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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aerodynamics |
that filed of dynamics concerned with the notion of air and other gaseous fluids; a branch of fluid dynamics |
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Airfoil |
a body designed to obtain an aerodynamic reaction perpendicular to its direction of travel through the air
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ailerons
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movable surfaces to control the rolling movements of an airplane
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Airscrew
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a screw to effect propulsion through the air: an alternative word to propeller. "Airscrew" is sometimes the word of choice when discussing the early history of the device, to distinguish it from the marine propeller |
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Autogiro |
a trade name (the Cierva Autogiro) for the first successful type of gyroplane. The mame is often loosely applied to togher gyroplanes
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Biplane
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an airplane with two main sets of wings, one above the other
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Canard
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the French word for "duck." The word unaccountably applied to a "tail-first" airplane, i.e., with the fuselage and elevator ahead of the main wings |
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Cockpit |
the compartment from where an aircraft is controlled, seating the pilot and often other crew members: in large aircraft it is often referred to as the "flight deck" |
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Drag
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he resistant force exerted by the air on a body, in a direction opposite to the direction of motion
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Elevator |
a horizontal control surface to control the climb and descent of an aircraft. In early aviation it was called the "horizontal rudder" |
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Empennage
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the early term for an airplane's taill uit, this French word being derived from empenner, to feather an arrow
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Fin |
a fixed vertical airfoil for stbillizing purposes. The American term is "vertical stabillizer" |
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Flap
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any control surface designed to increase the lift of an airplane
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Flapper
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an ornithoptering winglet, or small beating surface, used to effect ether propusion and/or lift
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Flying Wing
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an aircraft consiting entirely of a single large airfoil within which the engines, passengers, etc., are contained
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Fuselage
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the body or hull of an airplane
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Gyroplane
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a rotorcraft with non-powered rotors, as in the Autogiro, which provide lift, but no propulsion
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Horizonal Rudder
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the early term for an elevator |
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Horizontal Stabilizer
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the American term for a horizontal tail
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Joy-Stick
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an early term for the control column
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Kite
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the earliest type of heavier-than-air aircraft, from which "propulsion" is suppllied by the pull on the "tow line," and lift is supplied by the kite being inclined to the wind
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Lift
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that component of the total aerodynamic forcess acting on an airfoil which is perpendicular to the wind |
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Mach Number
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the ratio of the airspeed of an aircraft to the speed of sound in the air surronding it. Mach 1 is the speed of sound, Mach 2 is twice thee speed of sound, etc.
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Nacelle
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the French word for "a small boat": a separate enclosure on an aircraft for housing crew, engines, or other objects |
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Ornithopter |
an aircraft sustained in the air and propelled by flapping wings
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Propeller
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this word, in aeronautical and marine parlance, only became synonymous with "airscrew" from about 1845-55. Prior to that it referred to any propelling device
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Range
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the overall distance an aircraft can fly under a given set of conditions
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Rotor
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an assembly comprising generally two or more long narrow wings (called "blades") set in a hub on a vertical shaft which provide lift
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Rudder
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a vertical control surface for guiding an aircraft in the horizontl plane: controls the yaw
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Stabilizer |
an airfoil used to provide stability |
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Stall |
the behaviour of an airplane when, owing to the excessive angle of attack of the wing to the relative wind, the wing loses lift |
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Streamlining |
the giving of a specially shaped and smooth contour to an object to decrease its resistance in a fluid flow |
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Subsonic Speed |
speed below that of sound (below Mach 1) |
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Supersonic Speed |
speed of sound and above (Mach 1 and above) |
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Transonic Speed |
the speed of an aircraft in the region of the speed of sound, where the surrounding airflow is simultaneously subsonic, sonic, and supersonic (usually from Mach .8 to Mach 1.6) |
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Thrust |
the driving force exerted on any aircraft by its propeller, rotor, jet, or other means |
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Triplane |
an airplane with three main wings set one above the other |
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Vertical Stabilizer |
the American term for a vertical tail fin |
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Wing |
the main lifting airfoil of an airplane |
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Developments Needed for Powered Flight |
+- Engine/fuel - Propulsion method (prop) - Aerodynamics: lifting surfaces, airfoils, wings - Landing & take-off gear - Materials - Structure - Configuration - Controls - Pilot skills - Aeronautical Knowledge - Creativity/open mindedness/information transfer |
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Medium Theory (Who/What?) |
