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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do pathogens cause?
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disease
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what do insects cause?
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damage
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what is meant by competition?
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weeds
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what phylum and class are insects?
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arthropoda/ insects
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why are insects hard to control?
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small size, flight, rapid reproduction, and specialized bodyparts/lifecycles
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what is complete metamorphosis?
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larvae to butterfly adult
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what in incomplete metamorphosis?
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nymphs to adults
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what are the two types of direct damage causing insects?
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chewing and piercing/sucking
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how can insects indirectly affect plants?
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disease transmission and residue called 'honey doo'
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what are the four types of disease things?
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fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes
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what does obligate mean?
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only lives in a host
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what does facultative mean?
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disease can live without host
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what is a nematode?
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a microscopic worm that infects root systems
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what is koch's postulate?
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culturing and isolating pathogens to identify disease
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what are a few damages that diseases have on plants?
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loss of Ps, clogged xylem, replaced crop structure w/disease structure, toxins, premature plant death, and quality loss
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how can pests be controlled?
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life cycle treatments, weather predictions, and prevention
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what is the official definition of organic?
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a production system that is managed to respond to site-specific conditions by integrating cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.
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is organic farming tailored to each farm?
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yes
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what does the 'organic stamp' mean?
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that the farm simply follows organic guidelines
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many agricultural chemicals were originally developed by the ---.
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military
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what is a flaw in organic farming?
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reliant on the judgement of inspectors allows variation and leniency
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how many years in planning blueprints are required to start an organic farm?
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3-4
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what percent of surveyed farms were organic globally?
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.65%
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which country leads in organic production with 12.3 million hectares of organic farmland?
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Australia
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which state leads the nation in organic farm numbers?
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wisconsin
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what are four motivations of organic agriculture?
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health, environment, social justice, and economics
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in organic vs. conventional, which is more profitable?
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organic
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the techniques of managing and organic farm focus on reducing...
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off farm inputs
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what are usually integrated on organic farms to reduce off farm inputs?
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animals
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what is a difference between organic insecticides and conventional ones?
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organic ones breakdown much faster (within 24 hours or so)
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what is an insectary crop?
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a crop that is planted to harbor good insects and keep away bad ones.
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t/f..resistant varieties of plants are used in organic crops to eliminate the need for insecticides.
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true
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what is the biggest pest with organic farming?
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weeds
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what is the biggest criticism of organic farming?
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cultivation
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what is biological pest control?
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introduction of the pests of pests into an infested area
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what is the safest form of pest control?
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genetics
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what are a few cultural controls of pests?
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planting date, unfavorable environments, trap crops, crop rotation, disease-free seed, tillage, sanitation (burning) and weed control
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what is regulatory pest control?
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quarantining by governmental means
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what is a chemical protectant?
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covers entire plant before pest arrives
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what is a systematic chemical?
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a chemical in the crop; effective- dependent on time of application
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what is soil fumigation?
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soil is covered in plastic and loaded with chemicals
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what is a disadvantage of soil fumigation?
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it kills good organisms in soil as well
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what is seed treatment?
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fungicides and insecticides
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what are insecticides?
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regulators that can enhance yield of crops if applied at right time
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what does IPM stand for?
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integrated pest management
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what is IPM?
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pest control based on economic, ecologic, and social needs
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what is economic injury level?
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pest population is at a level which significant crop damage occurs
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what is economic threshold?
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point where additional action is taken to control a pest in order to prevent economic injury
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what are the three main principles of IPM?
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maximize natural pest controls, making decisions on severity of pest presence, and at least resort using additional controls such as biological and chemical methods
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what is the biggest problem with IPM?
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extensive amounts of knowledge is needed for it to be successful; research, field info, scouting and weather conditions
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with IPM, the pest is never completely ----.
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eliminated
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with perennial forages, what does harvest time effect?
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yield quality and persistence
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with grain crops, what determines harvest time?
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cultivar
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what are the five steps of IPM?
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determine economic threshold, devise monitoring, build trap networks, follow the weather, and use chemicals at last resort.
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what is the purpose of a chemical pesticide label?
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serves as a contract/law that protects the seed company from liability; reading and following the directions is necessary to protect the farmer and the crop
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what are grain crops?
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annual crops that produce seed (kernel)
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what are cereals (grain crops)?
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grasses
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what are pulses (grain crops)?
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legumes
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what are miscellaneous grain crops?
