 184 CF Raphia Decree - v. interesting decree following a victory The defeated Antiochus Goes on a massive campaign to the East Trying to maintain territory by campaigning through You have to DISPLAY your military strength Then decides to invade Greece Eep major booboo - trying to take on Rome Rome defeats Antiochus Peace of Apamea, 188 BC, ceding territory and money to Rome Almost whole of Asian Minor, almost all Greek cities Hugely expensive to get rome off back Then tax the life off these people Then people are irritated |
Austin 166
The Anabasis of Antiochus III A. III comes to Bactria 212 BC to demand submission Why march army there for just this? Has ab unch of demands Battle with Euthydemus (a Greek battle in N. Afghanistan!) Winds, but withdraws, Euthydemus gets formal recog. of kingdom, recognized A. III as ‘king of kings” gives gift of elephants A. III takes elephants back home, to lose to Romans at battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. This the last time a Hellenistic power comes into Bactria; trade connections continue Euthydemus give straditioanl gift to Tamus, ELEPHANTS and takes them all gackd to u Don’t want to stay in this neighboh=oodr Really independent king, not part of seleukid empire Went all the way to east to say,you' the boss of this area and then after be lik no, I'm not m Takes gifts of elephants and then laeac yelled at Rome Selecuids never used elephants again Rome never used and they won all of Med! Last time people would go to Bactria by force, political control this is v. much independent How do they manage to keep this together for more than a day? Maintain equilibrium for at least 3rd and part of 2nd c. |
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Antiochus IV Epiphanes
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the guy with the maccabees
168 BC - Antiochus IV was in Egypt, trying to move against Ptolemaies while Egypt was pretty weak Almost successfully annexing Egypt, maybe perhaps crowned king? Wrote some letters to priesthood Remember… The Roman "line in the sand" Antiochus IV not happy about it ○ What he's doing, rather than being mad (remember he's not a legit king he grabbed the throne) but given his Ptolemaic experience where priests were pretty accepting of the kings and even might be actively involved in gov, he wants the same thing in his territory The 'line in the sand' 168 BC Antiochus believed he was a protector of very young Ptolemaic king and thought he had right to be in Egypt legally A reason for non stop war is the fact that these hellenistic states are connected marriage - never solved!, particuarly with Ptolemies and Seleucids Create cross claims of territory that leave to war - LEGITIMATE war Rome obvi had no connections until Marc Antony - one of reasons why Octavian/Augustus was really concerned about Egypt and Cleopatra due to her offspring that had legit claims to Rome as well as Eastern Mediterranean Women in this region are a threat cause their heirs lay claim to serious territory |
Invasion of Egypt by Antiochus IV
170-168 BC Ptolemies are defeated and Seleucids are the largest empire since Persian Doesn't last long and then turning point in Hellenistic world The line in the Sand (Austin 211) Roman ambassador confronts Antiochus IV Politely requests, get the hell out of Egypt, and Antiochus famously says I'll think about it and the ambassador draws a line around him in the sand, says you'll decide before you leave this circle Judea as buffer state Really large Jewish community in Alexandria - there were people who went back and forth and fully conversant with Greek culture Antiochus under severe pressure (from Rome) Egyptian-Roman alliance Judea had been under Ptolemaic control So why the persecution? So was he really persecuting the Jews as Maccabees says Did Antiochus IV insist on Hellenism, as 1 Maccabees 1.10-25 reports? Complexities Probs not 'out of his mind' flying into rages as Maccabees reports Seleukid lost Asia Minor territory to Rome after Magnesia, 189 BC Expulsion of Antiochus IV from Egypt but celebrates with huge parade at Daphnae ○ Raids Temple in Jerusalem, in terms of Hellenistic kings raiding temples is common/makes sense economically ○ Thumbing nose at Rome Dispute between key families in Jerusalem ○ He comes to Jerusalem to put down revolt in 168, that's embarassing and can't have it Tension between urban/rural jews about "culture" ○ What it means to be Jewish, different levels Rulers behaving badly Antiochus and soldiers enter temple in Jerusalem, forced Jews to eat sacrifical animals Copies of Torah burned Forced to eat pig |
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Antipater
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74 year old lieutenant of Philip, potential for successor after Alex's death
(?397–319 BC), Macedonian statesman. Trusted lieutenant of *Philip (1) II, he represented the king at Athens in 346 and 338, and governed Macedon during the Danubian campaign of *Alexander (3) the Great (335). From 334 he acted as viceroy in Europe and in 331/0 dealt competently with a revolt in *Thrace and the subsequent war in the Peloponnese which *Agis III of Sparta instigated. Later his relations with Alexander were soured, and in 324 *Craterus (1) was sent to replace him in Macedon. Alexander's death (323) resolved the tension but unleashed the *Lamian War in which a formidable Hellenic coalition, headed by the Athenians and Aetolians, came close to victory. The advent of Craterus and his veterans redressed the balance, and the critical victory at *Crannon (August 322) allowed Antipater to impose the settlement which brought oligarchy and a Macedonian garrison to Athens. At the news of *Perdiccas (3)'s dynastic intrigues he declared war and invaded Asia Minor with Craterus (321). After Perdiccas' death he presided over the conference at Triparadeisus where--in turbulent circumstances--he assumed the regency and returned to Europe early in 319 with the kings in his custody. His death shortly afterwards left a legacy of civil war, thanks to his preference of *Polyperchon over his own son, *Cassander. |
Antipater as strongman
Antipater in 70s, left in Macedonia when Alex left - dies in 319 Most leading commanders die soon after Alex's death Antipater Everything he has gets divided between Antigonus and Cisander - son of Antipater Demetrius Marries his daughter |
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Apollonius of Rhodes
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student of Callimachus; worked on Homer, was librarian of Homer wrote the epic Argonautica, again lit. of the past, what does it mean for present day?