- Aristotle - If an energy source is applied to something, it can keep it up in the air - Ex: a feather on wind |
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Impetus Theory (Who/What?) |
- Philoponus - A force does need to be applied, but if it is taken away, there is a residual force that remains briefly so it does not necessarily have to be sustained - Ex: spear, arrow |
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Early "Flying" Instruments* |
- Arrows -- prehistoric - Boomerang -- prehistoric - Kite -- China ~ 1000 BC, Europe ~ 1200 AD - Flying toys |
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) |
- early invention of the "helicopter" - looked at flying like swimming (birds compress air as they move through) - created early type of parachute - 500 sketches and 35,000 words |
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Concept of Condensibility (Who/What?) |
- Leonardo da Vinci - replaced Aristotle's Medium Theory - applied concept to bird flight (ornithopters) - realized that relative velocity was key - imagined flapping and soaring flight
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Bernoulli's Principle |
- velocity and pressure - speed and pressure are same across aircraft - as it goes through narrower portion, it speeds up and pressure change (air pressure goes down) - now we can change shape of wings during flight (shape affects speed, lift, drag, etc.) |
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Etienne and Joseph Motgolfier (1783) |
- French paper-makers - First aerial balloon flight (hot air/hydrogen) - Made of paper and cloth typically |
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Andre Jacques Garnerin (1770-1825) |
first human to parachute from a balloon from a height of 3000 feet above Paris |
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Balloons |
- John Wise (1859) -- balloon trip from st. Louis to Henderson, NY (800 miles in 18 hours) - Thaddeus Lowe (1861) -- helped develop the Union Army Balloon Corps; 7 Aerostats before 1863 (hydrogen filled); reconnaissance - Count Von Zepplin - would take info back to Germany and redesign it into dirigibles (these were big bombers for Germany) |
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Sir George Cayley (1773-1857) |
- established the scientific problems to mechanical flight - "to make a surface support given weight by the application of power to the resistance of air" - he took out thrusting wings and did the gliding first |
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Otto Lilienthal |
- 2000+ flights - hang glider - up to 1000 ft altitude - over 4 hours long - crashed/killed 1896 - working on powered models - stall (falling out of the sky - German inventor and engineer brought a methodical, scientific approach to the study of flight |
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Octave Chanute (1832-1910) |
- French-born American engineer had a great influence on the Wright brothers - wrote "Progress in Flying Machines" - bridge of info between aviation in Europe and America - was the first great historian of aviation - used the Pratt truss bracing design for his biplane wings - improved some of Lilienthal's glider designs |
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Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906) |
- American mathematician and astronomer who was at one time the Secretary of the Smithsonian - Langley Aerodrome 1897 - 1903 Langley Aerodrome -- flight on Dec 8, 1903; Langley large Aerodrome "A" mounted on launching apparatus atop a house-boat, Potomac river (1903) - Langley fails flight; Wright brothers have successful flight 10 days later |
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Wright's Technical and Scientific Achievements |
- first to fully realize the importance of flight control around all three axis of airplane (wing warping-roll, rudder-yaw, elevator-pitch) - first to use wind tunnels to correct previous data and test new designs and wing concepts - developed propeller theory - designed and constructed a light weight internal combustion engine - first to treat an airplane as an integrated system involving aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, and flight dynamics - revised Smeden formula for K (how much lifting area needed) from .005 to .0033 - tested - recorded - photographed |
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Wright's Personal Qualities |
- single-mindedness toward achieving their goal supremely self-confident - intellectually courageous -- willing to do things on their own - recognized good/bad technology - physically courageous -- pilot training - sense of engineering - persistent - self motivated - self taught - research skills - creativity - well organized - self disciplined - willing to seek outside info and help - open-minded - visualize - brave |
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Glenn Curtiss (1878-1930) |
- motorcycle speed record - light motor - balloons/airplane - invented motorcycle hand throttle - was known for lightweight, powerful, small motors (motorized balloon - Frank Baldwin) |
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AEA: Aerial Experiment Association |
- Alexander Graham Bell, Frank Baldwin, Douglas McGherty, Lt. Thomas Selfridge (had of Army aviation), Glenn Curtiss - goal to build an airplane - Red Wing: only flew 318 ft, touted as first US airplane flight - White Wing: flew 1000 ft, Curtiss is pilot, ailerons - June bug: movable surfaces on the end of wings (ailerons) - disbanned in 1908 |
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Santos-Dumont |
French call him father of aviation |
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Louis Bleriot |
Flew across English Channel |
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Louis Paulhan |
French airshow-brought planes to LA |
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Henry Farman |
French airshow-brought planes to LA |
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Calbraith Rodgers |
Flew across US in 49 days |
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Lincoln Beachey |
king of airshows-loopty loop |
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Raymonde de laroche |
first woman to get pilot's license (French) |
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Blanche Stuart Scott |
American woman pilot-went to Curtiss School, got in without Curtiss |
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Harriet Quimby |
First woman to get US license in 1911 |
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Matilde Moisant |
Airshow pilot |
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Ruth Law |
Lady loopty loops |
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Katherine and Majorie Stinson |
- flew two planes as a team - train their brothers - later create Stinson airplanes (Stinson Company) - Stinson trimotor |
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Florence Lowe "Pancho" Barnes |
- founder of the first movie stunt pilots' union - broke Amelia Earhart's air speed record - raced in the Women's Air Derby and was a member of the Ninety-Nines - owner of bar catering to pilots and aviators |
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Hindenburg (1937)
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German passenger airship that caught fire and was destoryed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast in NJ; total of 36 dead; marked the end of the airship era
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Daedalus and Icarus
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King Menos controlled most city states; Daedalus was a war captive of King Menos (engineer forced to create the labyrinth. Daedalus designed wings made of wax and feaqthers for himself and Icarus to escape; Icarus flew too close to the sn, melting the wax and causing him to fall to his death in the oean
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