Aging & Lifecourse Exam 2

Front 1

Hypertension

Back 1

High blood pressure

Front 2

Active Life Expectancy

Back 2

# of years a person lives without a disability

Front 3

Cataract

Back 3

This is when the lens of the eye becomes cloudy and light can not penetrate.

Front 4

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Back 4

Replacing blocked arteries using blood vessels from other parts of the body (usually from the leg).

If two are passed - double bypass, three - triple, etc.

Front 5

Free Radical Theory

Back 5

• Theory that "free radicals" or unstable molecules connect w/other healthy molecules & cause aging.
  
• Occurs at cell level.
  
• Could be caused by smoking, drinking, etc.
• Combated by antioxidants

Front 6

Antioxidants

Back 6

"Defend" against free radicals

Can be found in healthy foods/drinks - broccoli, pomegranate, etc.

Front 7

Hormone Replacement Therapy

(HRT)

Back 7

This was used to treat symptoms of menopause. Not as common now.

Front 8

Osteoporosis

Back 8

Severe Bone Depletion

Front 9

Some bone loss after age 35 is normal and poses no problems.

Back 9

True.

Front 10

Wear & Tear Theory

Back 10

Views the body as a machine, where parts wear out.

(largely discredited now)

Front 11

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 11

More severe & Less common type of degenerative joint disease.

*More common in women

Front 12

3 Causes of Hypertension

Back 12

1. Less blood being pumped
2. Loss of elasticity in blood vessels
3. Accumulation of fatty, plaque, deposits

Front 13

Ways to combat Hypertension

Back 13

1. Exercise to keep/increase elasticity
2. Diet - eat healthy foods high in fiber to maintain/increase elasticity (fruits & veggies)

Front 14

Women are 4x's more likely to have osteoporosis.

Back 14

True

Front 15

Between 30-80 years person can lose 50% of their muscle mass

Back 15

False.

It's 30%

Front 16

Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in men than woman.

Back 16

False.

It is more common in women.

Front 17

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 17

• Common type of dementia.
  
• not reversible//no known cure
• 50% of all over age 85 get this

Front 18

Learning

Back 18

The process of acquiring knowledge or skill.

Front 19

Memory

Back 19

Retention or storage of knowledge.

Front 20

Aphasia

Back 20

• Damage to speech & language centers
  
• Caused by strokes; when brain is deprived of oxygen
• Can not be reversed

Front 21

Clinical Depression

Back 21

• Must present 5 out of the 9 symptoms
  
• Women are more depressed than men
• Increases among the very aged 80+

Front 22

Dementia

Back 22

Mental disorders caused by severe organic deterioration of the brain.

Front 23

Vascular Dementia

Back 23

• 40% of dementia cases
  
• Caused by atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
  
• Affects Men more
  

Front 24

Wisdom

Back 24

the ability to reason, learn from experience & use information

OR

The ability to grasp paradoxes, reconcile contradictions, & accept compromises.

Front 25

Crystallized Intelligence

Back 25

Based on info, skills & strategies people learn throughout life experience

**Improves with age**

Front 26

Fluid Intelligence

Back 26

• Capacity to process novel information.
  
• Ability to apply mental power to situations that require little or no prior knowledge.

Front 27

Swedish Twin Study

Nurture vs. Nature

Back 27

Genetics is 55%

Nurture is 45%

Front 28

Cognitive Psychology

Back 28

The study of mental processes.

Front 29

Intelligence

Back 29

product of two fundamental types of skills: Fluid & crystallized intelligence.

Front 30

Coping

Back 30

a state of compatibility between the individual & the environment that allows a person to maintain a sense of well-being (or satisfaction w/quality of life).

Front 31

Creativity

Back 31

Most elusive mental process to define & measure.

Front 32

Long term memory

Back 32

The permanent storage site for past experiences.

Stable and declines only slightly with age (after age 70)

Front 33

Short term memory

Back 33

Working memory - temporarily store and manipulate information.

Front 34

Personality Traits

Back 34

Enduring dispositions towards thoughts, feelings, behavior, both inherited, and learned.

Front 35

Women are more likely to suffer from depression.

Back 35

True

Front 36

Genetics account for 45% of intelligence.

Back 36

False. It's 55% of intelligence, according to Swedish twin study.