a major literary figure of 3rd-cent. *Alexandria (1), and poet of the Argonautica, the only extant Greek hexameter *epic written between *Homer and the Roman imperial period. |
Apollonius, the librarian ca 260 BCm a new epic poem the Argonautica.
Influence of the past, Capturing and foxing (putting a new touch on it) the past helps to define the strange new present) |
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Aratus of Sicyon
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Midnight, Summer 243 BC
○ 400 men led by Aratos of Sikyon - Plutarch Lives - read! § General of the Achaean League, just let in 100 men through side gate of city □ Cf Polybius 2.43 ○ Aratos and 100 men proceed through the city. The alarm sounded, Macedonian guards ambushed ○ Ends bad leadership of Maceonian hold over southern Greece. Takes over his home city. Corinth now 'free.' ○ Prolcamation of freedom a recurring theme in Hellenistic history |
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Archimedes
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Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC)-the value of pi; -the “Archimedean screw” water-lifting device
Popular history (see Plut. Marc. 14–19) knew him as the inventor of marvellous machines used against the Romans at the siege of Syracuse, and of devices such as the screw for raising water (κοχλίας); for his boast ‘give me a place to stand and I will move the earth’ (Simpl. In phys. 1110. 5); for his determination of the proportions of gold and silver in a wreath made for Hieron (εὕρηκα, εὕρηκα, ‘Eureka! I have discovered it!’ Vitr. 9 pref. 9–12); for his construction of two ‘sphaerae’ (a planetarium and a star globe) which were taken to Rome (Cic. Rep. 1. 21–2); and for his tomb, which by his wish depicted a cylinder circumscribing a sphere, with the ratio 3:2 which he discovered between them (Cic. Tusc. 5. 64–6). |
Archimedes - pretty sweet, at edge of differential calculus, volumes and shiz…
Body immersed in water an equal force to the weight of water displaced. Eureka! |
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Argonautica
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Apollonius worked on Homer, was librarian of Homer wrote the epic Argonautica, again lit. of the past, what does it mean for present day?
Hexameter epic on the Argonautic legend (see ARGONAUTS) in four long books totalling 5,835 preserved verses. Fifty-two manuscripts are known, and a large body of papyri attests to the popularity of the poem in later antiquity. It was very important at Rome, where it was translated by the neoteric P. *Terentius Varro Atacinus, is a major influence on *Catullus 64 and *Virgil's Aeneid, and, with the Aeneid, forms the basis of C. *Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica |
Apollonius, the librarian ca 260 BCm a new epic poem the Argonautica.
Influence of the past, Capturing and foxing (putting a new touch on it) the past helps to define the strange new present) Beginning of a modernity if not modernity - SO MUCH CHANGE This is why when you read a lot of Hellenistic historians work on this period they say, it's just like the modern X Y or Z - it seems more modern than 4 or 5th c. BC This change/modernity begins with Alexander upening up the Near East and culture/economy are changing |
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Aristotle
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Alexander's tutor;
His education in war, rational thinking, in survival ○ Aristotle's kind of rational thinking Learning for its own end - one aspect of cultural production, royal patronage in all Greek centers encouraged for its own sake The influence of Aristotle at Macedon |
In science:
Even before Aristotle, two key principles present: (1) use of mathematics to investigate natural phenomena (2) idea of empirical research to discover truth Theory: Ps-Aristotle, Oikonomika - probably describing Seleukid economy of Seleukid I but also same and in right order of Ptolemies - really representative of how to run a Hellenistic state economy Aristotle (384-322 BC) - ATH still important as center of learning, 4th c. BC important because he was the tutor of Alex and Ptolemy Tutor of Alexander, from Stageira in Macedonia Categorize phenomena in all instances, from weather to political constitutions ○ Economic thinking ○ Political thinking - states, kingship, city-states Biological classification Observation and deduction to determine proper function or purpose Succeeded by Theophrastus (372-288 BC), who formally establishes the Lyceum (Peripatos) THINKING Aristotle - empirical research, classification, natural sciences |
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Arrian
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wrote Anabasis that detailed Alex's campaigns
Sources for Alexander—Arrian, others ○ Arrian - 5 centuries after Alexander The issue of proskynesis = Austin # 12 A merger of old and new world? Or a quasi-divine honor? Arrian gives this extreme view of what Alex was intending · Alex is melding the Persian and Greek practices by making all soldiers do this bowing thing that Greeks were really quite uncomfortable with The death of Alexander, 323 BC - POWER VACUUM Note Arrian VII.1 ( = Austin #20) In the last few years of his life Ptolemy wrote a generally reliable history of Alexander's campaigns. Although it is now lost, it can be largely reconstructed through the extensive use made of it later by the historian Arrian. |
