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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 kilogram equals -- pounds.
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2.2
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kg/hectare equals --pounds/acre
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0.9
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1 liter equals --- quarts.
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1.05
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1 hectare equals -- acres.
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2.5
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1 meter equals --- feet.
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3.3
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what is ratoon?
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the crop produces a second wave or crop on its own, though only 30 percent as productive as the first
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what is quinoa?
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lambsquarters
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what is amaranthus?
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pigweed
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why are potatoes in bolivia planted around water?
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to prevent freezing
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what are the two challenges agriculture faces?
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climate change and exploitation of natural resources
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what are the natufian?
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the people of the near east thought to have started agriculture
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what percent of north america and austrailia use imported germplasm?
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90
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96 percent of global crop genetics come from six regions of the ---- world.
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third
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what percent of peru comes from hydroelectricity?
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80
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what is causing drought in africa?
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warming trends in the indian ocean
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how has the world attempted to control carbon use?
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putting a unit and price on CO2 emission
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how many countries ratified the kyoto?
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176; not the US
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what percent of solar radiation hits the ground?
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47
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the ironic thing about adapting agriculture is that it seemed actually --- the health of people.
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reduce
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what was the ultimatum for adapting agriculture?
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limit population or increase food supply
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how did annuals become favored in agriculture?
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droughts pushed it that way
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what is an example of ecosystem manipulation?
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fishermen learning to replant yam cuttings
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what is an example of ecosystem replacement?
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modern agriculture
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which three nutrients does seed agriculture deplete from the soil?
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N,P,K
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the north is gene ---, which the south is gene ---.
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poor, rich
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what is the best way to help tropical countries with their germplasm?
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train breeders and install breeding programs
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Domestication of crops came about because of crowding due to --.
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climate stress
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Drought favors annuals/perennials over annuals/perennials.
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annuals over perennials
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where did barley and wheat develop?
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fertile crescent
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where did squash, corn, and peanuts develop?
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peru
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where did taro and banana develop?
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new guinea
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where did corn and beans develop?
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central mexico
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where did rice develop?
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south china
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where did potatoes develop?
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south central andes
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where did millet and sorghum develop?
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sub-saharan africa
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sedentary villages actually still depended heavily on --- and ---.
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hunting and gathering
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what is a 'blended economy'?
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some agriculture with some natural ecosystem. recessional seeding in river floodplain
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what is an example of ecosystem manipulation?
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sedentary fishermen replanting yam cuttings
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what is an example of ecosystem replacement?
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modern agriculture
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what type of agriculture slowly began to dominate, allowing agriculture in semi-arid zones?
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seed
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which fruit dispersed itself from the pacific to south america?
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coconuts
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what enabled crop disperal in europe?
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the silk route to china
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what is the best way to help tropical countries with the germplasm controversy?
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increase funding of public breeders, international centers, and training centers
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it is important to create a biosphere for --- relatives so that they can survive and continue natural evolution.
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wild
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the tropic of cancer is --- degrees north.
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23.5
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the tropic of capricorn is -- degrees south.
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23.5
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what solstices are june --- and dec ---.
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21, 22
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the equinoxes are sept --- and mar ---.
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22, 20
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radiation is --- in the area of the tropics.
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perpendicular
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only ---% change in radiation in the tropics occurs over a year.
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15
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a --- fold change in radiation occurs from summer to winter in temperate zones.
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4
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clouds in the tropics only can reduce --- to ---% of radiation.
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40-70
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what is intertropical convergence zone?
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zone of low pressure (warm air rising) leading to rainfall due to adiabatic cooling (cooling because as heat rises and hits cooler air, water vapor condenses)
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radiation induced circulation patterns cause low pressure at the --- (humid climate) and high pressure at --- (deserts).
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equator, 30 degrees latitude
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which direction do the trade winds run in each hemisphere?
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NE in the north, SE in the south
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what are the doldrums?
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no wind at the equator
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what are 3 causes of precipitation?
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conventional precipitation, frontal precipitation, and orographic precipitation
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what is conventional precipitation?
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warm air rises and cools, water vapor condenses as rain
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what is frontal precipitation?
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two fronts collide, one moves up and cools, water vapor condenses
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what is orographic precipitation?
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rising air hits mountains and cools, water vapor condenses
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what is the definition of wet tropics?
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rainfall exceeds evaporation for at least 10 months/year
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what is the definition of wet-and-dry tropics?
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at least one period of more than two months in which rainfall is not adequate to maintain crop growth
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what is the definition of dry tropics?
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rainfall is not enough to grow crops
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what is a bimodal or unimodal rain pattern also called?
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monsoon season
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rainfall variability is very -- in the semi-arid tropics.
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high
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around the world, there is an 8 fold difference in water infiltration due to --- type.
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soil
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soil water storage characteristics are dependent on ---- and -----.
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organic matter and soil type
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what are a few things that can affect infiltration, evaporation, and runoff of the soil?
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crop cover, mulches, and tillage
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what is potential evaporation? what is it a function of?
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evaporation from a pan; radiation and wind speed
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what is Kc (crop coefficient)?
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relates crop water needs with pan evaporation
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what is the greenhouse effect?
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increased gases in atmosphere that trap and heat
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what are the three disasters that current warming could result in?
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intensified hydrolic cycle, more crop pests, tropics moving out of the growing zone
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peru's glaciers have reduced by --% in the past 30 years.
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25
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70% of peru's population lives along the desert near --% of its water.
