Agronomy 377: Tropical Cropping Systems: Exam 2

Front 1

what is the latin name for rubber?

Back 1

Hevea brasiliensis

Front 2

what is Hevea brasiliensis?

Back 2

rubber

Front 3

where is rubber's center of origin?

Back 3

the amazon

Front 4

what is the latin name for oil palm?

Back 4

Elaeis guineensis

Front 5

what is Elaeis guineensis?

Back 5

oil palm

Front 6

where is oil palm's center of origin?

Back 6

west africa

Front 7

what is the latin name for coffee?

Back 7

Coffea spp

Front 8

what is Coffea spp?

Back 8

coffee

Front 9

where is coffee's center of origin?

Back 9

ethiopia

Front 10

what is the latin name for cassava?

Back 10

Manihot esculenta

Front 11

what is Manihot esculenta?

Back 11

cassava

Front 12

where is cassava's center of origin?

Back 12

brazil

Front 13

what is the latin name for rice?

Back 13

Oryza sativa

Front 14

what is Oryza sativa?

Back 14

rice

Front 15

where is rice's center of origin?

Back 15

Far East

Front 16

what is the latin name for corn?

Back 16

Zea mays

Front 17

what is Zea mays?

Back 17

corn

Front 18

where is corn's center of origin?

Back 18

southern mexico

Front 19

what is the latin name for banana?

Back 19

Musa spp

Front 20

what is Musa spp?

Back 20

banana

Front 21

where is the center of origin of banana?

Back 21

southeast asia

Front 22

what are some effects of vitamin A deficiency?

Back 22

lowered immune system and blindness

Front 23

vitamin A deficiency can be very severe in countries where the -- food contains no form of the vitamin.

Back 23

staple

Front 24

golden rice is a type of rice that contains ---.

Back 24

beta-carotene

Front 25

how much of daily needs for vitamin A can be supplied by golden rice?

Back 25

half

Front 26

how early may some golden rice varieties in philippines and bangladesh?

Back 26

2012

Front 27

why won't golden rice cost extra for farmers?

Back 27

the inventors are donating it to farmers below a certain income

Front 28

what is the definition of a cereal?

Back 28

grasses grown for edible seed

Front 29

what is the difinition of a small grain?

Back 29

cereals that have small seed and are relatively small and fine structured

Front 30

what are grain crops?

Back 30

refers to crops in which we harvest the seeds

Front 31

what are feed grains?

Back 31

grains that are used primarily (>50%) as livestock feed

Front 32

how is the annual cropping nature of cereals beneficial to farmers?

Back 32

it allows for double cropping

Front 33

what is unique about cereals in relation to yield?

Back 33

they have increased 2-3 times in the last 40 years

Front 34

what is the harvest index of grains?

Back 34

crop yield/yield + stover (about 50% currently for most grains)

Front 35

what percent of world crop area is plantations?

Back 35

10

Front 36

there are few plantations in --- and --- due to difficulty with trade and european focus.

Back 36

asia and africa

Front 37

what is the advantage of root and tuber crops for poor farmers?

Back 37

they establish a photosynthetic factory and simultaneously begin storing CH2O in storage organs. if the season is disrupted, there still are small roots available.

Front 38

what is a tuber?

Back 38

a below ground stem modified for storage

Front 39

what is a corm?

Back 39

a swollen base of stem axis, bearing buds in the axil of the scale-like leaf

Front 40

what is a rhizome?

Back 40

a below ground stem modified as an organ of perennation or vegetative prpagation.

Front 41

what is the "feminization of poverty"?

Back 41

women do the farming while eating less because "what was good for men was good for the family"

Front 42

for counteract the the feminization of poverty, governments attempt to keep -- prices low while keeping --- prices high.

Back 42

staple; export

Front 43

what percent of world agriculture is done by women?

Back 43

50

Front 44

what percent of farm work in africa is done by women?

Back 44

80

Front 45

what did the Women in Development Act (1988) do?

Back 45

brought women to the mainstream by trying to alleviate problems that keep them down in society

Front 46

what do the men do while women farm in most countries?

Back 46

move into the cities and work in industry to earn income

Front 47

in rural china, women comprise more than -- percent of the ag labor force.

Back 47

85

Front 48

as populations increase, ag systems shift from swidden ag to ---, and then from there to ---.

Back 48

rotational cultivation; semi-permanent cultivation

Front 49

deforestation is less correlated with population changes than it is with --.

Back 49

policy

Front 50

in the humid tropics, the temperature varies less that -- degrees C between the coolest and warmest months.

Back 50

5

Front 51

in humid tropics, there is a period of less than 4 months where the potential evaporation exceeds --.

Back 51

rainfall

Front 52

what percent of greenhouse gas emissions are from rainforest destruction?

Back 52

20

Front 53

is oil palm a monocot or dicot?

Back 53

monocot

Front 54

are oil palm flowers perfect?

Back 54

no

Front 55

how are oil palms pollinated?

Back 55

wind

Front 56

which is higher quality, palm oil for the mesocarp or from the kernal?

