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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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water vapor
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cryfts
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water vapor
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davinci
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carbon dioxide
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van helmont
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carbon dioxide
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black
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carbon dioxide
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lavoisier
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nitrogen
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rutherford
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oxygen
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priestley
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ozone
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schonbein
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phlogiston
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mayow, becher, stahl
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carbon dioxide equations
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CaCO3 + H2SO4 --> CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
C6H12O6 + bacteria --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 MgCO3 + heat --> MgO + CO2 (g) CO2 (g) + CaO (s) --> CaCO3 (s) |
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nitrogen equation
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O2 removal: animal breathed it all out
CO2 removal= CO2 + KOH → K2CO2 |
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oxygen equation
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2Hg + heat + O2 (g) --> 2HgO (s)
2HgO (s) + heat --> 2Hg (s) + O2 (g) |
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phlogiston reactions and real reactions (metal, sulfur, phosphorus, breathing)
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metal + heat --> phlogiston + residue (calx)
Sulfur (s) + heat --> pure phlogiston Phosphorus + heat --> phlogiston + residue Metal + O2 --> an oxide solid (calx) Burning is a mass increasing process S + O2 --> SO2 (g) 4P + 5O2 --> P4O10 Breathing: C + O2 --> CO2 Breathing --> pure phlogiston |
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how did the earth form?
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o Planetesimals formed through aggregates of rock forming elements (Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Fe,Ni) → grew to asteroids → collided to form planets
• Meteorite bombardment aided growth o Hot core with poor heat transfer (conduction – molecule to molecule) resulted in increased earth temperatures → molten earth o Convection (heat transfer by mass movement of molecules) took over – allowed cooling at the surface, forming crust • Dense elements settled to core (iron, nickel) • Light elements rose to surface (silicon, aluminum, sodium, calcium) o First Atmosphere – hydrogen and helium released by volatile elements from meteorites colliding with the earth, stripped by solar wind and escaped earth’s gravitation pull o Second Atmosphere – formed by outgassing (volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles), which released OH from rocks – OH combined with other gases (like methane, H2, N2) to form oxidized gases like carbon dioxide and water – water vapor from outgassing formed oceans • Dominant gases were CO2, H2O, CH4, and H2 |
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rock forming elements
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Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, Ni
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second atmosphere
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o Second Atmosphere – formed by outgassing (volcanoes, geysers, fumaroles), which released OH from rocks – OH combined with other gases (like methane, H2, N2) to form oxidized gases like carbon dioxide and water – water vapor from outgassing formed oceans
• Dominant gases were CO2, H2O, CH4, and H2 |
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Fermentation (or Anaerobic respiration)
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Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide
C6H12O6 + bacteria → 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2 (g) - Bacteria (prokaryotic, anaerobic) - New source for CO2 in the atmosphere |
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Methanogenesis
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Molecular hydrogen + carbon dioxide → methane + liquid water
4H2(g) + CO2(g) → CH4(g) + H2O(aq) - Methanogenic bacteria (anaerobic) - Source of methane in the atmosphere |
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Ammonia Photolysis
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NH3(g) + hv → N(g) + 3H(g)
N(g) + N(g) + M → N2(g) + M - Early source of N2 - Became obsolete once O2, O3, and N2 built up in atmosphere b/c they absorbed the particular wavelengths that NH3 needs for photolysis (to break down NH3) |
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Denitrification
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Two step process:
- Organic compound + NO3- → carbon dioxide + NO2- Organic compound + NO2- → carbon dioxide + molecular nitrogen -Denitrifying bacteria (anaerobic) - New way to produce N2, became dominant process |
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Photosynthesis (anoxygenic)
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Anoxygenic: carbon dioxide + hydrogen sulfide + hv → carbohydrate + liquid water + atomic sulfur
CO2(g) + 2H2S(g) + hv → CH2O(aq) + H2O(aq) + 2S(g) *Sulfur bacteria – phototrophs |
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Photosynthesis (oxygenic)
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Oxygenic: Carbon dioxide + liquid water + hv → glucose + molecular oxygen
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(aq) + hv → C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) Dividing by 6 and adding H2O to both sides gives CO2(g) + 2H2O(aq) + hv → CH2O + H2O(aq) + O2(g) *Cyanobacteria and green plants - Can see that oxygen from photosynthesis comes from the water and not carbon dioxide (comparing analogously with Anoxygenic eqn) - Source of oxygen in the atmosphere – oxygen built up significantly with the advent of green plants. |
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Aerobic Respiration
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Glucose + molecular oxygen → carbon dioxide + liquid water
C6H12O6 + O2 → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O -Process is evolutionary improvement b/c produces energy more efficiently than fermentation or anaerobic respiration -Development of aerobic respiration resulted in evolution of organisms that affect nitrogen cycle |
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nitrogen cycle
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N2 → fixation → NH3, NH4 → nitrification → NO2 → NO3 → denitrification → NO2 → NO, N2O, N2
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• What is arguably the most important air pollution law in U.S. history? Name 5 key things included in this law.
