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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or false
Ferrets are carnivorous? |
True
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Where are ferrets descended from?
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Europe
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What was the initial use of the ferret?
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Used for hunting
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How many hours a day do ferrets sleep?
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Can sleep up to 20 hours/day
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What are the male, female, and neonate referred to in ferrets?
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Male- hob
Female- jill Neonate- kit |
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Like the cat, ferrets do not require this regularly
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bathing
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What is an alternative to commercial ferret food?
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High quality kitten food
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What should the diet for ferrets consist of?
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High protein, high fat, low fiber
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Do ferrets need food free choice?
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Yes
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What sort of treats should be avoided in the ferret?
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Sweet treats
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How many hours prior to surgery do ferrets need to be fasted?
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3 hours
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What are ferrets prone to?
(hint; chinchillas are prone to it too) |
Trichobezors
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What temperatures do ferrets not tolerate?
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Over 32 and under 5
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What sort of toys should be avoided in the ferret?
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Latex rubber toys
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What sort of an ovulator is the female ferret?
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Induced ovulator
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When is puberty in the ferret?
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4-8 mths
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What is the normal length of gestation in the ferret?
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41-42 days
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How much blood can be collected from the ferret?
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5ml/kg BW
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How are fluids administered to the ferret?
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SQ or IV
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Do ferrets react painfully to SQ injections or fluids?
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True
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What side of the body should be avoided when giving IP injections? Why?
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Left side. Due to the large size of the spleen
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Where can IM injections be given in the ferret?
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Along the apaxial muscles or the leg or shoulder
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How can PO admin of drugs be made easier in the ferret?
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Coat in butter or feline hairball mediction
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What are ferrets vaccinated against?
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Rabies and distemper
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What order do rabbits belong to?
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Lagomorphs
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What makes lagomorphs different from other rodents?
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They have a second set of incisors
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How many breeds of rabbits are there?
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Over 70 breeds
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What are the males, females and neonates of rabbits called?
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Males- Bucks
Females- Does Neonates- Kits |
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What is unique about some breeds of female rabbits?
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They have a "2nd chin" called a dewlap
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Do rabbits have a high muscle to bone ratio, or bone to muscle ratio?
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High muscle to bone ratio
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Are rabbits able to sweat?
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No
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What is a major source of heat loss and gain in the rabbit?
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The pinna of rabbits
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Are rabbits able to vomit? If not why?
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No. Cardiac sphinctor prevents its
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What sort of fermentation occurs in the rabbits?
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Hind gut fermentation
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What are night feces referred to in rabbits?
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Cecotrophes
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What do rabbits have instead of neutrophils?
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Heterophils
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What sort of food should the rabbit be offered?
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Grass hay (timothy), green leafy veg and pellets
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What should the rabbit pellets be high and low in?
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High in fiber, low protein
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What is the average water intake in the rabbit?
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50-150ml/kg BW
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What sort of foods should be avoided in rabbits? Why?
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Avoid sweet foods. Causes enterotoxemia
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Polydipsia in rabbits is the result of what
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With holding food
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Do rabbits do better in groups or individually?
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Do better in groups of 2 or 3
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When is sexual maturity reached in the rabbit?
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4.5 mths of age
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Is the rabbit an induced ovulator?
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Yes
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What is the typical gestation in the rabbit?
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28-32 days
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Do the kits of rabbits need to nurse many times a day?
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No, only 1-2 times a day
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What are two holding methods used in the rabbit?
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Football hold, and bunny burrito
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What sort of recumbancy will cause a hypnosis in rabbits?
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Dorsal recumbancy
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What are some characteristics of rabbit urine?
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Clear or cloudy, thick and creamy, varying colours
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What is the cause of the colour variance in rabbit urine?
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Porphyrins
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Where should IM injections be given in the rabbit?
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Large lumbar muscles on either side of the spine just cranial to the hips
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Where are SQ injections given in the rabbit?
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Scruff or just cranial to the hips
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What do snakes lack?
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Lack moveable eyelids, and external ear openings
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What do snakes have only one of?
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Functional lung
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How many species of snakes are there?
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over 2700 species
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How do snakes eat their prey?
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Eat them whole
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Are snakes prone to nutritional based disease?
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No, b/c they eat the whole animal
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How long after offering food should you take it away if the snake doesn't eat?
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15 minutes
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How long should heat sources be available to the snake?
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24 hours a day
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What sort of heat source should be avoided in the snake?
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Heat rocks
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What kind of heat source is preferred for the snake?
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Over head heat source
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What are the best choices for substrate for snakes?
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Butchers paper or newspaper
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How is determination of sex performed in the snake?
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Probing. Males probe deeper than females
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How many people are needed to restrain a snake?
