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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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first and most critical steps in the initial assessment
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Airway management and ventilation
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oxygen
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gas necessary for energy production.
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carbon dioxide
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waste product of the bodys metabolism.
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respiration
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the exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.
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UPPER AIRWAY
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NASAL CAVITY Superior, middle, and inferior turbinates Hard and soft palates;
NASOPHARYNX Tonsils/ adenoids Uvula; OROPHARYNX Tongue LARYNGOPHARYNX Vallecula, Epiglottis; |
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LARYNX
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LARYNX (connects upper/lower airway)
Trachea Esophagus |
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four pairs of sinuses:
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the ethmoid sinuses,
the frontal sinuses, the maxillary sinuses, the sphenoid sinuses. |
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auditory tubes, connect the ear with the nasal cavity and allow for equalization of pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane.
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eustachian tube
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drain tears and debris from the eyes into the nasal cavity.
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nasolacrimal ducts
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mucus
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slippery secretion that lubricates & protects surfaces.
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normally numbering 32 in the adult.
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teeth
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is the most common airway obstruc-tion.
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tongue
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a muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus.
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pharynx
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pharynx is divided into three regions:
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the nasopharynx,
the oropharynx, the laryngopharynx ( hypopharynx). |
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gag reflex
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mechanism that stimulates retching, or striving to vomit, when the soft palate is touched.
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vallecula
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depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue
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passing a tube into a body opening.
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intubation
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larynx.
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the complex structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea
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liplike opening between the vocal cords.
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glottis
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Often it is considered the first tracheal ring.
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cricoid cartilage, which forms the inferior bor-der of the larynx.
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cricoid pressure (Sellick Maneuver)
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pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage; occludes the esophagus.
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aspiration .
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inhaling foreign material such as vomitus into the lungs.
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cricothyroid membrane
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membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx
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where the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.
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Lower Airway
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Lower Airway Components:
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Trachea
Bronchi Alveoli Lung parenchyma Pleura |
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is a 10- to 12- centimeter- long tube that connects the larynx to the two mainstem bronchi.
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trachea
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It contains cartilaginous, C- shaped, open rings that form a frame to keep it open.
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trachea
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microscopic air sacs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place.
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alveoli
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Most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place here,
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alveoli
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Alveolar collapse
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atelectasis
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principal or essential parts of an organ.
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parenchyma
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pleurisy
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the pleura can become inflamed, causing sig-nificant pain with respiration
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ventilation
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the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs
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PA
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alveolar partial pressure
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Pa
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arterial partial pressure.
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diffusion
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movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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partial pressure
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the pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture.
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hypoventilation
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reduction in breathing rate and depth.
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pneumothorax
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accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
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hemothorax
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accumulation in the pleural cavity of blood or fluid containing blood.
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pulmonary embolism
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blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood.
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FiO2
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concentration of oxygen in inspired air.
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excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
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hypercarbia
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This process prevents overexpansion of the lungs.
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Hering-Breuer reflex
Stretch receptors fire impulses to the brainstem inhibiting the medullary cells, decreasing the inspiratory stimulus. Thus, the respiratory muscles relax, allowing the elastic lungs to recoil and expel air from the body. As the stretch decreases, the stretch receptors stop firing. |
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hypoxemia
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decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
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mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when PaO2 falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when PaO2 climbs.
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hypoxic drive
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total lung capacity (TLC)
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maximum lung capacity
6L |
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tidal volume (Vt)
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average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle
500mL |
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Dead space volume ( VD).
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is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that remains in air passageways unavailable for gas exchange.
150mL |
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Alveolar volume ( VA).
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is the amount of gas in the tidal volume that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange.
( approximately 350 mL in the adult male): VA = VT - VD |
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Minute volume ( Vmin).
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is the amount of gas moved in and out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute:
Vmin = VT x respiratory rate |
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Alveolar minute volume ( VA- min).
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The alveolar minute volume is the amount of gas that reaches the alveoli for gas exchange in 1 minute:
VA- min = ( VT - VD) x respiratory rate |
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is the amount of air that can be maximally inhaled after a normal inspiration.
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Inspiratory reserve volume ( IRV).
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is the amount of air that can be maximally exhaled after a normal expiration
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Expiratory reserve volume ( ERV).
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is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration.
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Residual volume ( RV)
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is the amount of air that can be maximally expired after maximum inspiration.
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Forced expiratory volume ( FEV).
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is the volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration:
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Functional residual capacity ( FRC).
FRC = ERV + RV |
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a high- pitched noise while inhaling (indicating upper airway occlusion ),
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stridor
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most common material aspirated
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vomitus
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dyspnea
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an abnormality of breathing rate, pattern, or effort.
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hypoxia
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oxygen deficiency
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anoxia
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the absence or near- absence of oxygen.
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drop in blood pressure of greater than 10 torr during inspiration.
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pulsus paradoxus
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Kussmauls respirations
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deep, slow or rapid, gasping breathing, commonly found in diabetic ketoacidosis .
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Cheyne- Stokes respirations
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progressively deeper, faster breathing alternating gradually with shallow, slower breathing, indicating brainstem injury .
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Biots respirations
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irregular pattern of rate and depth with sudden, periodic episodes of apnea, indicating increased intracranial pressure .
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Central neurogenic hyperventilation
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deep, rapid respirations, indicating increased intracranial pressure .
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Agonal respirations
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shallow, slow, or infrequent breathing, indicating brain anoxia
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Snoring
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results from partial obstruction of the upper airway by the tongue .
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Gurgling
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results from the accumulation of blood, vomitus, or other secretions in the upper airway
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Stridor
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a harsh, high- pitched sound heard on inhalation, associated with laryngeal edema or constriction .
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Wheezing
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a musical, squeaking, or whistling sound heard in inspiration and/ or expiration, associated with bronchiolar constriction
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Sounds that may indicate compromise of gas exchange include:
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Crackles
Rhonchi |
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Crackles ( rales)
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a fine, bubbling sound heard on inspiration, associated with fluid in the smaller bronchioles
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Rhonchi
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a coarse, rattling noise heard on inspiration, associated with in-flammation, mucus, or fluid in the bronchioles
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oxygen saturation percentage ( SpO2)
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the saturation of arterial blood with oxygen as measured by pulse oximetry expressed as a percentage
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ET TUBE DRUGS
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N-arcan
A-tropine V-alium E-pi L-Lidocaine |