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sunflowers, buckwheat
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what are "true cereals"?
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grasses
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what are the coarse grains?
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corn, sorghum, and millet
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what are the small grains?
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wheat, rye, barley, oats, and rice
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what percent of directly consumed food supply is small grain?
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50
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what percent on the meat eaten in the world is course grain?
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20-30
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what percent of the world's crop production is cereals?
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60
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what percent of world cereal production is corn, wheat, and rice?
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76%
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why are cereals grown so much?
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easy to manage, wide adaptation, easily threshed and harvested, easily stored, and high energy concentration
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what are two disadvantages of cereals?
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low in protein and erosion through tilling
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how many billion acres are grown in the world of corn?
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90
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how many billion bushels of corn are produced annually?
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10
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what is half of corn used for?
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livestock
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what are the three main uses of corn?
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livestock, exports, food/industry
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what does dry milling produce?
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milled (ground) corn.. used in chips etc.
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what does wet milling do?
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it steeps corn and then sends it through other processes
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what is DDG?
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distillers Dry Grain; high fiber material useful in animal feed; waste product of ethanol production
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which crop plant is the basis of industry along with oil?
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corn
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what is corn used so widely?
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it's cheap, it's efficient, and it's C4
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what is the span of days it takes to raise corn?
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80-190 days
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what is the optimal temperature for corn?
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85 F
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what is the optimal seasonal rainfall for corn?
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20 inches
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what is the best soil type for corn?
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well drained soil
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what is the best pH for corn?
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6.5
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what is optimal planting depth for corn?
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1-3 inches
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how many plants per acre is best for corn?
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30 thousand
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is an earlier or later planting date better for corn?
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earlier
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as planting date of corn grows later, grain moisture increases/decreases.
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increases
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as planting date of corn grows later, yield increases/decreases.
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decreases
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what percent grain moisture is the maximum for long term storage?
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13%
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why is low moisture necessary in corn?
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damage during harvest and molds respire post-harvest
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how many days can 15% grain moisture last at 35 degrees F?
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1140
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how many days can 30% grain moisture last at 75 degrees F?
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2.6
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what is the most important step in choosing a hybrid?
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research
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what does a source-sink relationship do?
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balances yield and plant hardiness
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what stage is corn's maximum yield determined? also when N is usually applied.
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V6
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at the end of corn's life cycle, N mobilizes from leaves into ---.
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grain
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what percent of N is left to the field after grain harvest?
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20
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what percent of potassium is left to the field after grain harvest?
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80
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between winter and spring wheat, which has a higher yield?
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winter
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what kind of soil does wheat need?
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well drained and loamy
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how much rain per year does wheat need?
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10-25 inches
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what is yellow berry?
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softening of the endosperm.. occurs in hard wheats
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why are limited resources used on wheat?
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it has such a low yield
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what is the optimal planting depth of wheat?
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.75-1.5 inches
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in wheat, more than --- plants are planted per acre.
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one million
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how many pounds of N are added per wheat acre?
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30-80
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what is the harvest grain moisture percent in wheat?
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13-16%
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what is barley's main economic value?
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brewing
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what is the optimal pH of barley
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7-8
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how long is a barley life cycle?
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60-70 days
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what three things can be done to maximize malting quality?
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grow a malting variety, plant ASAP, and don't over fertilize
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what does over fertilization do to barley quality?
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it causes more proteins to form, therefore lowering quality.
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what is the modern most useful purpose of oats?
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nurse/cover crop
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what gene do oats lack compared to most other cereals?
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dwarf gene
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what percent of oats is human food?
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10
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what used to be oat's biggest use?
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animal feed and straw bedding
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which cereal is the most cold tolerant?
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rye
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what is the main use of rye?
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cover crop in winter
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what is a danger is using rye as a cover crop?
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if it heads, it shatters
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what are the two types of rice?
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paddy and upland
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what soil type does rice prefer?
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heavy clay
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which cereals are the only two cross pollinated ones?
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corn and rye
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what is milo?
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sorghum
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what is sudan grass?
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sorghum.. fast growing weed control
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what is millet?
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sorghum.. birdseed
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what are pulses?
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large seeded legumes
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what are pulses high in?
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protein and oil
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what pulse is grown just about as much as corn?
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soy bean
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what is 90 percent of soybean used to make?
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oil
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after soybeans are pressed they make good ---.