Alexander and charismatic leadership
· First in battle; risks self as his father had o Sometimes he was OVERLY enthused · Even more mystical relationship with his men. Remember he spent most of his life in military camp; his men citizens of a mobile capital city o Almost like a marriage o Comes through in Arrian’s account Like a marriage in some ways; little “erotic” interest outside of this; real marriages a matter of State Celebrated as a philosopher in his lifetime, Arrian is today principally known as a historian. Works now lost include the eight-book Bithyniaca, the history of his native province from mythical times to its annexation by Rome, and the seventeen-book Parthica with its detailed narrative of *Trajan's campaigns (probably the source for *Cassius Dio). His most famous work deals with the age of *Alexander (3) the Great. The period after Alexander's death (323–319 BC) was covered expansively in the ten books of Affairs after Alexander (significant fragments of which survive on palimpsest and papyrus). The only extant history is the so-called ‘Anabasis of Alexander’, a history of Alexander the Great in seven books from his accession to his death. |
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Arsinoë
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wife of ptolemy/sister of ptolemy
Arsinoe II Women like cleopatra and arsinoe were extraordinary human beings as women in very much a man's world Macho world! going back to alexander you grew up fast, died young, didn't want to be a hellenistic ruler unless you were fairly bad ass All kinds of evidence for ruthlessness of the queens An age when the queens were extraordinarily important politically due to how dynasties work Very often the queens were responsible for bumping a lot of people off Following lead of 1400 BC - hatshepsut! Ruled as a queen and for 20 years a king. Only didn't take the 'bull' thing |
Queens
Literary representations Women really powerful, devious, untrustworthy Why the emphasis on queens? Dangerous nature Arsinoe II, wife/sister of Ptolemy II, 316-270 BCArsinoe II Daughter of Ptolemy I and Berenike I Queens often shown as deities On 3rd marriage, Arsinoe marries her brother Ptolemy II I mean, who do you marry? Politics etc Sometimes Ptolemy and Seleucids intermarried but then that gives each a claim on the other's land How to have legitimacy in eyes of Greeks/Egyptians? The image of the queen Chremonides Decree 260s BC Ptolemaic queens were very popular in Athens in this period Oinochoai (of Queen Berenike II) ca. 243 BC - stresses continuity with Greek material culture Arsinoe at Philae, as deified - as Isis, is in Egyptian stuff Canopus Decree - also essay #2 Ptolemy II is decked out as Amun and honors his wife and mom highly The first queen to receive divine honors, and a festival (Arsinoeia) Connected to economics, politics, how whole church is run Egypt is homogenous place with priests and festivals - ethnicities didn’t really matter at all, still legitimate ruling family of egypt is ptolemy Fayyum - Arsionoite nome How do people take up/deal with/be fine with this |
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Battle of Actium
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important - ended hellenistic empire (at least ptolemies)
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Octavian declared war, leading to the famous naval battle
Battle of Actium 2 September 31 BC - off coast of Greece, nice little bookend that it all ends in Greece Octavian v. M. Antony A great rivaly in Rome About status of Caesarion Could have been king of Med. Wordl! Antony should have won! Nice situation, had big rams and lots of ships Octavians had smaller maneuverable ships although less Really kind of a skirmish! - why in military history can even a skirmish change history so much? Because they agree on the narrative Troops had malaria Cleo probs saw something Antony didn't, called for retreat, Antony didn't see and encountered Octavian's army |
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Battle of Ipsus
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*Antigonus (1) the One-eyed was defeated and killed by *Lysimachus and *Seleucus (1) I in 301 BC, in a battle in which over 150,000 men are alleged to have taken part. Few details are known, but it appears that Antigonus' son, *Demetrius (4), after a successful cavalry charge against Seleucus' son, the future *Antiochus (1) I, pursued too far, thus exposing his father's flank to Seleucus' *elephants, which had been given to him by the Indian king, Chandragupta (*Sandracottus), in return for the cession of Seleucus' Indian territories. Antigonus, hoping that his son would return, waited too long and was killed. The battle finally put paid to any practical possibility of the reunification of *Alexander's (3) the Great empire. Seleucus' elephants frequently figure on his later coinage.
