Aicp Prep - Planning History

Front 1

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The rectangular survey has been called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and ...

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Ordinance of 1785

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"the largest single act of national planning in our history and ... the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" Who said this and what does it reference?

Back 2

Daniel Elazar referencing the Ordinance of 1785 that enabled the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest.

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Argued for protective tariffs for manufacturing industry as a means of promoting industrial development in the young republic.

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1791 - Report on Manufactures, Alexander Hamilton

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A speech before Congress that called for development of the national economy by combining tariffs with internal improvements such as roads, canals , and other waterways.

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1818 - The American System, Henry Clay

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This artificial waterway connected the northeastern states with the newly settled areas of what was then the West, facilitating the economic development of both regions.

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1825 - Erie Canal completed.

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It connects Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, Illinois and helps open the Ohio Valley to settlement.

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1839 - The National Road (begun in 1811) is completed.

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First "model tenement" built.

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1855 - Manhattan

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Opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and

five years residence.

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1862 - Homestead Act (1 of 2 important acts passed in this year)

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Congress authorizes land grants from the Public Domain to the states. Proceeds from the sale were to be used to found colleges in agriculture, engineering, and other practical arts.

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1862 - Morrill Act (1 of 2 important acts passed in this year)

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New York Council of Hygiene of the Citizens Association.

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1864 - this group mounts a campaign to raise urban housing and sanitary standards

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Begin the planning of Riverside Illinois, a

planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities.

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1868 - Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux

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The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads meet at Promontory Point, Utah, on

May 10.

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1869 - Transcontinental Railroad completed

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Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States; includes a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the

arid west and conserve scarce water resources.

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1878 - John Wesley Powell

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Progress and Poverty; presents an argument for diminishing extremes of national wealth and poverty by means of a single tax (on land) that would capture the "unearned increment" of national development for public uses.

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1879 - Henry George

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A form of multifamily housing widely built in New York until the end of the century and notorious for the poor living conditions (lack of light, air, space).

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1879 - Debut of the "Dumbbell Tenement"

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Establishment of U.S. Geological Survey.

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1879 - Agency dedicated to the surveying and classification of all Public Domain lands.

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Building of Pullman, Illinois, a model industrial town by the industrialist, George Pullman

.

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1880 to 1884

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"How the Other Half Lives" is published; a powerful stimulus to housing and neighborhood reform.

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1890 - Jacob Riis

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Gave the President power to create forest preserves by proclamation.

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1891 - General Land Law Revision Act

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Sierra Club founded to promote the protection and preservation of the natural environment.

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1892 - Scottish-American naturalist, John Muir, a major figure in the history of American environmentalism, was the leading founder.

Front 21

World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago commemorating the 400th anniversary of the

discovery of the New World.

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1893 - A source of the City Beautiful Movement and of the urban planning profession.

Front 22

The first significant legal case concerning historic preservation. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the acquisition of the national battlefield at Gettysburg served a valid public purpose.

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1896 - United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Co.

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Authorized some control by the Secretary of the Interior over the use and occupancy of the forest preserves.

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1897 - Forest Management Act

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Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, a source of the Garden City Movement. Reissued four years later as Garden Cities of Tomorrow.

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1898 - Ebenezer Hower

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Becomes Chief Forester of the United States in the Department of Agriculture. From this position he publicizes the cause of forest conservation.

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1898 - Gifford Pinchot

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The legislative basis for the revision of city

codes that outlawed tenements such as the "Dumbbell Tenement." Lawrence Veiller

was the leading reformer.

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1901 - New York State Tenement House Law

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Created a fund from sale of public land in the arid states which could be used to supply water there through the construction of water storage and irrigation works.

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1902 - U.S. Reclamation Act

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First English Garden City and a stimulus to New Town movement in America (Greenbelt Towns, Columbia, etc.)

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1903 - Letchworth constructed

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Public Lands Commission appointed to propose rules for orderly land development and management.

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1903 - President Theodore Roosevelt

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First law to institute federal protection for preserving archaeological sites. Provided for designation as National Monuments areas already in the public domain that contained "historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric

structures, and objects of historic or scientific interest."

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1906 - Antiquities Act of 1906

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Benjamin Marsh, secretary of this organization, fostered a movement to decentralize New York's dense population.

