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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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Maintains internal consistency
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Endocrine vs. Exocrine
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Endocrine - ductless; secretes into bloodstream
Exocrine - ducts; secretes into ducts |
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ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone
Also called vasopressin Causes retention of water Helps in osmoregulation One of the major hormones in the body Dehydration H2O Concentration of salts Overhydration H2O Concentration of salts ADH - retain water causes Blood volume Blood Pressure Concentration |
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Pineal Gland
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Controls sleep/wake cycles
Produces melatonin Melatonin is a sleep aid Melatonin is similar in amino acid sequence to serotonin |
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Oxytocin
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Causes smooth muscle contraction
Positive feedback loop in labor |
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Hypothalamus
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Diencephalon
Responsible for : sexual behavior temperature regulation Hunger, thirst, satisfied feeling of fullness Autonomic function Osmoregulation (ADH) Endocrine function |
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Hypothalamus
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Produces releasing and inhibitin ghormones to influence the anterior pituitary gland
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Hypothalamus
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Connected to pituitary gland through the infundibulum
Produces ADH and oxytocin |
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Anterior Pituitary
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Produces 7 hormones
Prolactin GH ACTH TSH MSH FSH LH |
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Pituitary Gland
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Anterior - adenohypophysis
Posterior - neurohypophysis Posterior pituitary doesn't produce anything - it stores and secretes; is neurosecretory cells |
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Anterior Pituitary
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Some of the hormones are tropic hormones
Tropic hormones influence another endocrine organ ir tissue to produce another hormone |
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Prolactin
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PRL
Causes milk production |
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Growth Hormone
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GH or HGH (human growth hormone
Causes growth; maturation Affects almost all tissues of the body |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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TSH
Thyrotropin Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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ACTH
Corticotropin Causes the adrenal cortex to secrete other hormones (glucocorticoids; cortisol) |
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
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MSH
Stimulates pigmentation - production of melanin |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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FSH
Tropic hormone Causes folicle maturation in the ovary stimulates extrogen production by the ovary Stimulates spermatogenesis (sperm formation) in males |
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Luteinizing Hormone
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LH
Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone Tropic Hormone Assists FSH Stimulates the corpus luteum in the ovary and ovulation Stimulates production of progesterone in females Stimulates production of testosterone in males |
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Thyroid Gland
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Gland in the neck
Regulates basal metabolism, growth and maturation, and helps to maintain and develop the nervous sytem |
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Thyroid Gland
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Follicular cells produce:
T3 - triiodothyroxine T4 - tetraiodothyroxine Parafollicular cells (C cells)produce: Calcitonin - decreases blood calcium levels Cretinism - mild mental retardation; disease caused by hypothyroidism at birth |
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Parathyroid Gland
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4 glands
Embedded in thyroid gland Dark staining Produces PTH (parathyroid hormone) - increases blood Ca levels |
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Adrenal Glands
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In the abdominal cavity
Sit on top of the kidneys Outer part - adrenal cortex Inner part - Adrenal medulla |
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Adrenal Cortex
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Outer part
Has 2 zones: Zona glomerulosa - produces aldosterone Zona fasciculata - produces cortisol and androgens ? retucyularis |
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Adrenal Medulla
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Inner part of the adrenal gland
Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine Has function in regulation of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Pancreas
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Mixed gland
Endocrine and exocrine Exocrine - acinar cells produce enzymes that aid in digestion Endocrine - produce hormones in the Islets of Langerhans |
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Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans |
Beta cells - produce insulin - causes a decrease in blood sugar
Alpha cells - produce glucagon - causes an increase in blood sugar |
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Circulation/ Blood
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Systemic cicuit (circulation) - everywhere except the lungs
Pulmonary circuit - Vessels that go to and from the lungs |
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Flow of Blood
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Heart - arteries (away from heart) - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
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Capillaries
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One cell thick
Largest surface area of all the vessels No cell is ever too far from a capillary Function is exchange and transport - gets O2 and nutrients and hormones to cells and gets rid of waste products (CO2) and heat |
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Bodily Defense
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Immune/ lymphatic system
Fights infection and disease such as bacterial, and viral infections, and cancer Also aids in clotting |
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Immune/Lymphatic System
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Off shoot of circulatory system
Functions through the thymus gland Mediates immune responses and body defenses |
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Blood
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Fluid - connective tissue
Matrix - ground substance (chemicals) Fibers - blood clot - fibrin (final stage of blood clotting) Cellular components - formed elements |
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Blood Composition
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Plasma (55%)
Buffy Coat Erythrocytes |
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Plasma
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Plasma proteins
Solutes Water Wastes Nutrients Regulatory substances Gases Electrolytes |
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Plasma
Water |
Liquid portion of blood
Makes up about 92% of plasma Acts as a solvent for solid components of blood and absorbs, transports and releases heat |
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Plasma Proteins
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Albumins - major contributor to osmotic concentration which affects blood volume and blood pressure
Globulins Fibrinogen - essential for clotting These are all made in the liver |
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Plasma
Electrolytes |
Minerals or anything that gives blood its osmolarity
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Plasma
Regulatory Proteins |
Other proteins in plasma
Enzymes and hormones |
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Blood
Formed Elements |
See cells in a blood smear
Platelets White blood cells Red blood cells - most predominant |
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Blood
Formed Elements - Red blood cells |
Erythrocytes
RBCs Most predominant cell in blood - 99.9% of cells - 4-6 million/cubic mm Has hemoglobin that carries O2 and releases it Transports O2 and CO2 Shape - biconcave disc with no nucleus In sickle cell anemia, shape changes to a sickle (moon crescent shape) Life span - 100-120 days Rouleaux formation - stack of RBCs |
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Blood
Formed Elements - Platelets |
Also called thrombocytes
Least predomnant cell type in blood Cell fragments Formed from megakaryocytes which are giant cells; the megakaryocytes burst and leave the cell fragments which are platelets Carry granules to help in clotting |
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Blood
Formed Elements - White blood cells |
Also called leukocytes
Subdivided into granulocytes and agranulocytes Function in bodily defense Diapedesis - WBCs breaks into the lining (epithelium) to fight infection |
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Blood
Formed Elements - White blood cells - Granulocytes |
Have cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils - most predominant of leukocytes; 1st line of defense against infection; pus is made up of dead neutrophils Eosinophils - seen in allergies and parasitic infections Basophils - least common; |
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Blood
Formed Elements - White blood cells - Agranulocytes |
No granules in cytoplasm
Lymphocytes - same size as RBC on slide; B cells come from the bone marrow and become plasma cells which produce antibodies; T cells come from the thymus and fight disease - attack viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells Monocytes - function is phagocytosis |
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Lymphoid Tissue
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Major organs in the lymph system:
Lymph nodes tonsils Thymus |
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Hematopoiesis
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Also called Hemopoiesis
Process by which blood cells are formed Takes place in the red bone marrow (also called myeloid tissue) |
