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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the biggest problem for the majority of the guatemalan population is ---.
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landlessness
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Bintu spends 30-40% of her farming time on what?
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weeding
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the rice that saved Bintu much time and labor was a cross between which two types of rice?
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oriza glaberima (african rice) with asian rice
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of the 848 million people suffering from malnutrition in the world, --- million live in developing countries.
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832
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what did thomas malthus predict?
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that starvation would eventually put population in check. he was wrong.
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deathrate has dropped -- percent in the past 30 years, showing that malthus and ehrlich were wrong.
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25
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enough food is being produced in the world to feed everyone, it's just not -- so that it can
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distributed
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what happened in 1976 that interrupted the decline of prices?
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the oil crisis
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are we on track for meeting world summit goals?
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no
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it would cost 30 billion dollars per year in --- medical costs for children and maternal undernurished populations.
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direct
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it would cost hundreds of billions of dollars in --- costs to aid the malnurished populations.
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indirect
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how much would it cost the world to get back on track for food summit goals? this is much less than annual expenditure on global defense: 956 billion dollars.
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335 billion dollars
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1/6 african children die before the age of --.
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5
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what are disability-adjusted life years?
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sum of years of healthy life lost due to death, incapacity, or suffering
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what are the four types of malnutrition?
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overnutrition, secondary malnutrition, micromalnutrition, and protein-calorie malnutrition
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what is the definition of undernourishment?
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chronic food insecurity in which insufficient food intake doesn't meet basic energy requirements on a continual basis.
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what is POU?
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prevalence of undernourishment; the part of a population with its consumption below the energy requirement
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what three things are needed to happen to meet the energy requirement?
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long term good health, economically necessary activities, socially desirable activities
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what is a food balance sheet?
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an estimate of calories available depending on distribution and use; provides cutoffs for specific body types
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what is stunting?
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height for age below 2 standard deviation from the median
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what is wasting?
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weight for height below 2 standard deviations from the median
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what is underweight?
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weight for age below 2 standard deviation from the median
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how many deviations does something need to be to be considered severe?
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3
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stunting reflects -- term undernourishment.
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long
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wasting reflects --- term undernourishment.
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short (recent)
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measurements of being underweight reflect both -- and --- figures.
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stunting and wasting
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what are some things that contribute to difficulties in africa concerning determination of available calories?
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the way the estimates are made (drive by or eye ball), subsistence farming, old field usages, monocrops
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when estimating the amount of available food, estimates tend to be --- than the actual value.
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lower
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along with FAO figures, what is important to consider?
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antropometric measures such as degree
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what is a common side effect of protein deficiency?
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swelling from leaking fluids, skin cracking
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which 3 micronutrients in particular are often missing with micronutrient malnutrition?
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vitamin A, Iron, and Iodine
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what is a result of no vitamin A?
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blindness and decreased immune system
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what is a result of no iron?
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anemia, decreased thinking ability
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what is a result of no iodine?
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goiters and cretinism
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what is food security?
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access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life
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food security is closely related to --.
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income
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what is the definition of poverty?
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the inability to attain a minimal standard of living
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how is standard of living measured?
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household income and expenditure per capita (doesn't include life expectancy, literacy, and access)
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what three things are considered in 'minimal standard of living'?
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nutrition, basic necessities, and participation in everyday life of society
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LCD = ---
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poverty (stricken country)
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the world bank poverty line is less than ---/capita/day.
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$1.25
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what is poverty gap index?
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the average gap between poor people's income and the poverty line
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what is the squared poverty gap index?
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a weighted sum of the poverty gap where the weights are the percentage gaps themselves
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what is a problem with numeric data of poverty in connection with head count?
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it can't express the severity of the poverty line
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different methods of determining poverty figured lead to different ---, making the methods of choice very important.
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policies.
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which method of poverty expression is used to address the 'okay' poverty level?
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head count and poverty gap
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which method of poverty expression is used to address the 'bad' poverty level?
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poverty gap
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which method of poverty expression is used to address the 'awful' poverty level?
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poverty gap and squared poverty gap
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what is HDI?
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human development index; the average achievement in a country in 3 dimensions of human development.
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what are the three demensions of HDI?
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a long and healthy life, knowledge, and decent standard of living
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income does not always correspond with HDI because cases such as:
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recent GDP changes, social services, and income inequality
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the GINI coefficient is a ratio of -- to --.
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income to population
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as a GINI coefficient increases, inequality --.
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increases as well
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how many "yeses" does a US family have to answer to be considered 'food insecure'?
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3
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how many "yeses" does a US family have to answer to be considered "food insecure with hunger"?
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6 (8 w/ children)
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in the US, the greatest food insecurity comes with children under what guardianship?
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single parents; especially single mothers
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what is the poverty threshold for the US?
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3x the expenditure for a low-cost, nutritionally adequate diet (based on the USDA food plan) where 1/3 of after tax income is spent on food
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the poverty threshold in the US is -- than the visa requirement by 1/2.
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less
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the increasing GINI in the US means that inequality has also --.
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increased
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starvation starts at a loss of --- of body weight.
