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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which 6 grains are 'small grains'
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wheat, rice, barley, oats, rye, and triticale
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in small is grains, is the hypocotyl active or inactive?
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inactive
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the scutellum remains ---- the soil.
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below
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which small grains do not undergo elongation of the first internode?
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wheat, barley, rye, and triticale
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when the first node doesn't elongate, what is then responsible for penetrating the soil surface?
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the coleoptile
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at what depth are all small grains normally planted?
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4 to 5 cm
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if plants are planted too shallow, there may not be enough ---- for germination.
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water
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what is the maximum planting depth for oats?
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8 cm
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what is the maximum planting depth for wheat, barley, and rye?
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4 to 5 cm
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Where do adventitious seminal roots develop from?
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the base of the first internode
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what is the crown root system of small grains similar to?
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that of corn
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are there brace roots in small grains?
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no
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in small grains, the seminal root system lives/dies at the end of the life cycle.
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lives
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how far from the soil surface are the crown roots in small grains?
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5 to 6 cm
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what does the elongation of the internodes produce?
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the primary stem
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In small grains, the internodes just above the soil elongate a lot/a little.
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a lot
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where are axillary buds produced?
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the stem or culm
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where are tillers produced?
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basal axillary buds
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what are tillers?
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erect shoots arising from basal buds
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are tillers more common in corn or small grains?
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small grains
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what is jointing?
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elongation of the internodes of the primary stem or tillers
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what do cool temperatures do to tillering in small grains?
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favor tillering
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what do hot temperatures do to tillering in corn?
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favor tillering
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what do high light intensities do for most plants?
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stimulate tillering
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what plant populations are low, more light reaches the basal ---- buds at the soil surface.
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tiller
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as plant density decreases, tiller production ---.
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increases
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as moisture supply increases, tiller production ----.
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increases
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is tillering desirable in small grains?
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yes
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each tiller produces ---.
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inflorescence
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tillering usually ceases when the first tillers ---.
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flower
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what is a problem with tillering sometimes?
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the timing of grain development can be off sometimes, making harvesting difficult.
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what can a farmer do to promote tillering?
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adjust planing time
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true/false. under good management, it is possible that a stand of small grain can be used as a source of forage as well as for producing grain.
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true
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what is a negative effect of excessive tillering?
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weak, spindly stems that will lodge easily
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what are three things that can cause excessive tillering?
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cool weather, plentiful moisture, and high levels of soil nitrogen
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can a farmer clip tillers to help reduce them?
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yes
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what is heading?
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after stem elongation, the inflorescence or head emerges from the sheath of the uppermost leaf.
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what is the uppermost leaf called?
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flag leaf
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what is the color of rye coleoptile?
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purple
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considering ligules and auricles, what is the trigger word for wheat?
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whiskers
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considering ligules and auricles, what is the trigger word for rye?
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ryeally hairy
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considering ligules and auricles, what is the trigger word for barley?
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barley armley
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considering ligules and auricles, what is the trigger word for oats?
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out of auricles
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how many spikelets per rachis node are in wheat?
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1
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how many spikelets per rachis node are in rye?
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1
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how many spikelets per rachis node are in 2- row barley?
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3
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how many spikelets per rachis node are in 6-row barley?
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3
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how many spikelets per rachis node are in oats?
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variable
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how many fertile florets per spikelet are in wheat?
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2-3/up to 5
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how many fertile florets per spikelet are in rye?
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2/2-3
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how many fertile florets per spikelet are in 6-row barley?
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1/1
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how many fertile florets per spikelet are in 2-row barley?
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1/1
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how many fertile florets per spikelet are in oats?
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2-3/3-5
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Kernels/ Rachis Node: wheat
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2-3
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Kernels/ Rachis Node: rye
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2
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Kernels/ Rachis Node: 6-row barley
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3
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Kernels/ Rachis Node: 2-row barley
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1
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Kernels/ Rachis Node: oats
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variable
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floret pistil has a feathered, two-part --.
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stigma
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how many ovules does an ovary contain?
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one
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how many stamens does a pistil have?
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3
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what do lodicules do?
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force apart the lemma and palea during pollen shedding
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what are the lemma and palea?
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brachts
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of the lemma and palea, which is larger?
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lemma
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perianth is another name for what?
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the calyx
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the grass floret is/isn't showy and/or colorful
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isn't
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the caryopsis is another name for what?
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the kernel
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what are the three most important parts of a caryopsis?
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ovary wall, endosperm, egg
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what are glumes?
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large leaflike structures that enclose the florets and rachilla
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what mark the outer boundaries of the spikelets?
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glumes
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what have a zig zag pattern?
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rachilla
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what is a peduncle?
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the internode of the stem immediately below the rachis
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panicle florescence is branched/not branched?
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branched
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spike florescence is branched/not branched?
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not branched
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what are pedicels?
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a stalk that carries one spikelet
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which small grains have panicle inflorescence?
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oats and rice
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in spike inflorescence, the rachis is part of the central ---.
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axis
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the rachis in spikes is flat/round.
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flat
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what is an awn?
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a needle like extension of the lemma
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what colors can awns be?
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black or white
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which grains remove kernels by free threshing?
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wheat, rye, and triticale
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which grains remove kernels by non-free threshing?
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barley and oats
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annuals are called --- cereals.
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spring
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biennials are called --- cereals.
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winter
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spring cereals are sown in the -- and harvested in the ----.
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spring, late summer/early fall
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winter cereals are sown in the -- and harvested in the ----
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fall, summer/early fall of the next season
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winter cereals need vernalization in order to ---.
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flower
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which small grain is most winter hardy?
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rye
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which small grain has no winter type?
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rice
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in spring grains, an entire life cycle is completed in ...
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one growing season
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why must spring cereals get off to a later start?
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because the farmer has to wait for good field conditions
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what is another bonus of winter cereals pertaining to soil?
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it is a cover crop in winter
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what are the two reasons that winter cereals produce more yield than spring cereals?
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they get off to an earlier start and they have probably tillered more
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which wheat is used for bread?
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triticum aestivum
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which wheat is used for pasta?
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triticum durum
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what does HRS stand for?
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hard red spring wheat
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what does HRW stand for?
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hard red winter wheat
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what does SRW stand for?
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soft red winter wheat
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SHOULD I LOOK AT THE FLOW CHART?
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YES
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what is free threshing/narrower/greenish blue?
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rye
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what are free threshing/fat/hard?
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hard red common wheat/ durum wheat
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what are free threshing/fat/soft?
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soft white/red wheat
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what is not free threshing/long/slender
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oats
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what is not free threshing/short/fat
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barley
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what is not free threshing/ovular/flat?
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rice
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