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town in central Phyrgia
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Battle of Raphia
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CF Raphia Decree - v. interesting decree following a victory
184 Austin?? |
takes its name from a town in southern Palestine where *Ptolemy (1) IV defeated *Antiochus (3) III (23 June 217 BC). Ptolemy had 5000 cavalry and 73 African *elephants, but his infantry numbers depend on whether the 20,000 native Egyptians, recruited for the first time, were included in the 25,000-strong *phalanx also mentioned by Polybius (5. 65), or additional: in the former case he had 50,000 infantry, in the latter 70,000; Antiochus had 62,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 102 Indian elephants. The battle opened with Antiochus' 60 right-wing elephants charging the 40 on Ptolemy's left, and when the latter gave way, Antiochus followed with a successful cavalry attack, led by himself. Antiochus' left was, however, defeated, and as *Demetrius (4) had done at *Ipsus, he rode too far in pursuit, allowing Ptolemy, who had initially been carried away by the flight of his left wing, to disengage himself, and personally lead a successful counter-attack with his phalanx.
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Berenice
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wife of ptolemy? ---- 3/4 slides
Oinochoai (of Queen Berenike II) ca. 243 BC - stresses continuity with Greek material culture |
Berenike II 267-221 BC
Wife of ptolemy iii Lviing in cyrene, her husband has affair with her mother, and murders him Dedicates a lock of her hair to the temple of aphrodite while Ptolemy III on campaign in 3rd Syrian Callimachus writes a pppll Ptolem y and htew j Ph The reputation of royal women |
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Bucephalus
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the Bucephalas story (Plut., 6)-taming the untamable
○ The beautiful horse is wild - clearly destined to conquer the world |
*Alexander (3) the Great's favourite Thessalian horse, bought for thirteen talents and broken in by Alexander himself; named after his ox-head brandmark. Alexander gave the name Bucephala to a city founded on the Hydaspes (Jhelum) where Bucephalas died (326 BC).
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Callimachus
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The mouseion
A temple to the muses Communal setting for scholars Great scholars Callimachus Many writers known by name, few survive down to Byzantine period. The problem of “third hand compendiums ”killed off “the original work! |
Callimachus wrote some 800 vols. Mostly poetry, organized the collection - very interesting cultural production, we just read a snippet
More info, read: PM Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria Callimachus highly self-conscious in dialogue with past, not immediate environment - the hellenistic 'aesthetic' - little works His student Apollonius Callimachusm epigrams, and 'big books=big trouble' writes something about Berenice II? |
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cartonage
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Cartonnage is the term used in Egyptology and Papyrology for plastered layers of fibre or papyrus, flexible enough for moulding while wet against the irregular surfaces of the body; the method was used in funerary workshops to produce cases, masks or panels to cover all or part of the mummified and wrapped body.
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cartonnage elements and masks were produced from old papyrus scrolls; during this period, many masks and elements were also being produced with linen in place of papyrus
this is how stuff survived to pass down to us, like Old Cantankerous |
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Cassander
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successor to Alex
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Cassander
35 y.o. son of Antipater Why summoned to Alexander's bed in 324 if Alex hated him? |
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Cleopatra VII
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?
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Cleruch
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3d century BC petition to the king from a kleruch, and firesignaller (!) asking for an audience with the king to show him a new irrigation machine that will “save the country.”
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Ptolemy I Asserted power by settling reservist soldiers with land grants (kleruchs), use of Greek as the administrative language, also used Egyptian institutions-the temples and priesthoods.
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Ctesibius
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Ctesibius: pumps, water clock, artillery
Spectaculary innovation in military tech., vast amounts of state budgets |
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Cybele
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oriental mystery cult
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Cybele - nature in the raw, mistress of the wild/hillsides, cult whose members express faith by ritual with frenzied beating/bloody pulp, prophecies, priest beats and castrates himself
○ The experience of the divine - based on stages of knowing more over time, there is this mystery cult. Isis ○ Mystery aspect of isis cult, golden asp? ○ One of the most beautiful cults ○ Open shrines, lustration with nile water, hymns and sacred literature, incense instead of bloody sacrifice |
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Darius
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Darius III of Persia, who was defeated by
Alexander the Great |
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Demetrius Poliorcetes ("the Besieger”)
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Demosthenes
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?
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Epicurus
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Epicureans
“The Garden” founded by Epicurus (341-271 BC) Insubstantial gods, who are far away and unconcerned with human affairs. Soul dies with body so forget those silly mystery cults Ataraxia: absence of disturbance Pleasure is the highest good: austere, ascetic existence Universe is made up of atoms; death is nothing Philodemos, Lucretius Gods - if they exist are far away. We want absence of disturbance in pretty disturbed world - peace calm quiet. Pleasures is the besssst but is very austere, like aesthetic stuff. Very distinctive Hellenistic way of looking at the world, very much a product of the times |
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Eratosthenes
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Eratosthenes of Cyrene (275-194 BC) known as “Beta”-physical geography, measured earth’s circumference
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Euclid
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Royal patronage, seen the most in Alex. library
Euclid, Elements a summation of prior knowledge Greek knowledge up to this point |
Euclid, Elements. A systematic exposition of geometrical proofs
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euergetism/euergesia
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Public laws on the books that house owners had to clean the streets and repair houses in bad shape. Sever penalties attached to fouling town water by washing clothes or watering animals
The new cities required large finances and labor, paid for through wars and local extraction of wealth The growth of “euergetism”-evolved from earlier liturgies |
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Eumenes
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Eumenes of Cardia, the only non-Macedonian
who gained control of a territory after the death of Alexander the Great and (therefore?) the first to be crushed in the struggle among the Diadochoi for supremacy. |
39 y.o.