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1907 - Founding of New York Committee on the

Congestion of Population.

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Establishes an Inland Waterway Commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: navigation, power, irrigation, flood

control, water supply.

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1907 - President Teddy Roosevelt

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State governors, federal officials, and leading

scientists assemble for the first time to deliberate about the conservation of natural resources.

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1908 - White House Conservation Conference

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First National Conference on City Planning

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1909 - Washington, D.C.

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Plan of Chicago published. First metropolitan plan in the United States. (Other key figures: Frederick A. Delano, Charles Wacker, Charles Dyer Norton.)

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1909 - Daniel Burnham

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Possibly the first course in city planning in this country is inaugurated.

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1909 - Harvard College's Landscape Architecture Department. Taught by James Sturgis Pray.

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Principles of Scientific Management published,

fountainhead of the efficiency movements in

this country, including efficiency in city government.

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1911 - Frederick Winslow Taylor

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"Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" is adopted as an eigth-grade textbook on City Planning by the Chicago Board of Education. Possibly the first formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

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1912 - Walter D. Moody

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First of its kind in the U.S., created for Charles Mulford Robinson, one of the principal promoters of the World's Columbian Exposition.

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1913 - Chair in Civic Design at the University of Illinois' Dept of Horticulture

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Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.

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1914 - Flavel Shurtleff

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Panama Canal completed and opened to world commerce

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1914

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Eventually the country's best known planning consultant, becomes the first full-time employee in Newark, New Jersey, of a city planning

commission.

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1914 - Harland Bartholomew

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"Father of Regional Planning" and mentor of Lewis Mumford, publishes Cities in Evolution.

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1915 - Patrick Geddes

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published Planning of the Modern City

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1916 - Nelson P. Lewis

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Adopted by New York City Board of Estimates under the leadership of George McAneny and Edward Bassett, known as the "Father of Zoning."

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1916 - Nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution

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Created federal responsibility for conserving and preserving resources of special value.

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1916 - National Park Service established

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Who was the first president named to the newly founded American City Planning Institute, forerunner of American Institute of Planners and American Institute of Certified Planners?

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1917 - Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.

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Influenced later endeavors in public housing. Operated at major shipping centers to provide

housing for World War I workers.

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1918 - U.S. Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corporation established.

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The Metropolitan Sewerage Commission,

the Metropolitan Water Board and the Metropolitan Park Commission

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1919 - Three early unifunctional regional authorities combined to form the Boston Metropolitan District Commission.

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The first historic preservation commission in the U.S., New Orleans

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1921 - Vieux Carre Commission

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Los Angeles County Regional Planning Commission created.

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1922 - First of its kind in the United States. (Hugh Pomeroy, head of staff.)

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Inauguration of Regional Plan of New York

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1922 - Thomas Adams

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First decision to hold that a land use restriction constituted a taking. Established the principle of a "regulatory taking". The U.S. Supreme Court (Justice Brandeis dissenting) noted "property may be regulated to a certain extent, [but] if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking,".

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1922 - Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon

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Mary Emery was its founder and benefactor; John Nolen, the planner. Some features (short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing) foreshadow New Urbanism movement.

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1923 - Mariemont, Ohio (ground broken on this Cincinnati suburb)

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U.S. Department of Commerce issues a Standard State Zoning Enabling Act under this Secretary.

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1924 - Herbert Hoover

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This planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, is built by City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York.

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1924 to 1928 - Sunnyside Gardens

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Publication of "Regional Plan" issue of Survey Graphic, influential essays on regional planning by members of the Regional Planning Association of America (e.g., Catherine Bauer).

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1925 - Lewis Mumford et al

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The first major American city officially to endorse a comprehensive plan. (Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe).

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1925 - Cincinnati, Ohio

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Principle authors of the Cincinnati Plan. Cincinnati, Ohio is the first city to officially endorse a comprehensive plan.

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1925 - Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe

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The "Concentric Zone" model of urban structure and land use is published.

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1925 - Ernest Burgess

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Ancestor of present-day Journal of the American Planning Association.

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1925 - Vol. 1, No. 1 of City Planning published

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Constitutionality of zoning upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. (Case argued by Alfred Bettman.)