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animal feed
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all varieties of soy beans are ---- ----. (breed)
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pure lines
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what quality of soybeans makes them important?
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they are adaptive to the corn belt
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soybeans are intolerant to ---.
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shade
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T/F Soybeans are responsive to photoperiod.
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T
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northern soybeans are indeterminate, meaning that they...
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continue growing through the flowering process
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now, soybeans are usually spaced about x to x inches apart.
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7,15
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90% of soybeans have which gene?
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round-up ready
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all soybeans have the same grain moisture at harvest despite differing --- ---.
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planting dates
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as more N fertilizer is added to soybeans, N fixation (increases/decreases) along with yield.
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decreases
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which legume has moisture of 14%- 1 month... 10%- 10 years
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soy
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are soybeans in need of rotation?
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yes, very
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what are two major pests of soybeans?
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aphids and rust
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what is pegging?
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elongation of peticile underground so that peanuts can grow.
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what conditions do peanuts grow in?
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moist and hot
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what conditions do common beans grow in?
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moist and warm
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what state produced 40% of US's snap beans?
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WI
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what conditions do peas grow in?
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moist and cool
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what is field pea used as?
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forage
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what conditions do lentils grow in?
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dry and cool
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what conditions do chickpeas grow in?
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very dry and cool
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what conditions do black-eyed (cow) peas grow in?
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moist and hot
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what conditions do pigeon peas grow in?
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hot and dry
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what is a forage crop?
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a crop grown to feed livestock where the entire above ground portion of the plant is harvested
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what is the backbone of WI's dairy industry?
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alfalfa
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what are the benefits of forage crops?
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n fixation, erosion control, rotation benefits, manure management options, high quality product, and wildlife habitat
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forage crops are usually annuals/perennials.
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perennials
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forage crops are usually used on/off the farm.
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on
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what three factors effected by forage quality?
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amount of nutrients animals eat, ability to produce milk/meat, and chemical composition
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what is RFV?
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relative feed value
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what are two things that determine forage quality?
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cellular stuff such as proteins and cell walls.
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what does the detergent system of analysis do?
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tests to see what happens when rumens digest the grass by how fast and efficiently it is broken down.
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what is Near Infrared Reflective Spectrometry?
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tests absorption of forages to estimate forage quality.
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which is used more NIRS or DSA?
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NIRS
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perennial legumes have --- seeds.
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small
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--- is often used to neutralize soil for forages.
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lime
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seeding rate is quite high/low
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high
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as forage plants mature, yield and persistence increase which causes quality then to increase/decrease.
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decrease
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where are carbohydrates stored in forages?
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roots
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what are carbohydrate reserves of forages used for?
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energy for re-growth in the spring and for energy for winter respiration
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if forages are cut twice, yield and persistence are high/low while quality is high/low.
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high, low
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if forages are cut five times, yield and persistence are high/low while quality is high/low.
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low, high
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how many years does alfalfa last for generally if managed properly?
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3-4
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as years of perennial forage growth increase, plant #'s increase/decrease and individual plant size increases/decreases
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decrease, increases
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what % moisture is hay usually baled at?
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about 18
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what percent moisture is silage chopped at?
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40-70
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what are dry matter losses in good conditions with forage harvests? (%)
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25%
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what are a few factors that effect hay drying?
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sunlight, wind, humidity, crop yield, crop conditioning, size of windrows, and raking
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what are 3 ways forages are lost?
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weather, mechanical, and storage
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how many hours does it take for hay to dry?
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30
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what is silage?
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plants preserved in a succulent condition by partial fermentation
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what are some advantages of silage?
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less loss, less weather dependency, lower labor costs, consistent quality, easy mechanical feeding, stable and long term storage
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what are some disadvantages of silage?
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requires specialized equipment, not very marketable, and freezing potential
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what are the two parts of making silage?
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1. an anaerobic environment
2.fermentation |
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how long does it take to make silage?
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2 weeks
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what are two types of pastures?
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rotational and permanent
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what is a disadvantage of continual grazing?
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no plant regrowth
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what are the advantages of rotational grazing?
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plant re-growth, higher yields, less input costs, healthier animals, manure, less erosion and fossil fuels
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what are some disadvantages of rotational grazing?
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less control of feed rations, high management needed, and sometimes high fencing costs.
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what is the best way to ensure animals have food all year round?
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to mix species.. about 6
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