Principal secretary of Alex for 7 years, some campaign experience Dubious honor of satrap of Caprodoccia - however unconquered territory... Only non-macedonian appointed to successor position was Eumenes and he was first knocked out cause not macedonian |
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Exiles Decree
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The Exile Decree, 324 BC
= Austin # 19 *** READ*** Trouble makers had been exiled – now Alex is sending them BACK to the Greek cities · Why a problem? Because these guys were soldiers, looters and raiders and sure to cause trouble. Also they had no more lands Sure to provoke violent reactions from mainland Greek states Breached League of Corinth protocols. · Undermining political equilibrium Why do it? Either out of touch & just clumsy, or deliberate provocation · Unclear – we don’t know. It’s a problem when you demobilize an army, especially in your home turf o They want to just keep going, especially mercenaries Probably linked with request for divine honors What was he doing with the Exile Decree? |
Take back the exiles - pg 53 in Austin
Presumably violates terms of League of Corinth If treating the Greek states in this way - is he even Greek? Violating autonomy of League of Corinth |
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Flamininus
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Hipparchus
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Earth revolves around sun. Hipparchus could not confirm, but devised theory of motion of sun and moon
Data came from far and wide including Babylonian and Alexandrian eclipse records |
Hipparchus transformed Greek astronomy from a theoretical to a practical science, by applying to the geometrical models (notably the eccentric/epicyclic hypothesis) that had been developed by his predecessors (see ASTRONOMY) numerical parameters derived from observations, thus making possible the prediction of celestial positions for any given time. In order to do this he also founded *trigonometry, by computing the first trigonometric function, a chord table.
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Hippodamus of Miletus
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The New City
Greek (?) plan - Hippodamus - Dinocrates of Rhodes - grid plan, suggests a lot of these cities were laid out as new cities |
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Ilium (Decree of)
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Isis
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egyptian goddess
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Arsinoe at Philae, as deified - as Isis, is in Egyptian stuff
syncretism: A tendency to equate deities of various peoples ○ Isis Erotology, copied from Memphis found in Asia Minor § Here the egyptian god Isis is pretty much in charge of the world (is usually with Osiris) now is univeral god in H world, very embodiment of justice and her iconography forms basis of Virgin Mary § Hymn to her praise - sailors of Ptolemaic navy but these were very very powerful spreading to Britain § Particular deities all into 1 deity § Compassion and pity to all that suffer § Becomes the embodiment of suffering and salvation § One of the most successful religions in H world |
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Isocrates
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○ Greek unity?
§ REALLY? Like Isocrates wanted |
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Jonathan
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Becomes king of Judea in Maccabees
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Rural revolt
Simon, Joseph, Jonathan, and Judas Maccabeus ○ Left Jerusalem during Antiochus IV's repressions ○ Lived in countryside kind of as guerilla warfare By 164, Jewish state had become independent ○ Temple is rededicated and reconsecrated ○ Very much Hellenistic thing - Hannukah celebrates rededication of temple In 140 BC Jonathan Maccabeus crowned as king in full Hellenistic style, complete with coinage ○ Hasmonean coinage issues own coins! ○ Shofar? Trumpet? Shofar? ○ Probably not cornucopia because its Hellenistic |
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Judas Maccabeus
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Rural revolt
Simon Joseph Jonathan and Judas Maccabeus ○ Left Jerusalem during Antiochus IV's repressions ○ Lived in countryside kind of as guerilla warfare By 164, Jewish state had become independent ○ Temple is rededicated and reconsecrated ○ Very much Hellenistic thing - Hannukah celebrates rededication of temple |
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Koine
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a standardized common form of Greek used as the vernacular by people whose
dialects (e.g., Attic, Doric, Aetolian, Macedonian, etc.) differed considerably. It eventually becomes the form of Greek used throughout the Near East and is the origins of New Testament Greek. |
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Lamian War
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after Alex's death - Greece a mess. The Lamian War, Antipater as strongman. Demosthenes escapes purge, commits suicide.