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1926 - Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty

Front 63

U.S. Department of Commerce issues a Standard City Planning Enabling Act under this secretary.

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1928 - Herbert Hoover (careful with this one!)

Front 64

"Major Economic Factors in Metropolitan Growth and Arrangement" is published in Vol. I of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs. Viewed land use as a function of accessibility.

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1928 - Robert Murray Haig

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Planned community inspired by Ebenezer Howard's Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. A forerunner of the New Deal's Greenbelt towns.

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1928 - Radburn, New Jersey construction begins

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Influential monograph on the Neighborhood Unit is published in Volume VII of The Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs.

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1929 - Clarence Perry

Front 67

Wisconsin law, authorized county boards "to regulate, restrict and determine the areas within which agriculture, forestry and recreation may be conducted."

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1929 - First instance of rural zoning

Front 68

Stock market crash in October ushers in Great Depression.

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1929 - Faith in "infallibility" of market forces to achieve greatest good for greatest numbers shaken - fostered ideas of public planning on a national scale.

Front 69

Three hundred agricultural experts come together deliberate on rural recovery programs and natural resource conservation.

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1931 - National Land Utilization Conference convened in Chicago

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Established during the depression to shore up shaky home financing institutions.

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1932 - Federal Home Loan Bank System

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Established near the outset of the Great Depression to revive economic activity by extending financial aid to failing financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions.

Back 71

1932 - Reconstruction Finance Corporation

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FDR Inaugurated

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1933 - New Deal begins with a spate of counter-depression measures.

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Established to save homeowners facing loss through foreclosure.

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1933 - Home Owners Loan Corporation

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Established to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works under the direction of Frederick Delano, Charles Merriam, Wesley Mitchell.

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1933 - National Planning Board established within the Interior Department

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National Resources Planning Board, was abolished in 1943

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1933 - National Planning Board preceded this agency...

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Established to provide work for unemployed youth and to conserve nation's natural resources.

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1933 - Civilian Conservation Corps

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Set up under Harry Hopkins to organize relief work during the Great Depression in urban and rural areas.

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1933 - Federal Emergency Relief Administration

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Created to provide for unified and multipurpose rehabilitation and redevelopment of this impoverished region. America's most famous experiment in river-basin planning.

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1933 - Tennessee Valley Authority

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Tennessee Valley Authority

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1933 - Senator George Norris of Nebraska fathered idea, and David Lilienthal was its most effective implementer.

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Passed to regulate agricultural trade practices, production, prices, supply areas (and therefore land use) as a recovery measure during the Great Depression.

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1933 - The Agricultural Adjustment Act

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An organization for planners, planning commissioners and planning-related public officials.

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1934 - American Society of Planning Officials founded

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Established FSLIC for insuring savings deposits and the FHA for insuring individual home mortgages.

Back 82

1934 - National Housing Act

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Established means to regulate the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes.

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1934 - Taylor Grazing Act

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Details American planning history in the context of U.S. political and economic history.

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1934 - "Final Report" by the National Planning Board on its first year of existence. Sections "A Plan for Planning" and "Historical Development of Planning in the U.S."

Front 85

This agency built the three Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, MD; Greendale, Wisc; Greenhills, OH) forerunners of present day New Towns: Columbia, Maryland; Reston, Virginia; etc.)

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1935 - Resettlement Administration established under Rexford Tugwell, Roosevelt "braintruster" to carry out experiments in land reform and population resettlement.

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published by the National Resources Committee, a landmark in regional planning literature.

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1935 - Regional Factors in National Planning; Landmark publication

Front 87

In response to the Dust Bowl, Congress moves to make prevention of soil erosion a national responsibility.

Back 87

1935 - Soil Conservation Act

Front 88

Requires Dept. of Interior to identify, acquire, and restore qualifying historic sites/properties and calls upon federal agencies to consider preservation needs in their programs and plans.

Back 88

1935 - The Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act, predecessor of the National Historic Preservation Act is passed.

Front 89

Passed to create a safety net for elderly. Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor and first woman cabinet member, was a principal promoter.

