Agronomy 350: World Hunger & Malnutrition: Exam 2

Front 1

working full time at $11/hr, how much does one make annually?

Back 1

$22,000, which is hardly enough to survive by

Front 2

what is the most expensive aspect of financial survival?

Back 2

housing

Front 3

what percent of 2006 college graduates still live at home?

Back 3

46

Front 4

what are two effects of malunutrition in the first trimester of pregnancy?

Back 4

miscarriage and birth defects

Front 5

what occurs most importantly between 18-24 months of age?

Back 5

brain development

Front 6

what is a result of malnurishment at a childhood age?

Back 6

stunting

Front 7

what is a problem with chronic stunting in a mother's life?

Back 7

it makes childbirth difficult, causing a very high number of deaths at birth

Front 8

breast is --.

Back 8

best

Front 9

what is the transmission rate of HIV from mother to child from breast milk?

Back 9

10-20%

Front 10

what is spillover when talking about bottle feeding?

Back 10

selling bottles to non-HIV women that use them instead of breast feeding.

Front 11

underweight babies can be stunted as high at --%.

Back 11

40

Front 12

what are the two most important places for intervention in the human life cycle?

Back 12

pregnancy and infancy

Front 13

what are the four types of malnutrition?

Back 13

overnutrition, secondary mal, micronutrient mal, and protein-calorie mal

Front 14

what is another name for a western diet?

Back 14

transition diet (to fats and sugars)

Front 15

what is secondary malnutrition?

Back 15

malnutrition resulting from a conditon preventing ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients

Front 16

in secondary malnutrition, what are two things that cause loss of appetite?

Back 16

illness and parasite

Front 17

in secondary malnutrition, what are two things that alter metabolism?

Back 17

infection/fever and HIV/AIDS

Front 18

in secondary malnutrition, what is something that prevents nutrient absorption?

Back 18

diarrhea infection

Front 19

in secondary malnutrition, what are two things that cause a diversion of nutrients to parasites?

Back 19

hookworms/tapeworms and malaria

Front 20

anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and a loss of appetite are most often losses due to --.

Back 20

parasite

Front 21

what is the best way to be sanitary?

Back 21

clean water

Front 22

what is the best way to prevent worms?

Back 22

wearing shoes

Front 23

what are some simple factors that can greatly reduce impacts of secondary malnutrition?

Back 23

washing food, using soap, and also education

Front 24

which three micronutrients are most commonly deficieny?

Back 24

vitamin A, iodine, and iron

Front 25

what are calories responsible for in the body?

Back 25

energy, BMR, physical and mental activity, immune function

Front 26

what are proteins responsible for in the body?

Back 26

muscles, membranes, carrying oxygen and nutrients, enzymes, antibodies

Front 27

in caloric malnutrition, when does hunger subside?

Back 27

after 2-3 days

Front 28

in caloric malnutrition, how long does it take for urine output to severely drop off?

Back 28

a week

Front 29

in caloric malnutrition, why do 1/3 of people feel nauseous?

Back 29

ketone production due to body fat breakdown

Front 30

in caloric malnutrition, do electrolypases (K) change? why?

Back 30

no; renal conservation occurs, keeping potassium levels high

Front 31

in caloric malnutrition, after 5-7 days there is a postitive/negative balance in the body.

Back 31

negative (due to gluconeogenisis and reduced urination)

Front 32

in caloric malnutrition, the metabolism gradually slows and after one month there has been a great reduction in --.

Back 32

gluconeogenisis

Front 33

what are the first and second sources of energy while experiencing caloric malnutrition?

Back 33

1. gluconeogenisis
2. fat ketones (serum fatty acid levels increase)

Front 34

what are ketones produced from?

Back 34

fatty acids

Front 35

ketones with oxygen are then able to make ---.

Back 35

ATP

Front 36

are ketones an efficient source of energy?

Back 36

no

Front 37

in caloric malnutrion, there is an increase/decrease in plasma insulin

Back 37

decrease

Front 38

in caloric manutrition, there is an increase/decrease in glucagon?

Back 38

increase

Front 39

does BMR lower of long periods of starvation?