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League of Islanders
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League of the Islanders
○ Cycladic islands in Aegean ○ Dominated by Ptolemies ○ Technically independent but owed allegiances to Ptolemies |
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Library of Alexandria
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Ptolemy I Builds city of Alexandria, with its famous library
The “politics of patronage”-the Alexandrian library Learning for its own end The influence of Aristotle at Macedon Royal patronage, royal tutors Literary studies Roughly 500,000 books An international context: Cyrene, Cos, Samos The role of empire Systemization of Greek literature What went on? “In the populous land of Egypt many are they who get fed, cloistered bookworms, endlessly arguing in the bird-coop of the muses.” Timon of Phlius Books! The rescue of Greek literature Major acquisitions took place Copying Cataloguing commentaries The Septuagint Compilation in Greek of Old Testament by 72 jewish scholars gathered at Alexandria, for the library |
Influence of the library in decline in late 2d century BC
Books destroyed in the “Alexandrian war,” 48 BC?? Bibliotheca Alexandrina Ptolemies as patrons; a new "hellenistic" city - building up, building libraries etc, building a New Athens but is v different from Athens at the same time The Library at Alexandria Founded by Ptolemy I; first systematic library Textual criticism, esp. of two books of Homer, into 244 chapters each, a dictionary of strange Homeric words was made - a real phonology Emphasis on early lit, not polis-centered lit. Callimachus wrote some 800 vols. Mostly poetry, organized the collection - very interesting cultural production, we just read a snippet More info, read: PM Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria The library The worlds first systematic libarary Apollonius, the librarian ca 260 BCm a new epic poem the Argonautica. Influence of the past, Capturing and foxing (putting a new touch on it) the past helps to define the strange new present) Beginning of a modernity if not modernity - SO MUCH CHANGE This is why when you read a lot of Hellenistic historians work on this period they say, it's just like the modern X Y or Z - it seems more modern than 4 or 5th c. BC Royal patronage Above all, seen at the Alexandrian library |
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Lyceum
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Peripatetic school The name belongs to a series of philosophers of whom *Aristotle was the first and by far the most significant. Geographically the school was located in a sanctuary dedicated to *Apollo, called the Lyceum, a public space outside the city wall of Athens but within easy walking distance (the *Academy was another such place). A *gymnasium was built there; by the end of the 5th cent. BC it was a favourite gathering place for young Athenian men. Visiting *sophists lectured there, *Socrates met his young conversational partners there. As in other similar places, there were ‘walks’ (peripatoi). The name ‘Peripatos’ stuck to the school begun there by Aristotle, formerly a member of the Academy, when he returned to Athens in 336.
The school was originally, perhaps always, a collection of people rather than a building: Aristotle, a non-Athenian with the status of *metic, could not own property. His successor *Theophrastus could and did, and he bequeathed real estate and a library to a group of his students, including *Straton (1) who was then elected Head. Straton was succeeded by *Lyco, Lyco by *Ariston (2) of Ceos, who was Head until c.190. After that the succession is obscure, but there is evidence of continuous philosophical activity until the 1st cent. BC, when Athens was captured by *Sulla and the Peripatetic library removed to Rome. |
Theophrastus (372-288 BC) succeeds Aristotle and formally establishes the Lyceum (Peripatos)
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Lysimachus
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Lysimachus (c.355–281 BC), Macedonian from *Pella (late sources wrongly allege Thessalian origins), was prominent in the entourage of *Alexander (3) the Great, achieving the rank of Bodyguard by 328. At *Babylon (323) he received *Thrace as his province, establishing himself with some difficulty against the Thracian dynast, Seuthes (322). He consolidated his power in the eastern coastal districts, suppressing a revolt among the Black Sea cities (313) and founding Lysimacheia in the *Chersonese (1) as a bulwark against the Odrysian monarchy (309). Though he assumed royal titulature (306/5), he made no mark in the wars of the Successors (see DIADOCHI) until in 302 he invaded Asia Minor and fought the delaying campaign against *Antigonus (1) which enabled Seleucus (1) to bring up his army for the decisive battle of *Ipsus (301). His reward was the lands of Asia Minor north of the *Taurus, the source of immense wealth, which he husbanded with legendary tight-fistedness and a degree of fiscal rapacity. These new reserves (*Pergamum alone held 9,000 talents) supported his impressive coinage and allowed him to consolidate in Europe, where he extended his boundaries north until he was captured by the Getic king, Dromichaetes, and forced to surrender his Transdanubian acquisitions (292). In 287 he joined *Pyrrhus in expelling *Demetrius (4) from Macedon and two years later occupied the entire kingdom. His writ now ran from the Epirote borders to the Taurus, but dynastic intrigue proved his nemesis, when he killed his heir, Agathocles, at the instigation of his second wife, *Arsinoë II, and alienated his nobility (283). *Seleucus (1) was invited to intervene and again invaded Asia Minor. The decisive battle at Corupedium (c. January 281) cost Lysimachus his life. Asia passed to the Seleucids while Macedonia dissolved into anarchy.