Back 89

1935 - Social Security Act

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Largest concrete structure in the U.S. and the heart of the Columbia Basin Project, a regional plan comparable in its scope to TVA. The project's purposes are irrigation, electric power generation and flood control in the Pacific Northwest.

Back 90

1935 - Congress authorizes construction of the Grande Coulee Dam in Central Washington State. It was finished in 1941.

Front 91

Creates and sustains population growth and industrial development in Nevada, California, and Arizona.

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1936 - Hoover Dam on the Colorado River completed

Front 92

Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy. A landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the National Resources Committee.

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1937 - Lasislas Segoe headed research staff for this landmark publication

Front 93

Set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing.

Back 93

1937 - U.S. Housing Action (Wagner-Steagall)

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Successor to the Resettlement Administration and administrator of many programs to aid the rural poor.

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1937 - Farm Security Administration established.

Front 95

"... the planning of the unified development of urban communities and their environs, and of states, regions and the nation, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land occupancy and the regulation thereof."

Back 95

1938 - The American Institute of Planners, the planning field's professional organization, states as its purpose...

Front 96

The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities, a landmark monograph, describes this influential theory of urban growth

Back 96

1939 - Homer Hoyt's influential "sector theory" of how urban areas develop over time

Front 97

Local Planning Administration, landmark publication.

Back 97

1941 - Lasislas Segoe writes the first of the "Green Book" series

Front 98

Planning Function in Urban Government, landmark publication.

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1941 - Robert Walker

Front 99

The U.S. and its allies meet to establish the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (precursor to the World Bank).

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1944 - Bretton Woods (New Hampshire) Agreement.

Front 100

Guaranteed loans for homes to veterans under favorable terms, thereby accelerating the growth of suburbs.

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1944 - Serviceman's Readjustment Act ("GI Bill")

Front 101

The agency was created to coordinate federal government's various housing programs.

Back 101

1947 - Housing and Home Financing Agency (predecessor of HUD) created.

Front 102

Park Forest, Illinois, and Levittown, New York

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1947 - construction begins on these assembly-line fashioned suburbs; widely regarded as the archetype for postwar suburbs throughout the country

Front 103

A plan for the reconstruction of postwar Europe.

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1947 - Marshall Plan

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First U.S. comprehensive housing legislation. Aimed to construct about 800,000 units. Inaugurated urban redevelopment programs.

Back 104

1949 - Housing Act (Wagner-Ellender-Taft Bill)

Front 105

Directed to acquire and preserve historic sites and objects of national significance and provide annual reports to Congress on its activities

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1949 - National Trust for Historic Preservation established by Congress

Front 106

Upholds right of Washington, D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency to condemn properties that are unsightly, though non-deteriorated, to achieve objectives of established area redevelopment plan.

Back 106

1954 - Berman v. Parker (landmark U.S. Supreme Court case)

Front 107

(Topeka, Kansas), Supreme Court upholds school integration.

Back 107

1954 - Brown v. Board of Education

Front 108

1. Stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 act.

2. Stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the act.

Back 108

1954 - Housing Act of 1954

Front 109

Begins in the Detroit area with the formation of a Supervisors' Inter-County Committee composed of the representatives of each county in southeastern Michigan for the purpose of confronting areawide problems. It soon spreads nationwide.

Back 109

1954 - Council of Government movement

Front 110

Established to create an interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population or more.

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1956 - Federal Aid Highway Act

Front 111

Urban Land Use Planning, landmark textbook published in this year by this author

Back 111

1957 - F. Stuart Chapin

Front 112

Education for Planning. A seminal planning publication is published in this year by this author

Back 112

1957 - Harvey S. Perloff - a booklength inquiry into the "appropriate intellectual, practical and philosophical basis for the education of city and regional planners

Front 113

A "Multiple Land Use Classification System" (A. Guttenberg) published in Journal of American Institute of Planners.

Back 113

1959 - A. Guttenberg; the first approach to the using of multidimensional terms for land use classification

Front 114

Congress establishes this body from various branches of government. Serves primarily as a research agency and think tank in area of intergovernmental relations.

Back 114

1959 - Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR)

Front 115

A few department heads of planning schools get together at the annual ASIP conference to confer on common problems and interests regarding the education of planners.