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1/3
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what are the 4 p's that will influence food supply in the future?
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population, prosperity, pollution, and productivity in agriculture
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what is secondary malnutrition?
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malnutrition stemming from causes such as disease that prevents food/nutrient intake
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when was the irish potato famine?
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1840
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when was the ukraine famine?
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1932
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what was a main reason for ukrainian famine?
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failure to socialize farms
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what was 'the great leap forward'?
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famine in china in 1959 that occurred mostly due to political interference with the communal farming structure of the country
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what are two other recent famines in the world?
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north korea and southern africa
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what are two disadvantages of food for aid?
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depleted domestic prices and increased laziness/corruption
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what is aggregate data?
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combining different facts to make one larger inference
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most of the malnurished populations are urban/rural.
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rural
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african get more/less food than asian women.
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more (access to food due to the fact that they are mostly the ones farming)
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-- among children peaks at age 1-2.
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wasting
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--- is a persistant problem among children.
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stunting
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most of the world's malnurished children are in ---.
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south asia
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in china, 134 boys are born to every 100 ---.
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girls
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the 'socialism' movement that took over china was more or less a form of ---.
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feudalism
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chinese agriculture was functional until which country took it over?
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japan, 1940's.
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china has a lot of problems with which gang?
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the mafia
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what is a huge natural resource essential for fixing china's problems?
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water
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does china's government believe that food is a human right?
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yes
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china gets poorer as it moves further --.
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west
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did the colonies of india leave it in good shape?
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yes
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what was the colonial 'famine code'?
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collected information on food harvests to prepare for famines and surpluses to prevent hunger
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who was the most influential leader of india?
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J. Nehru
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Nehru wanted to keep india a secular state despite its strong base in ---.
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hindi
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despite many troubles in india's education, one success story is the elite school of ---.
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technology
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what helped reduced birthrates in india without governmental policy?
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better health care system
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what is a problem with an internal economy?
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heavy bureaucracy dependency, low quality, and corruption
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60% of india's people still work in --.
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agriculture
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many times, people of a tendency to move in and out of --
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poverty
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what are a few causes of chronic hunger?
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birth into a caste, malnutrition, education, language, location, assets, policies, and governance
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what are a few causes of temporary hunger?
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personal crisis, life cycles, job loss, lack of safety net, seasonality, natural emergencies, man-made emergencies
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year to year variability in hunger statistics is often hidden by the state of the region as a ---.
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whole; continent trends in a smooth line vs. the choppy line of the local area
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most variable hunger is due to ---.
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seasonality
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along with production, --- are also seasonal.
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prices
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decreases in food stocks occur at a time of --- energy demanding jobs on the farm.
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high
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what is a result of the waxing and waning food supply on people?
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fluctuations in body weight, low birth weight, declined breast milk
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why are there such high sales of grain right after harvest despite low prices?
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demand for clothes, taxes and school fees, easier to hide money than food
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the greatest problems of secondary malnutrition are present at the same time as --- season.
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pre-harvest; malaria, worms, diarrhea
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what was the key problem in the sahelian droughts in the 1970's?
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livestock were difficult to maintain, and had to be sold for a low price while at the same time grain prices skyrocketed
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what were a few long term causes of the 2007/2008 food emergency?
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rapid increase in demand for milk and meat, movement from cereals to high value crops, and income growths
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what were a few short term causes of the 2007/2008 food emergency?
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droughts, policies, oil prices, commodity speculators, demand for biofuels
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which two countries have a high impact on global hunger figures?
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india and china
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rural/urban areas are generally poorer.
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rural
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what do bio sand filters do?
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clean water with help of sand and algae; reduce childhood diarrhea by 40%
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which regions have the poorest populations?
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hill and dry lands far away from the coast; such as the yunnan province of china
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what is the best way to end a poverty trap?
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technological growth
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what are the three things that can help get africa out of its poverty trap?
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public investment, improved governance, and interventions such as goods services and infrastructure
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was africa included in the green revolution?
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no
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what are africa's cash crops?
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coffee, cotton, and cocoa
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what are three diseases that are very bad in africa?
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malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS (also guinea worm)
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most people suffering from malaria are --.
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children
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africa's soils are derived from --.
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granite
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soil degradation increase is consistent with --- population density growth.
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human
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what are a few causes for africa's lag?
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disease on humans, disease on plants/animals, climate, soils, transportation costs, slave trade and colonialism, export prices falling, limited technology, western advice, state control of economy, poor governance, war, and rapid population growth
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what was the key to china's modern agricultural success?
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giving the farmer his power back
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what is HRS in china?
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household responsibility system; gives farmers the power to run and work land at a local level
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china has had many rural --, noted by the government that sometime bring about change.
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protests
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what is the reason for china's increase in food production?
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yield increases in wheat and rice
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cereals in china have been consumed less because of an increase in --. this forces dependency on cereal --.
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animal products; imports
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which two agricultural technologies does china use to help it be more productive?
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fertilizer and GMO's
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what is the biggest problem in chinese economic growth?
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polarization
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pollution is a big problem in china. what is the largest natural resource concern?
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water pollution
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