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Priests adopted Greek culture (Jason, Lysimachus)
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Maccabean Revolt
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hannukah
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Mark Antony
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Rome obvi had no connections until Marc Antony - one of reasons why Octavian/Augustus was really concerned about Egypt and Cleopatra due to her offspring that had legit claims to Rome as well as Eastern Mediterranean
More Roman civil war Power struggle between Octavian and Antony Marc Antony Requests Cleo's presence in Tarsus Mysterious reasons - perhaps making grab for eastern Med and thought he'd use Egypt's wealth to do it? Her sister Arsinoe murdered in Ephesus; another Ptolemaic whodunnit Twins born In 36 BC, Antony moves to Egypt, although married to Octavian's sister, father another child Eventually settles on living in Egypt. All images of living in Egypt are bad for Romans. How could upstanding Roman general actually stand to sleep with this horrible Egyptian queen let along live in Alexandria? As a married man probs not good idea to live decadent life (against Roman upperclass values) and carouse with Cleo as married man The plan A new hellenistic state (!), encompassing Cyrenaica, Egypt, Cyrpus, Phoenicia up to Cilicia 30s BC - Cleo and Marc actually look pretty clever Due to political maneuverings control all this and have armies Very serious problem to Roman empire A and C almost accomplish this let's keep the whole of E. Mediterranean The Cleopatra Papyrus State of the economy in 30s bc Gift of land in Egypt to Roman general by Cleopatra Text saying 'do this, the following is going to happen' and a signature saying 'make it so' Is it cleo's? prob not. But would be cool if it was her Cleo was really kind of occupied in 30s bc to just be signing shiz |
Octavian declared war, leading to the famous naval battle
Battle of Actium 2 September 31 BC - off coast of Greece, nice little bookend that it all ends in Greece Octavian v. M. Antony A great rivaly in Rome About status of Caesarion Could have been king of Med. Wordl! Antony should have won! Nice situation, had big rams and lots of ships Octavians had smaller maneuverable ships although less Really kind of a skirmish! - why in military history can even a skirmish change history so much? Because they agree on the narrative Troops had malaria Cleo probs saw something Antony didn't, called for retreat, Antony didn't see and encountered Octavian's army A few more skirmishes. Antony does suicide osmewhere Cleo does suicide/murder and then is laid up waiting to be buried till Octavian comes to see her |
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Menander
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writer, Dyskolos (Old Cantankerous)
Menander ("New Comedy") Survives thanks to Papyrology Decline? A common denominator? Anyway a real window onto society "private comedy of manners" (Peter Green) Or "sit-coms" - very popular , in what survives almost as much as Homer The Dyskolos ("Old Cantakerous") Human relationships - "no man is an island" Tensions: urban/rural (property); rich/poor (cynicism in religion); master/servant ( language of address) -nice window into Hellenistic society |
Greek immigration and new energy/new land under cultivation with new populations… and then back to steady state because no transformation of old areas. New people, some expansion, new roads… but settle back down to equilibrium. Changes and tensions are reflected in contemporary literature even late 4th century stuff like Menander.
Ideal of independent farmer Until 1958 when Dyskolos was published, all we had of Menander was fragments and stuff wrapped around mummies Known to have written 150 plays - won the Linea festival in AtticaMenander is one of the leading playwrights of "New Comedy" Someone wants to marry someone else but can't Play with slave-master relationships, pirates, other improbable plot elements Complete shift in dramatic focus in public-private spheres316 - Menander mocking sacrifices Marriage may be well and good but not if its to a poor person Audience can get sense - all things can be well even though it doesn't seem so/might not be well in their own lives Increased emphasis on companionship within marriage and consequent challenges to the double standard 'friends' rather than just reproduction Romantic love was thought of something else entirely before Now companionship is coming through (Menander) |
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Mithridates
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Museum
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The mouseion was founded by Ptolemy I
A temple to the muses Communal setting for scholars Great scholars Callimachus Many writers known by name, few survive down to Byzantine period. The problem of “third hand compendiums ”killed off “the original work! |
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Octavian
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Old Cantankerous
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play written by Menander
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Survives thanks to Papyrology
Decline? A common denominator? Anyway a real window onto society "private comedy of manners" (Peter Green) Or "sit-coms" - very popular , in what survives almost as much as Homer The Dyskolos ("Old Cantakerous") Human relationships - "no man is an island" Tensions: urban/rural (property); rich/poor (cynicism in religion); master/servant ( language of address) -nice window into Hellenistic society |
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Olympias
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chief wife, mother of Alex. Olympias, from Epirus.
His birth, told in the “Alexander Romance,” 2-3d century CE, Callisthenes ○ Neptoneboh (last native Egyptian pharaoh) had impregnated Olympias by changing into a snake, told Philip that it was okay because the boy born would be the son of a god § Restrained Olympias from birthing too early in order to not birth a servile eunuch but a king who would rule the world post Alex - Losers Olympias – murdered |
Queens
Literary representations Women really powerful, devious, untrustworthy Why the emphasis on queens? Dangerous nature Olympias the mother of Alexander sets the tone |
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ostraka
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pottery? ostracism?