Front 37

Bean Pole Family Structure

Back 37

Result of verticalization - increase in #'s of generations or links between preceding and subsequent generations

Front 38

3 Styles of Grandparenting

Back 38

1. Remote
2. Companionate
3. Involved

Front 39

Remote Grandparenting

Back 39

Usually far away, symbolic relationship - ritualistic

Front 40

Companionate Grandparenting

Back 40

Wants to be the good guy, give candy, no discipline.

Front 41

Involved Grandparenting

Back 41

Active role, daily contact, surrogate parent

**Surrogate parenting is bad for older people**

Front 42

Convoy Model of Social Relations

Back 42

Close relationships provide the protective layer through lifecourse. As one ages, the layers enlarge (peripheral - church, work, etc.) while protective layer shrinks (close friends, family).

Front 43

Support Bank Theory

Back 43

Deposits are made early in the lifecourse (raising children) in anticipation of future needs or withdrawals (being taken care of in old age)

Front 44

20% of men that divorce in older age will remarry, while only 2% of women will.

Back 44

True.

Front 45

Long married couples tend to be unhappy in their marriage.

Back 45

False.

Front 46

Intergenerational living arrangements are influenced by social class.

Back 46

True.

Front 47

Intergenerational Solidarity

Back 47

Families adjust their living arrangements over time to reflect the changing needs & resources of different generations.

Front 48

6 Components of Intergenerational Solidarity

Back 48

1. Frequency of interaction
2. Amount of interaction
3. Amount of positive sentiment about family
4. Level of agreement about values & beliefs
5. Degree to which services are exchanged
6. Amount of geographical proximity

Front 49

The decrease in the divorce rate means many more people will have a spouse to help & support them in old age.

Back 49

False. The divorce rate has increased which means many people will not have a spouse to help them in old age.

Front 50

When people remarry in old age they do it for ________?

Back 50

Companionship

Front 51

In the US what % of children see their aging parents once a week?

Back 51

40-50%

Front 52

What % of people today have a living grandparent?

Back 52

3 in 4

OR

75%

Front 53

What % of married/divorced men have weekly contact with their kids?

Back 53

90% of married men

50% of divorced men

Front 54

Extended Family

Back 54

Includes the network of familial relationships - grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces, & nephews - outside the nuclear family.

Front 55

Social Support System

Back 55

The network of relatives, friends, and organizations that provide emotional and instrumental support.

Front 56

Erikson's Theory of Identity Development

Back 56

Theory of ego development based on developmental stages.

A person needs to complete a stage to move onto the next. Otherwise development in subsequent stages is impaired.

Front 57

Erikson's 8 Stages of Development

Back 57

1. Basic trust vs mistrust (infant)
2. Autonomy vs shame (Toddler)
3. Initiative vs. guilt (3-6)
4. Industry vs. inferiority (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs. identity confusion (puberty - YA)
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (Young Adult YA)
7. Generativity vs. stagnation (Middle Adult MA)
8. Integrity vs. despair (Old age)

Front 58

Levinson's Adulthood Transitions

Back 58

Men & Women go through adulthood stages, but at different times.

**This theory is not universal, can't be generalized and is based on history or eras. Ex. 1970's**

Front 59

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

1967

Back 59

• Banned discrimination against workers 40-65
• Restricted employers against firing, demoting, or reducing the salaries of older workers w/out good cause.

**Courts allow firing for high salaries & pensions**

Front 60

Bridge Jobs

Back 60

Poor transition into retirement (jobs to hold you over till retirement)

Front 61

Contingent Work

Back 61

Work seasonally contingent on the needs of the company.

Front 62

Defined Benefit

Back 62

Pays a specified amount when a worker reaches a given age. (Pension)

No benefit for continuing to work past retirement age, actually stiff penalties are imposed on those who do not retire.

Front 63

Defined Contribution

Back 63

Basically a savings plan with some tax advantages. (401k) Employer contributes and/or the worker to this plan.

Front 64

Voluntary Part-time Work

Back 64

Workers who do not wish to work full-time. (but want to work)

Front 65

Economic Part-time Work

Back 65

Unable to find full-time jobs so have to work part-time.

Front 66

Phased Retirement

Back 66

Any arrangement that allows older workers to reduce their responsibilities and ease gradually into retirement.