Back 115

1959 - The American Collegiate Schools of Planning (ASCP) established

Front 116

This joint U.S.-Canada project created, in effect, a fourth North American seacoast, opening the American heartland to sea-going vessels.

Back 116

1959 - St Lawrence Seaway completed

Front 117

Image of the City. Defines basic elements of city's "imageability" (paths, edges, nodes, etc.). - a landmark publication

Back 117

1960 - Kevin Lynch

Front 118

The Death and Life of Great American Cities, a harsh critique of planning and planners. - a landmark publication

Back 118

1961 - Jane Jacobs

Front 119

And On the Eighth Day, a hilarious book of cartoons poking fun at the planning profession by two of our own.

Back 119

1961- Richard Hedman & Fred Bair

Front 120

First state to institute statewide zoning.

Back 120

1961 - Hawaii

Front 121

Representing the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, this agency is created to foster joint management of the river's water resources.

Back 121

1961 - Delaware River Basin Commission.

Front 122

The urban growth simulation model emerges from this planning study.

Back 122

1962 - Penn-Jersey Transportation Study

Front 123

"A Choice Theory of Planning," seminal article in AIP Journal lays basis for advocacy planning concept.

Back 123

1962 - Paul Davidoff & Thomas Reiner

Front 124

Silent Spring is published and wakes the nation to the deleterious effects of pesticides on animal, plant and human life.

Back 124

1962 - Rachel Carson

Front 125

The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors establishes Virginia's first residential planned
community zone, clearing the way for the creation of this community.

Back 125

1962 - Reston, Virginia, a full-scale, self-contained New Town 18 miles from Washington, D.C.

Front 126

This New Town featured attributes of class integration and the neighborhood principle.

Back 126

1963 - Columbia, Maryland, a New Town situated halfway between Washington and Baltimore

Front 127

The Urban General Plan. Landmark publication

Back 127

1964 - T.J. Kent

Front 128

Outlaws discrimination based on race, creed, and national origin in places of public accommodation

Back 128

1964 - Civil Rights Act

Front 129

The Federal Bulldozer. Along with Herbert Gans's The Urban Villagers (1962), a study of the consequences for community life in a Boston West End Italian-American community, contributes to a change in urban policy.

Back 129

1964 - Martin Anderson. Critiques urban renewal programs as counterproductive to professed aims of increase low- and moderate-income housing supply.

Front 130

Declares War on Poverty and urges congressional authorization of many programs, plus the establishment of a cabinet-level Department of Housing and Community Development.

Back 130

1964 - President Lyndon Johnson

Front 131

Convened, owing much to the interest and advocacy of the First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson.

Back 131

1965 - White House Conference on Natural Beauty in America

Front 132

Housing and urban policy achieve cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency is succeeded by this agency.

Back 132

1965 - HUD, first Secretary Robert Weaver

Front 133

Provides authorization for Federal-Multistate river basin commissions.

Back 133

1965 - Water Resources Management Act

Front 134

Established the Economic Development Administration to extend coordinated, multifaceted aid to lagging regions and foster their redevelopment

Back 134

1965 - Public Work and Economic Development Act

Front 135

Established a region comprising all of West Virginia and parts of 12 other states, plus a planning commission with the power to frame plans and allocate resources.

Back 135

1965 - Appalachian Regional Planning Act

Front 136

The Making of Urban America published, the first comprehensive history of American urban planning beginning with colonial times.

Back 136

1965 - John Reps

Front 137

Launched the "model cities" program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. A centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" program.

Back 137

1966 - Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

Front 138

With Heritage So Rich

Back 138

1966 - seminal historic preservation publication

Front 139

1. Est. the Nat'l Register of Historic Places

1. Section 106, provided protection of preservation-worthy sites and properties threatened by federal activities.

3. Created the National Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

4. Directed that each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).

Back 139

1966 - National Historic Preservation Act passed

Front 140

Establishes protection for preservation-worthy sides and property threatened by federal activities.

Back 140

"Section 106"

Front 141

The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 creates the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and directs that each state appoint a State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO).

Back 141

SHPO

Front 142

Provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges, and other preservation-worthy resources in building national roads. Privately owned historic sites as well as those in public ownership are protected by this law.

Back 142

1966 - Department of Transportation Act, Section 4(f)