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Peace of Apameia
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after Antiochus is defeated by Ptolemies, Peace of Apamea, tries to invade Greece but Rome defeats him
188 BC, ceding territory and money to Rome Almost whole of Asian Minor, almost all Greek cities Hugely expensive to get rome off back Then tax the life off these people Then people are irritated |
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Philetas
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, poet and scholar, born c.340 BC, became tutor of *Ptolemy (1) II Philadelphus (b. Cos 308); reputedly also taught *Zenodotus, *Theocritus, and *Hermesianax. He presumably spent some time in *Alexandria (1), but probably died in Cos, where a bronze statue or relief was erected in his honour.
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Philip II of Macedon
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alex's dad
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Plato
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Plutarch
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wrote the Lives
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Polybius
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main historian of age
Ca. 200 BC - ca 118 BC Megalopolis in Arcadia - tiny village! A diplomat for Achaean league, a general A 'true believer' in federalism Idealized version of league in Histories 2.37-8 Exaggerates democracy - not really democratic, different from ATH back in day, sugarcoated view of what Achaean League was doing Writing before defeat in 146 BC Prisoner in Rome, a friend of Scipio Writen in Greek for Greek audience explaining why Rome will be dominant power in Med. Accompanied Scipio to Spain and Africa, returning to Italy over the Alps, witnessed the burning of Carthage 146 BC Tends to gloss over forced incorporation of cities, ambition of leaders Skewed - he hates Ptolemies, he is living in like the home of nobles basically/important people Liberty the slogan, but not really possible; relied on outside powers No longer was it possible to maintain your fredom in this hellenistic world if your city - possibility is still there till 146 |
a “true believer” in federalism
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Ptolemy Ceraunus (“the Thunderer”)
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Arsinoe II had been previously married to Lysimachos of Thrace and later to her half-brother, Ptolemy Keraunos, before her marriage to Ptolemy II.
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Ptolemy II Philadelphus
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Ptolomaieia
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Giant festivals established to bolster the new dynasty-the Ptolemaieia the largest.
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Pyrrhus
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Pyrrhic Victory
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Rosetta Decree (Stone, “Decree of Memphis”)
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The Rosetta Stone (196 BC) shows the relationship between the rulers and the Egyptian priests, and troubles in the countryside
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Roxane
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Sarissa
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Satrap
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area in Persian kingdom?
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Septuagint
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The Septuagint
Compilation in Greek of Old Testament by 72 jewish scholars gathered at Alexandria, for the library |
emergence of Judaism in Egypt:
The Septuagint composed in Alexandria |
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Serapis
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religious cult
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“Oriental” mystery cults
Extremely popular - coming out of near East, due to Alex expansion Spread of the Serapis and Isis cults from Egypt |
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Stoa
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Stoics
Stoa, founded by Zeno of Citium (c.333-c.261 BC) Reason capable of grasping the nature of the world in which we live “wise man” lives in accordance with nature Only real good is right action, everything else is morally indifferent ○ In terms of moral position Cosmology of universal fire: every man has a divine spark within Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius |
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Syrian Wars
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The Syrian Wars
1st - 6th Syrian Wars Relatively short lived, almost continual DEFENSIVE and ECONOMIC role of empire |
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Tarentum
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Theocritus
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New Monarchies?
Rejection of wealth, power: ascetic lifestyle ○ Theocritus' XVII is saying how great and strong and wealthy Ptolemy is because he's a man of action and can do stuff ○ Philosophy is saying exactly opposite this - politics, wealth, etc are not good |
Idyll - Ptolemy is great!, Ideology of wealth (tryphon), the hustle and bustle of Alexandria, and the palace of Ptolemy II
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Theophrastus
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suceeds Aristotle, Succeeded by Theophrastus (372-288 BC) who formally establishes the Lyceum (Peripatos)
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Triparadeisos Conference
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Council at Triparadeisos (Syria) 320 BC
successors after Alex |
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Tyche
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luck/fortune
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Tyche
“Fortune”-not a new concept, but reaches the level of a divinity Man doesn’t feel comfortable in this new world Luck governs the world The historian Polybius: “For fruitful as Fortune is in change, and yet constantly as she is producing dramas in the life of human beings, yet never assuredly before this did she work a marvel,, or act such a drama, as we have witnessed.” |
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Xenophon, Anabasis
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Xenophon, Anabasis, 399 BC
· Intelligence guide New army – pretty decent logistics Need like 350000 animals to carry all their shit. 19.5 miles per day! Mountain army 10 months just to walk across the extent of this empire |
A chaotic quarter century follow 362: “Ever greater confusion and indecision in the Greek world” Xenophon.
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Zeno of Kition
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Stoics
Stoa, founded by Zeno of Citium (c.333-c.261 BC) Reason capable of grasping the nature of the world in which we live “wise man” lives in accordance with nature Only real good is right action, everything else is morally indifferent ○ In terms of moral position Cosmology of universal fire: every man has a divine spark within Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius |
taught by Krates
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Zenon Archive
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Was Egypt revolutionized? (Zenon archive a false impression)
No you cant change it overnight especially egypt |
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