Front 67

The trend shows _______ job insecurity after age 49 and the need for a ______ job.

Back 67

Greater//bridge.

Front 68

Joint Retirement

Back 68

When dual-worker couples retire at the same time.

Front 69

Sequential Retirement

Back 69

When a couple retires in sequence, either the husband or wife retiring first while the other continues to work.

Front 70

Earnings Test

Back 70

Basically it was a program to make those who made decent $$ retire. There was an income cap of $17K and if someone age 65-69 made more than that, they were taxed at a 30% rate (meaning for every $3 they made the gov't. took$1).

Front 71

When was the earnings test eliminated?

Back 71

In 2000, signed by Clinton.

Front 72

Positive effects of the earnings test elimination

Back 72

• Encourages people to work longer (past age 65 now)
• Older workers will continue to contribute by paying pay roll taxes

Front 73

Negative effects of the earnings test elimination

Back 73

• Cost the government more money b/c now they have to pay SS to workers 65-69 if they want it and can't collect tax penalty
• Elimination of the earnings test benefits higher SES people

Front 74

What is normal retirement age for people born after 1960?

Back 74

67

Front 75

Labor force participation declines especially for African American women age 65+.

Back 75

False. African American women have the highest labor force participation rates after age 65+

Front 76

Annuity

Back 76

A fixed sum of $$ paid to someone each year, typically for the rest of their life.

Front 77

Dual Entitlement

Back 77

This is when you work and are able to receive an additional amount of SS as a spouse if the spouse benefit is higher. (Brings you up to your spouse's level of SS benefit if it's higher than your working income)

Front 78

Gender Neutrality

Back 78

*Language Related*

Laws based on gender neutral terms since 1972 (so that men or women can draw benefits from the other spouse - in case it's the woman that makes more)

Front 79

Gender Recognition

Back 79

*Regarding penalty & compensation*

• Eliminates the penalty against mothers (women take off time for birth)
  
• Compensate women for giving birth
• Pay women for taking care of children through a child care credit (so they don't have $0 income during child care years)

Front 80

Joint and Survivor Annuity

Back 80

*Related to the REA - Retirement Equity Act of 1984*

This means that the worker must take a reduced pension for life and the spouse must get a 50% survivor's pension, unless, both partners agree to waive the survivor's pension.

( A husband can no longer sign away his wife's right to survivor's benefits w/out her knowledge)

Front 81

Pension-splitting

Back 81

*Related to the REA - Retirement Equity Act of 1984*

Pension is considered a part of a divorce property settlement.

(applies to 401k)

Front 82

Retirement Equity Act of 1984

Back 82

Protects the spouse in the event of death & divorce.

Need 10 yrs of marriage

Front 83

Redlining

Back 83

Red lines were literally drawn on maps around areas of cities where loans were considered risky for economic or racial reasons.

*This meant most black families were ineligible for federally insured loans.*

Until 1949 FHA encouraged restrictive covenants banning minorities.

Front 84

Spouse Benefit

Back 84

• Need at least 1 yr of marriage prior to retirement
  
• Qualifies for spouse benefit at age 62
• at 50% of worker's benefit

**Designed for spouses who didn't work**

Front 85

Survivor's Benefit

Back 85

When retired worker dies then spouse benefit is lost, but spouse will receive 100% of the worker benefit.

Front 86

What % of recipients for SSI are women?

Back 86

74%

Front 87

Inequalities of Pension for women

Back 87

• Women make less $$
• 1/4 of American women work in pensionless jobs (retail, waitress, daycare, etc.)
• Fewer years of total employment (due to childcare and parental care)

Front 88

In 1960, ____% of elderly were poor.

Back 88

35%

Front 89

In 2005 less than ___% of elderly were poor.

Back 89

9%

Front 90

Which is higher spousal benefit or survivor benefit?

Back 90

It depends on how you're calculating it. Spousal is higher if you're looking at household income, but survivor is higher if you're looking at the income for a survivor or widow.

Front 91

With a higher divorce rate, which is better gender recognition or neutrality?

Back 91

Higher divorce rate means no one to take care of you in old age, women live longer anyway. So they're going to be alone. Gender recognition would be better for women so that they are compensated for, not only, giving birth, but also caring for children and parents. It would give them more income in retirement.