Back 39

yes

Front 40

during caloric malnutrition, how more weight it lost in the first week (about .7-1.3 kg/day). why?

Back 40

mostly salt and water is lost then

Front 41

what are a few effects of decreased BMR?

Back 41

decreased activity, increased sleep, decreased body temperature

Front 42

when does weight loss taper off in caloric malnutrition?

Back 42

after 5-6 weeks

Front 43

in the minnesota keyes study, subjects lost an average of --% body weight.

Back 43

25

Front 44

how many weeks did it take on average for full recovery in the keyes study?

Back 44

33 weeks

Front 45

does protein energy deficiency result in altered oxygen use?

Back 45

yes

Front 46

changes in food intake result in decreased --- demands.

Back 46

nutrient

Front 47

with protein energy malnutrition, insulin levels lower, leading to -- changes.

Back 47

hormonal

Front 48

with protein energy malnutrition, as a need for oxygen decreases so does the -- count.

Back 48

red blood cell

Front 49

with protein energy malnutrition, as lean mass decreases, --- muscle atrophies form.

Back 49

cardiac

Front 50

what are two effects of protein energy malnutrition on cardiovascular reflexes?

Back 50

postural hypotension and peripheral circulation failure

Front 51

though renal function decreases with with protein energy malnutrition, -- is still successful.

Back 51

urine

Front 52

in protein energy malnutrition, because respiratory and diaphagmatic muscles are catabolized, there is increased --- in the blood.

Back 52

CO2

Front 53

in protein energy malnutrition, the amount of t cells is raised/lowered.

Back 53

lowered

Front 54

what are cytokines?

Back 54

chemical messengers

Front 55

are immune damages permanent?

Back 55

no

Front 56

in protein energy malnutrition, there is a depletion of lymphocytes and the --- gland.

Back 56

thymus

Front 57

in protein energy malnutrition, B-lymphocytes don't make ---.

Back 57

antibodies

Front 58

with decreased electrolytes, there is decreased --- in the body which effects Na/K pumps and caused over hydration in the cells.

Back 58

ATP

Front 59

in caloric malnutrition, decreased --- in bile results in diarrhea and bacterial overgrowth in the GI tract.

Back 59

enzymes

Front 60

what is hypoprolnemia in the GI tract?

Back 60

edema which decreases absorption and causes diarrhea

Front 61

what are two diseases that are examples of protein energy malnutrition?

Back 61

kwashiokor and marasmus

Front 62

what disease complicates kwashiorkor?

Back 62

malaria

Front 63

what causes the edema in kwashiorkor?

Back 63

no free amino acids due to protein deficiency which leads to decreased liver proteins and thus decreased oncotic pressure leading to swelling

Front 64

what are some characteristics of kwashiorkor?

Back 64

edema, skin lesions, brittle hair, flag stripes

Front 65

what are some characteristics of marasmus?

Back 65

wasting, dry skin or wrinkles, sunken cheeks

Front 66

which micronutrient is the most dificient globally?

Back 66

iron

Front 67

what is anemia?

Back 67

not enough hemoglobin is made so blood won't clot well; due to lack of iron

Front 68

what are a few causes of iron deficiency?

Back 68

malaria, parasites, poor diet, infection

Front 69

what percent of consumed iron is stored in the body?

Back 69

1/3

Front 70

what is hemapoesis?

Back 70

decrease in red blood cell production due to lack of iron

Front 71

how is iron transported in the digestive system?

Back 71

by a protein called ferritin found in the gut lining

Front 72

what is hemoglobin?

Back 72

protein of red blood cells that carries O2

Front 73

what is myoglobin?

Back 73

the "hemoglobin" of cytoplasm

Front 74

what is the best source of iron?

Back 74

meat

Front 75

which vitamin can improve iron absorption?

Back 75

vitamin C

Front 76

due to lowered O2 to the brain, iron deficiency can cause -- disorders.

Back 76

mental

Front 77

how is iodine used in the body?

Back 77

for synthesis of thyroid hormone which stimulates protein production

Front 78

what is the result of iodine deficiency?

Back 78

goiter

Front 79

what is the visual pigment made with vitamin A?