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2
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25% of peru's population lives near the andes and amazon, composing --% of its water.
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75%
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in bolivia, much of the water problem politically speaking is credited to what?
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the nationalization of previously french managed water utility
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what is the concept of 'climate debt'?
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an increase in carbon is necessary to industrialize undeveloped countries
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the heating of the indian ocean will result in short rainy season for --- africa.
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eastern
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what is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)?
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industrial countries invest in clean development projects in developing countries
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what is Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degredation (REDD)?
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compensation to countries for the costs of keeping their forest intact; non-deforestation certificates
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what is an example of voluntary measures for carbon off-sets?
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chicago climate exchange
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what is an ecosystem?
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level of organization that involves the organisms, the environment, and all of the interactions between
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what does structure mean for an ecosystem?
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species diversity, dominance, vegetational structure, trophic structure, and stability
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what does function mean for an ecosystem?
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energy flow, nutrient cycling, and succession
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what is an agro-ecosystem?
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an ecosystem that produces humanly-useful products
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what does structure mean for an agroecosystem?
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crops, animals, gardens, houses, pasture, forests, wetlands
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what does function mean for agroecosystems?
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energy flow, nutrient cycles, weed supression, and pest control
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all energy comes from the sun and moves unidirectionally through the ecosystem to be lost as ---.
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heat
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what is the first law of thermodynamics?
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matter can't be created or destroyed
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what is the second law of thermodynamics?
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every transfer is inefficient and some energy is lost
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what percent of energy is transferred between trophic levels?
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10
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what is the general equation for photosynthesis?
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water, C02, energy --> sugar, oxygen
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what is gross primary product?
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total solar energy converted to chemical energy
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what is the general equation for respiration?
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sugar and oxygen --> C02, water, and energy
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what is net primary productivity?
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total solar energy converted to biomass
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what is biological cultural energy?
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human labor, animal traction
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what is industrial cultural energy?
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fuel, fertilizer, pesticides, and feed additives
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one way we can compare efficiency is to examine the kcal input to ---.
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output
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generally, unmechanized systems are more efficient, but are more dependent on -- labor.
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human
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as an agroecosystem becomes more modified from the natural system, it takes more -- to maintain it.
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energy
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where does labor go in a swidden system?
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brushing and felling; little time weeding
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where does the energy go in a semi-intensive or intensive rainfed sytem?
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land preparation and weeding
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what are a few ways that industrial cultural energy inputs can be reduced?
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minimal tillage, efficient irrigation, crop rotation, grazing
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what are a few ways the food system can be modified to help the environment?
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buying locally, food miles vs. life cycle analysis, and pasture-fed livestock
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what is an example of more efficient production despite many food miles?
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new zealand lamn
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if nothing is done, 98% of indonesian and malaysian rainforests will be gone in -- years.
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15
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38 of 47 poorest countries are oil ---.
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importers
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which plant component is an obstacle in ethanol formation?
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lignin
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how much of the soil volume is pore space?
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half
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at field capacity, what percent of the pore space is full of water?
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half
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what percent of soil is organic matter (range)
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1-5
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what are the horizons of soil?
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1. organics
2. mineral and humus (plowed level) 3. deposited clays/iron oxides 4. least weathered horizon 5. parent material |
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what are the three soil textures?
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sand, silt, and clay
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what is soil structure?
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the arrangement of individual soil particles or 'peds' which are characterized by their size and shape
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what are a few biotic processes that determine soil structure?
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mixing with worms and ants, framentation form arthropods, decomposition from bact and fungi
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what are the two fractions of soil organic matter?
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carbon pools and detritus
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what is soil detritus?
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surface layer of animal and plant material in the process of decay
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what are three reasons that soil organic matter is important?
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structure, nutrients, and fuel for the food web
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what are the six macronutrients of the soil?
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N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg
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what soil pH leads to acidity problems?
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5
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what pH provides alkalinity problems?
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8
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what are oxisols and ultisols?
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oldest soils of the humid tropics
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what are alfisols?
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soils of the semi-arid tropics
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what are entisols?
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new soils associated with disturbed terrain
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what are andisols?
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volcanic soils
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what are vertisols?
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heavy clay soils
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converting to no-till can result in carbon sequestration but after about --- years, a new equilibrium is reached.
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30
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what nutrients cycle in a a volatile cycle?
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N, S, (CH0)
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Nutrient cycles are mediated by ---, which are found in the 5% organic matter.
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microbes
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What are three reasons that humid tropic nutrient losses from undisturbed forests low?
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1. deep roots
2. mycorrihizae 3. tight synchrony of plants/microbes |
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what are two reasons that slash and burn is so successful in its first few years?
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1. tremendous nutrient reserves are held in forest biomass
2. nutrients are readily available |
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greater emphasis on small household --- along with pen animals help the country of zimbabwe.
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gardens
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what is crucial to many intensively managed systems around the world, such as chinese pig farms?
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manure
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what was the key to getting malawi out of poverty?
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fertilizer subsidies
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what is drainage?
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the idea of leaching volume
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what influences run-off and erosion?
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cover, slope, rain, soil stability, barriers
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how does a crop cover prevent erosion?
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it slows down the rain from terminal velocity so it doesn't displace soil
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when terracing, soil should be shoveled upward/downward.
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upward
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what is a common species used for grass barriers due to its un-palatable characteristic?
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vetiver grass
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what is a technology used to level stone terraces?
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hose leveling
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