Back 56

kernal

Front 57

oil palm needs -- for the best yields.

Back 57

sunshine

Front 58

--- percent of palm oil production is from asia?

Back 58

90

Front 59

is oil palm difficult to germinate?

Back 59

yes

Front 60

the key with palm oil is not to refuse to buy it, but to buy --- palm oil.

Back 60

green

Front 61

palm oil provides -- times as much energy as it takes to produce.

Back 61

ten

Front 62

Musa acuminata is which type of banana?

Back 62

the kind we eat; triploid

Front 63

Musa balbisiana is which type of banana?

Back 63

plantains; hybrid with little seed

Front 64

what is the stem of banana?

Back 64

a corm containing leaf and flower primordia; also new shoots called suckers

Front 65

banana is stimulative parthenocarpic, meaning that the fruit develops without ---.

Back 65

pollination

Front 66

why is wind devastating to banana?

Back 66

it is a shallow rooted plant

Front 67

what type of cropping system is banana planted in?

Back 67

intercropped system

Front 68

in uganda, how many pounds of bananas are eaten per capita on a daily basis?

Back 68

2

Front 69

why is banana so cheap?

Back 69

the labor costs are so low and only one variety is eaten

Front 70

why is banana production down in tanzania?

Back 70

lowered soil fertility; forces farmers to expand corn and cassava production

Front 71

unlike palms, rubber trees have a very long ---.

Back 71

taproot

Front 72

where is latex production most efficient within a rubber tree?

Back 72

near the cambium

Front 73

rubber is only grown in what type of tropics?

Back 73

humid

Front 74

92% of rubber production is in --.

Back 74

asia

Front 75

what is interesting about rubber root stocks?

Back 75

they are grafted

Front 76

how much rubber bark is opened each year per side of a tree?

Back 76

1 foot

Front 77

latex is a complex --.

Back 77

carbohydrate

Front 78

what percent of the rubber produced goes into the auto industry?

Back 78

70

Front 79

which plant is a small, understory evergreen tree or shrub?

Back 79

coffee

Front 80

does coffee have a perfect flower?

Back 80

yes

Front 81

which coffee type is produced in a cooler climate?

Back 81

arabica

Front 82

which coffee type is produced in a warmer climate?

Back 82

canephora or robusta

Front 83

what provokes the flowering of coffee?

Back 83

rains

Front 84

which coffee type is considered "bird friendly"?

Back 84

arabica

Front 85

what is the biggest problem in the coffee market?

Back 85

there is too much coffee produced and big roasters can profit greatly

Front 86

because cassava's top growth and starch accumulation, it is less susceptible to periodic -- pressure.

Back 86

pest

Front 87

how bitter or sweet cassava is depends on the content of -- acid content.

Back 87

prussic (HCN)

Front 88

is cassava very drought tolerant?

Back 88

yes

Front 89

what is the function of mycorrhizal fungi in cassava?

Back 89

help with P uptake

Front 90

how is cassava typically planted?

Back 90

in mounts or ridges

Front 91

which crop is a biological indicator of standard of living?

Back 91

cassava

Front 92

how is cassava helpful in crop rotation?

Back 92

the litter from its leaves makes nutrients more available for subsequent crops

Front 93

why is cassava often "stored" in the ground?

Back 93

it decomposed quickly in the air due to its high water content

Front 94

rice is a staple of the diet for more than -- of the world.

Back 94

half

Front 95

rice produces -- percent of the world's calories.

Back 95

half

Front 96

what makes the difference between hard and soft rice varieties?

Back 96

the ratio of amylopectin to amlyose; the more amylopectin, the softer and sweeter the rice

Front 97

is rice a true aquatic plant?

Back 97

no

Front 98

what enables rice to be submerged without dying?

Back 98

it can transport oxygen to its roots

Front 99

can rice be ratooned?

Back 99

yes

Front 100

what is the most adaptive crop?

Back 100

rice

Front 101

what is an advantage of deepwater rice?

Back 101

less weed control and drought stress

Front 102

what is limiting in a lowland/irrigated rice system?

Back 102

nitrogen

Front 103

what is winnowing?

Back 103

wind removal of unwanted hulls from grain

Front 104

does parboiling of rice improve nutritional quality of rice?

Back 104

yes

Front 105

golden rice is made from genes from which two plants?

Back 105

daffodil and pea

Front 106

is corn monoecious?

Back 106

yes

Front 107

what is dent corn?

Back 107

large kernels with central core of floury endosperm that shrinks upon drying

Front 108

what is flint corn?

Back 108

large, smooth kernels with mainly hard endosperm but with small, floury center

Front 109

what is popcorn?

Back 109

small, smooth kernals with hard endosperm

Front 110

what is sweetcorn?

Back 110

large kernels with carbohydrates stored as sugars

Front 111

though native to the tropics, corn is most productive in which zone?

Back 111

temperate

Front 112

do mycorryhiza help corn take up P too?

Back 112

yes

Front 113

what is the limiting factor for corn growth?

Back 113

N

Front 114

what is a milpa system?

Back 114

corn grown with squash and beans