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1 person for every 2-3' of the snake
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How many hours after eating should a snake not be held?
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24-48 hrs
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What causes lysis of RBC's in snakes blood?
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EDTA (purple top tube)
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What type of anticoagulant is preferred for the snake?
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Lithium heparin
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How can a snake be replenished with fluids?
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Soaking in a tub of water
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How are drugs usually administered?
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IM
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How many different kinds of birds are there?
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over 9000 species
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What are the common species of birds seen in practice?
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Budgies, finches, canaries, lovebirds, parrots, and cockateils
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What source of food can be given to birds as the sole source of nutrition?
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Pelleted food
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What kind of food should be avoided in the bird?
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Avocados
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Should high fat legumes be given in large or small quantities?
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Small amount
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What mineral should be provided to birds?
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Calcium
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Should iodine supplementation be given to birds? What kind? Why?
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Yes. Given to budgies. Given because they are prone to goiters
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What sort of metal is toxic to birds?
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Zinc or lead
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Bird neonates can be born as two types, what are they?
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Altrical (young, naked)
Precocial (feathered+walking) |
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How is sexing determined in birds?
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By species
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What does koi mean?
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Carp
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What acts as the first line of defense against pathogens in fish?
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The mucous coat
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Where are the scales located in the fish?
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In the dermis
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How many pairs of paired and unpaired fins do koi have?
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2 sets of paired
3 sets of unpaired |
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What is the purpose of gills in koi?
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Absorb O2, excrete waste and regulate ion and water balance
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What is the gill opening in the koi called?
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The operculum
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Does the koi have a stomach?
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No
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What temperature should koi be maintained at?
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18-20
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What are the 3 primary types of filtration used in koi fish?
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Mechanical, biologic and chemical
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Describe the mechanical filtration system used in koi
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Removes organic debris from water by passing it through a filter
Should be used in combination with other systems |
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Describe biologic filtration in koi fish
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Most common
Essential for the removal of toxic compounds Takes time to get established |
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What are the guinea pigs commonly referred to?
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Cavies
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What are the names of the male, female guinea pigs?
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Male- boar
Female- sow |
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What type of breeder are guinea pigs?
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Non-seasonally polyestrous
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When is puberty in the male and female guinea pigs?
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Male- 3-4 mths
Female- 2-3 mths |
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Do guinea pigs require any type of extra supplementation?
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Yes, Vit C
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Should the floors of enclosure be solid or slated?
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Solid
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When should the females have their first litter by?
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By age 6 mths, before the pelvic symphisis fuses
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How long is gestation in the guinea pigs?
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63 days
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Where are the guinea pigs native to?
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South america
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What type of shavings should be avoided?
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Cedar and pine
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Where is the hamster native to?
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Middle east and southeastern europe
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What type of estrous cycles does the female hamster have?
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Nonseasonally polyestrous
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When is puberty in the male and female hamster?
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Male- 10-14wks
Female- 6-10wks |
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What type of food is not recommended for the hamster?
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Commercial hamster food
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Are hamster balls recommended?
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No, too stressful
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How long is gestation in the hamster?
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15-18 days
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How long after giving birth should the female hamster and her young not be disturbed for?
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7 days
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Where are gerbils native to?
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Mongolian desert
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Should gerbils be housed together or seperately?
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Seperately
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When is puberty in the male and female gerbil?
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Male- 75-85 days
Female- 65-85 days |
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Is commercial food recommended for gerbils?
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No
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What food should be avoided in the gerbil? why?
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Sunflower seeds, have a high fat content
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How long is the gestation period in the gerbil?
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24-26 days
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What is the male gerbil commonly referred to as?
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"mr mom"
participates in the caring of the young |
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Where is the chinchilla a native to?
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South America
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What is a defense mechanism that the chinchilla has?
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"Fur slip"
when grabbed the hair will be shed in clumps |
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What type of estrous cycle does the chinchilla have?
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Seasonally polyestrous (nov-may)
but have been known to breed all year |
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When is puberty in the chinchilla?
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~8 mths
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Are chinchillas herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores?
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Herbivores
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Is it ok to feed a chinchilla a commercial diet?
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yes
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What condition are chinchillas prone to?
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heat stroke
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What special need do chinchillas have?
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they need to have a dust bath provided to them
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What is the gestation in the chinchilla?
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105-115 days
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Are males or females aggressive?
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Females
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Are new baby chinchillas precocious?
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Yes
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What can be used as an alternative to a commercial dust bath mix?
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A 9:1 ration of silver sand and fullers earth
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Are IM injections recommended in the chinchilla?
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No
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What is a chinchillas favourite treat?
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Raisins
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Can medication be given orally to the chinchilla?
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Yes, in a liquid form
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Is IM injections recommended in the hamster?
