Ahmad 1

Front 1

Postsynaptic potentials at the NMJ are measured by

Back 1

attaching 1 measuring electrode to measure voltage connected to amplifier that calculates difference between it and control electrode.

Front 2

Volt is a measure of

Back 2

potential difference

Front 3

Ampere is a measure of

Back 3

current.

Front 4

Deactivation of post-synaptic receptors occurs when

Back 4

agonist is removed.

Front 5

Desensitization of post-synaptic receptors occurs when

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agonist still binding to receptor, but signal goes away.

Front 6

Deactivation of post-synaptic receptors causes

Back 6

loss in synaptic transmission.

Front 7

Capacitance of post-synaptic membranes causes

Back 7

delay in current change.

Front 8

Single channel recording can be accomplished using

Back 8

patch clamp.

Front 9

The time course of current in single channel patch clamp does not mimic

Back 9

time course of synaptic current b/c all or none phenomenon.

Front 10

The maximum size of the synaptic current (change of synaptic potential) at the NMJ is

Back 10

closest to end plate

Front 11

Synaptic current signal decreases further away from NMJ because

Back 11

leakage of current by ion channels like potassium.

Front 12

Type I synapses are

Back 12

excitative.

Front 13

Type I/excitative synapse characteristics are

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large postsynaptic density, thick active zone, wide distance of synaptic cleft.

Front 14

Type II synapses are

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inhibitory.

Front 15

Type II/inhibitory synapse characteristics are

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smaller active zone and narrow synaptic cleft.

Front 16

The two types of glutamate receptors are

Back 16

ionotropic and metabotropic.

Front 17

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are activated when

Back 17

agonist (glutamate) binds.

Front 18

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are activated when

Back 18

G-protein signaling occurs.

Front 19

The types of ionotropic glutamate receptors are

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AMPA and NMDA.

Front 20

The role of APV is

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blocks NMDA receptors.

Front 21

APV is used to determine

Back 21

what percent of current was mediated by NMDA or AMPA receptors.

Front 22

APV determines what percent of current was mediated by NMDA or AMPA receptors by

Back 22

record current without APV, then with APV. APV(without) – APV(with) = amount of current by NMDA receptors. APV(without) = amount of current by AMPA receptors.

Front 23

The obligate subunit of glutamate receptor structure required for function is

Back 23

GluN1.

Front 24

Glutamate binds to the glutamate receptors are

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N-terminal and Loop.

Front 25

The AMPAR subunits that prevents passage of calcium is

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GluA2

Front 26

Density of sodium channels in a neuron is highest at

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axon hillock.

Front 27

Temporal summation of synaptic potentials is

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when they occur rapidly after each other

Front 28

Spatial summation of synaptic potentials is

Back 28

when multiple synapses fire on the same axon simultaneously.

Front 29

Retrograde/back propagating action potentials activate

Back 29

NMDA receptors.

Front 30

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors are

Back 30

GABA(A)

Front 31

The activation type of GABA(A) receptors is

Back 31

ionotropic and ligand-gated.

Front 32

The ligand for GABA(A) receptors is

Back 32

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 33

The major inhibitory NT of the CNS is

Back 33

GABA

Front 34

When activated, the GABA(A) receptor conducts

Back 34

chlorine.

Front 35

The result of GABA(A) activation is

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hyperpolarization.

Front 36

Action potential generation depends on

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excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) summation.

Front 37

Direct gating of NT is

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transmitter is ligand for channel

Front 38

Indirect gating of NT is

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1. transmitter is ligand for GPCR that uses second-messenger cascade to open channel, 2. Transmitter is ligand for Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that uses second-messenger cascade to open channel.

Front 39

Presynaptic modulation by indirect action causes

Back 39

increased post-synaptic potential

Front 40

Postsynaptic modulation by indirect action causes

Back 40

increased post-synaptic potential

Front 41

Modulation in cell body by indirection action causes

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increased duration of depolarization.

Front 42

Retrograde transmission is

Back 42

when synapse causes membrane-permeable modulators in post-synaptic cell to leave the cell and signal at receptors in pre-synaptic cell.