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o Clear Air Act Amendments of 1970
o National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Criteria Air Pollutants (current list is: CO, SO2, NO2, Pb, PM10, PM2.5, O3) • Primary Standards– protect public health (elderly, asthmatics) • Secondary Standards– protect public welfare (visibility, buildings) • Attainment areas met primary standards, nonattainment areas did not o Congressional control (and not EPA control) of automobile emissions with a required 90% reduction of HCs and CO by 1975 and NOx by 1976 • Set path for catalytic converter technology development o New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) to limit emissions from new stationary sources o National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) |
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• What is the catalytic converter?
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Catalyst bed on exhaust in vehicles
o What pollutants does it affect? • CO and HCs to CO2 and NOx to N2 • NOx → N2 • unburned HC → H2O + CO2 • CO→ CO2 o Single-bed catalyst: convert HC → H2O + CO2 and CO→ CO2 o Duel-bed catalyst: additional bed to convert NOx → N2 o Three-way catalyst: HC, CO, and NOx conversions in single bed |
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o Carbon Dioxide (CO2) indoor air pollution sources
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breathing (people and animals), combustion
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o Carbon Monoxide (CO) indoor air pollution sources
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combustion/vehicle emissions (stoves, fireplaces, heaters, cigarettes, in-garage cars)
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o Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) indoor air pollution sources
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infiltration, combustion (in-garage cars, kerosene and gas space heaters, wood stoves, gas stoves, cigarettes)
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o Ozone indoor air pollution sources
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infiltration of outdoor air, photocopy machines, electrostatics air cleaners → higher concentration outdoors b/c need sun
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Radon indoor air pollution sources
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(two precursors and two products) – uranium (Ur) is original source → eventually becomes radium (Ra), then radon (Rn), then finally lead (Pb) and polonium (Po) (see Fig. 9.1 for more details on radioactive decay process)
• Ur and Ra (Rn precursors) are bound in minerals, Rn is a gas, and Pb and Po are electrically charged and can be inhaled or attached to particles and inhaled (carcinogenic) • Need to ventilate crawl space to reduce risk of exposure |
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Asbestos indoor air pollution sources
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insulation (for pipes, boilers, etc), flooring materials, paint, wallpaper, fire-retardant materials → only a problem if stirred up, higher concentration indoors
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• How do indoor standards compare to outdoor standards of the following pollutants?
CO, NO2 |
o Indoor standards are higher in general (that is, can pollute more indoors) b/c standards are designed to protect workers, who are assumed to be healthy adults (can withstand higher exposure), while outdoor standards protect ALL people (young, old, weak, sick, etc.)
o Carbon Monoxide – same as general reason – also has indoor ceiling value b/c of harmful health effects past this concentration o Nitrogen Dioxide – additionally, stringent outdoor standard b/c precursor to photochemical smog, but indoor standards do not need to be based on NO2 being a smog-precursor (no sun), so indoor standards are based only on health concerns |
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• What acid was first noticed as dangerous to health and agriculture? What technology and regulation were implemented to remove this acid from emissions?
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o HCl (Hydrochloric acid)
o Technology: scrubber o Regulation: 1863 Alkali Act (See section 10.1 for the details) • Remove 95% of HCl emissions from alkali factories • Response to scrubber technology → inexpensive and efficient method of removing hydrochloric acid from alkali factory emissions |
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nucleation
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less than .1 um, highest number concentration.
Sources: homogeneous nucleation (gas particles stick together and change phase to liquid/solid), emissions (small new particles) |
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accumulation
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0.1 um to 2 um, highest surface area
Sources:emissions, coagulation (of 2 nucleation particles), condensation |
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coarse mode
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greater than 2 um, highest mass/volume concentration
Sources: emissions (main source for coarse mode), coagulation (of nucleation and/or accumulation mode particles) |
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nitric acid size mode
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coarse mode - dissolution, which is a volume-limited process (also is generally kept out of accumulation mode by sulfuric acid)
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Sulfuric Acid size mode
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accumulation mode - condensation, a surface-area limited process
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Ammonia size mode
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accumulation mode - balance charge and pH from dissociated sulfuric acid that is dominant in accumulation mode (also less cations than in coarse mode, so not as attracted to
coarse) – enters by dissolution (becomes ammonium) |
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Sodium ion size mode
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coarse particles, starts out as sea spray (primarily) – dissociates to ion
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Magnesium ion
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coarse particles, starts out as soil dust and sea spray – dissociates to ion
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Calcium ion size mode
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coarse particles, starts out as soil dust and sea spray – dissociates to ion
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Which particle size mode is most likely to cause the most health hazard?
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Accumulation mode (small
enough to get into lungs but large enough to get trapped in avioli) < 10 μm =asthma, respiratory illnesses < 0.1 μm = even if toxic, can still cause damage |
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Environmental Lapse Rate
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actual lapse rate in the air (negative change in temperature
with height) |
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Source region pollution profile
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NO peaks early, highest. NO2 peaks midday, O3 peaks mid-afternoon.
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Receptor region pollution profile
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no/very small NO peak.
NO2 peak looks the same (mid-day) Really high O3 peak in the evening. |