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No. if necessary should use the quads or gluteals
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What is a normal finding in the hamsters urine?
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Proteinuria
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What are acceptable bedding materials for the hamster?
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Kleenex, newspaper, hardwood, and paper towel
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Where are degus native to?
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Chile
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Do degus prefer to be alone or housed with others?
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Housed with others
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When is puberty in the degu?
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3-6 mths
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What should the degus diet consist of?
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High quality guinea pig or chinchilla pellets and timothy hay
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What type of foods should be avoided in the degu?
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Fruits and sugary snacks
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What do some sources say to avoid in the degu?
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Grains
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What type of food should be offered in very small amounts?
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Cabbage family members
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What is the length of gestation in the degu?
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87-93 days
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Are baby degus born precocious or not?
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Yes they are
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In general do degus like to be handled?
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No, they don't like to be handled
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Where is the hedgehog a native of?
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Africa
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What is a behavior that the hedgehog performs when faced with a new object or smell?
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Anting. They salivate profusely and rub it all over their spines
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When is puberty in the hedgehogs?
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Male- 6-8 mths
Female- 2-6 mths |
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What should the hedgehog diet consist of?
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Hedgehog pellets, and fruit and veg, nuts/seeds and insects
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When do hedgehogs eat the most?
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At night
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What type of bedding is not recommended for the hedgehog?
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Woodchips and cloth towels
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Should hedgehogs be housed together or seperately?
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Either or
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How long is the gestation period in the hedgehog?
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34-37 days
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Is early breeding a good idea in the hedgehog?
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No. Early breeding can lead to neonatal death, maternal death or small litter size
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How are SQ injections given in the hedgehog?
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Ventrally
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Are IM injections recommended in the hedgehog?
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No
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What is the Russell and Birch tenants pertaining to lab animals?
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Everyone in research must strive to
1. Reduce 2. Refine 3. Replace |
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What are sentinel animals in research?
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They are animals that are immunocompromised, they are sacrificed if they become sick to determine what contagious organisms are present
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How do diploid cells create more cells?
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Through mitosis
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What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
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1. Prophase
2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
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What is the process by which egg and sperm cells are created?
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Meiosis
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What are diploid and haploid cells?
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Diploid- contain a full set of chromosomes
Haploid- Only contain half the number of chromosomes |
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What are the DNA bases?
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Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine.
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What is an allele?
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1 of 2 (or more) alternative forms of a gene in the same site in each of a pair of chromosomes
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Can alleles be dominate or recessive, or both?
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Both
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What is a genotype?
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the alleles present at one or more specific loci
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What is a phenotype?
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The outward appearance of the animal in all its anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics
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What are the 3 types of breeding situations used for lab animals?
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1. Monogamous- gerbils
2. Polygamous- mice and rats 3. Separately housed- hamsters and rabbits |
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What is outbreeding also referred to as?
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Random breeding
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What is an advantage of inbreeding?
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Produces animals that are homozygous at 99% of all alleles
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What is hybrid breeding?
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Using the parents from 2 different inbred strains
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Which sex is most likely to fight in regards to mice?
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The male
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Mice have a good sense of ...
and have poor... |
smell, and eye sight
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Do mice have sweat glands?
If not then how do they get rid of excess body heat? |
No
Get rid of it by their ears and tail, through vasodilation |
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What type of breeding pairs are used with mice?
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Monogamous and polygamous
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Polygamous systems may be either 2 different types
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triads (2 females/male) or harems which is (3-5 females/male)
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What is the brown rat also called?
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The Norway rat
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What type of studied are the rats good candidates for?
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Behavioural studies
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What are 3 signs of aggression in the rat?
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1. Arching of the back
2. Chattering of the teeth 3. Standing "like a boxer" |
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Rats prefer to walk with the least part of their body in direct contact with a vertical surface, this is called...
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Thigmotaxis
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How should the laboratory mouse and rat be housed?
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They should be housed in groups
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What are the majority of lab rats and mice fed?
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Commercial rodent pellets
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How should the water be given to the laboratory mouse and rat?
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Acidified, to prevent the spread of pathogenic substances
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Name 3 clinical conditions in the rat?
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1. Ringtail
2. Pneumonia 3. Tyzzer's disease |
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Name 3 clinical conditions in the mouse?
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1. Reovirus 3 infection
2. Mouse hepatitis virus 3. Sendai virus infection |
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What is the lee boot effect?
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When female mice are housed together their estrous cycles slow and eventually stop
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What is the whitten effect?
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When group housed female mice are exposed to a fertile male they will start estrous within 72 hours
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What is the bruce effect?
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Females exposed to strange males within 48hrs of coitus will block pregnancy or return to estrous within 4-5 days
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