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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define aggression |
any form of behavior intended to harm someone or something **acts intended to harm one's self are aggressive **assertiveness (the ability to assert your rights) is not aggression |
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Name the two types of aggression |
hostile instrumental |
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Explain hostile aggression |
-reactive aggression -triggered by anger -goal: cause pain or damage -generally impulsive, "hot" -ex. sarcastic humor |
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Explain instrumental aggression |
-proactive aggression -aggression is a means to an end -generally a "cool" or rational decision -includes aggression carried out to avoid punishment -ex. most bullies |
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How does gender affect aggressive behavior? |
-men: more physical aggression -women: more indirect aggression (ex. gossiping, name calling) -few gender differences in verbal aggression |
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Name three personality factors that increase the tendency to aggress. What is their focus? |
irritability rumination emotional susceptibility (tendency to experience feelings of discomfort and inadequacy) **unstable high self esteem can produce aggressive responses **aggressive-prone individuals focus on immediate consequences, not long term |
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Why is intergroup aggression often more extreme than interpersonal aggression? |
group-initiated aggression is often more intense and harmful leads to delegitimization (effectively removes the target out-group from the perceived world of humanity and thus in-group members do not feel inhibited about mistreating and aggressing against them ("they aren't like us)) -affects of group polarization |
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Explain the evolution of aggressive tendencies in humans |
-men are more aggressive and have a stronger social dominance orientation than females because aggression and dominance seeking have been the primary ways males have gained sexual access to females -it is a way to secure resources, survive and successfully reproduce -based on genetic survival |
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Explain the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis |
-theory of hostile aggression -aggression is always the consequence of frustration (caused by the interference of a goal directed behavior) -catharsis: frustrated energy being released; "freudian energy" gets blocked and must be released, increases aggression -displaced aggression |
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Explain the Social Learning Theory |
-theory that emphasizes the shaping of aggressive behavior -states that people learn when to aggress, how to aggress and against whom to aggress -this social learning of appropriate behavior is shaped by operant conditioning (punishment/reinforcement) that occur through both direct and indirect means |
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Explain Bandura's BoBo Doll experiment in relation to the social learning theory |
N/A |
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Name six factors that influence aggression |
heat provocation pain crowding priming arousal |
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Explain priming and its influence on aggression |
cues in the environment can create hostile thoughts; how we react comes from how we're primed (ex. guns are for hunting or violence?) |
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Explain the Excitation Transfer Theory in regards to how arousal influences aggression |
arousal from irrelevant source is misattributed as anger which leads to increased aggression; ex. exercise |
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How are media violence and aggressive behaviors related |
violent tv shows, movies, lyrics, video games all increase tendencies towards violence |
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Explain the culture of honor as an explanation for aggression |
a belief system that prepares men to protect their reputation by resorting to violence |
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How does the culture of honor influence the tendency to aggress? |
develops in "lawless" societies where authorities cannot provide protection; honor is the most valued personal quality; usually co-occurs with strong norms of politeness |
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What types of content contribute to sexual aggression? |
rape myth, sexual scripts, pornography |
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Explain ways to reduce aggression |
-induce incompatible responses (ex. laughter) -internalize anti-aggression beliefs -offer apologies -improve social skills through: negotiation, conflict resolution, cooperative problem solving) -reduce exposure to violent media -model nonaggressive behavior **punishment can both increase and decrease aggression |
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What are the three conditions necessary for punishment to be effective? |
1. punishment must be prompt 2. it must be relatively strong 3. must be consistently applied |
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How is aggression learned through reinforcement? Include the Reinforcement Chain Reaction. |
-reinforcement: action or process that strengthens a behavior; "reward" -Reinforcement Chain Reaction: when aggressive behavior is met with positive reinforcement, it is more likely to lead to future aggressive behavior than when it is met with negative behavior |
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Explain how alcohol is related to aggression |
-alcohol is involved in about 50 % of violent crimes -it reduces inhibitions against aggression and reduces attention to personal and social standards -self-fulfilling prophecy for being drunk |
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Explain the biological explanation for aggression |
-those with higher levels of testosterone are more likely to be aggressive -if there is any enlargement of the amygdala (emotion, fear, rage) then this might increase aggressive behavior---> charles whittman -no single structure is the master controller of aggression -serotonin (neurotransmitter) decreases aggression |