Back 79

rhodopsin

Front 80

what are four uses of vitamin A in the body?

Back 80

sight, gene expression, epithelial tissue, immune function

Front 81

retinol binds with the protein opsin to form --.

Back 81

rhodopsin

Front 82

what is a common visual impairment of vitamin A deficiency?

Back 82

night blindness

Front 83

vitamin A is fat soluable/insoluable.

Back 83

soluable

Front 84

where is vitamin A stored?

Back 84

the liver

Front 85

what is the best source of vitamin A?

Back 85

animal fat

Front 86

what are the three steps in vitamin A deficiency on the body?

Back 86

body stores deplete, epithelial and immune cells deplete, and visual system is impaired

Front 87

what is the name for nigh blindness?

Back 87

xeropthalmia

Front 88

what are bitots spots on the eye?

Back 88

hardened epithelial cells on the eye

Front 89

how is blindness caused by vitamin A deficiency?

Back 89

corneal ulcerations cause scarring and thus blindness

Front 90

malnutrition lowers breatmilk quantity, not --.

Back 90

quality

Front 91

which cognitive disease comes from a lack of iodine?

Back 91

cretinism

Front 92

what are 3 determinants of intra-uterine growth retardation?

Back 92

poor pre-conception diet, short maternal stature, poor diet during prenancy

Front 93

what is the biggest cause of intra-uterine growth retardation in developed countries?

Back 93

cigarettes

Front 94

when breastfeeding, when can other foods be added to the diet?

Back 94

6 months

Front 95

what are 3 initiatives of breast feeding promotion?

Back 95

the code, innocenti declaration, and baby friendly hospital initiative

Front 96

underweight is a function of -- to --

Back 96

weight to age; long term

Front 97

wasting is a function of -- to --.

Back 97

weight to height; acute shortage

Front 98

stunting is a function of --- growth.

Back 98

linear; long term

Front 99

more boys are --- than girls due to less access to food.

Back 99

stunted

Front 100

what are three ways to prevent stunting?

Back 100

deworming, proper micronutrients, and medical care

Front 101

well nourished and under nourished girls have a tendency to -- out in the end.

Back 101

balance

Front 102

70 percent of the world's elderly population lives in -- countries.

Back 102

developing

Front 103

what is sarcopenia?

Back 103

gradual muscle loss the occurs in the elderly

Front 104

during refeeding, the insulin release due to carbs and proteins stops --- and --- excretion.

Back 104

gluconeogenisis and sodium excretion

Front 105

during refeeding, the stopping of sodium excretion causes -- retention.

Back 105

fluid

Front 106

becaues when refeeding heart rate can increase quickly, the -- often struggles to keep up after suffering from gluconeogenisis.

Back 106

heart

Front 107

overworking the heart in refeeding can lead to ---.

Back 107

congestive heart failure

Front 108

how much time does the GI tract need to readapt when refeeding?

Back 108

1 week

Front 109

when refeeding, potassium shifts from the blood to the --.

Back 109

cells

Front 110

when refeeding, what can cause short breath?

Back 110

excess CO2 and pulminary edema

Front 111

when refeeding, --- is related to wernicke's encephalopathy.

Back 111

thiamin

Front 112

for the first week of refeeding, weight gain is -- a goal.

Back 112

not

Front 113

much weight gain during refeeding is due to --.

Back 113

fluid

Front 114

when refeeding -- should be given carefully while potassium and magnessium levels should be high.

Back 114

sodium

Front 115

should children recieve IV feeds?

Back 115

no

Front 116

should children recieve lactose when refeeding?

Back 116

no

Front 117

what are 'oral rehydration salts'?

Back 117

mixture of sugar and salts to treat accute diarrhea

Front 118

what is a danger when feeding stunted populations?

Back 118

overfeeding

Front 119

does WHO think food is a basic right?

Back 119

yes

Front 120

obesity is increasing --.

Back 120

everywhere

Front 121

what is 'double burden'?

Back 121

some countries have to treat over and under nutrition

Front 122

4/5 of chronic disease deaths come from -- income countries.

Back 122

low